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Designation: C 1057 – 03

Standard Practice for

Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
Thermesthesiometer1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope C 680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss an

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin
contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical
approximation that can be used during design or for worst case
evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiom-
eter, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mecha-
nism and can be used only on operating systems.
NOTE  1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide
C 1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can
determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at
the end of Guide C 1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathemati-
cal modeling references are provided in the References at the
end of this practice  (1-5).2
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature
determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis
procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical,
electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat genera-
tion source at the location of contact.
1.4   This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2 1 ASTM Standards:3
https://www.scribd.com/document/237852123/C1057
the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrica
and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C 1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions Th
Produce Contact Burn Injuries
3. Terminology
3.1  Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1  acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contac
for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice ha
suggested limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60
for consumer items.
3.1.2   burns:
3.1.2.1  first degree burn —the reaction to an exposure wher
the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause comple
necrosis of the epidermal layer. The normal response to th
level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vesse
(reddening of the skin).
3.1.2.2   second degree burn—the reaction to an exposur
where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complet
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to th
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering o
the epidermis.
3.1.2.3   third degree burns—the reaction to an exposur
where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant derm
necrosis has been defined in the literature as a 75 % destructio
of the dermis thickness. The normal response to this exposur
is open sores that leave permanent scar tissue upon healing.
3.1.3   skin:
1/8
16/12/2019 C1057 | Epidermis | Hypothermia
2.1   ASTM Standards:3 3.1.3.1   epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. Th

1
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
  
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect th

outer skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal 3.1.3.2   dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This laye
Measurement. contains blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of thi
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally layer is about 2 mm.
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C 1057–92 (Reap-
3.1.3.3   necrosis—localized death of living cells. This is
Related titles
proved 1998) 1.
e

2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of  clinical term that defines when damage to the skin layer ha
this3 practice. occurred.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.4  skin contact temperature—the temperature of the ski
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For  Annual Book of ASTM 
Standards  volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on at a depth of 0.08 mm reached after contact with a heate
the ASTM website. surface for a specified time.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

3.section2 C1055 ASTM C 680 - 03 ASTM C 1055 Callen Errors Patient Evaluation Volumetric or C
Estimate of the… 1 Cubical Expansi… In

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C 1057 – 03

3.1.5   thermesthesiometer —an
—an electromechanical device de- 5.4 These procedures are limited to direct
direct contact exposure
veloped by L. A. Marzetta at National Institute of Standards only. Con
only Condit
dition
ionss of per
person
sonal
al exp
exposu
osure
re to per
period
iodss of hig
high
h
and Technology to analogue the touch response of the human ambient temperatures, direct flame exposure, or high radiant
skin
skin whe
when n it con
contac
tacts
ts a hea
heated
ted sur
surfac
face.
e. Thi
Thiss mea
measur
sureme
ement
nt fluxes may cause human injury in periods other than deter-
concept holds U.S. Patent No. 3,878,728 dated April 22, 1975, mined herein. Evaluation of exposures other than direct contact
and was assigned to the USA as represented by the Department
Department are beyond the scope of this practice.
of Health and Welfare. No known restriction exists to limit the 5.5   Cold Surfac
Surfacee Expos ure—No conse
Exposure consensus
nsus crit
criteria
eria exist
existss
development of units based upon this principle. for the destruction of skin cells by freezing. If, at some future
time,, such criteria
time criteria are developed,
developed, extra
extrapolat
polation
ion of the tech-
4. Summa
Summary
ry of Practice niques presented here will serve as a basis for cold surface
4.1 This practice provides
provides two procedures for evaluation
evaluation of  exposure evaluation.
the skin contact temperature from heated surfaces. Either of the
two methods, a mathematical model and a physical measure- 6. Meth
Method
od A—Use
A—Use of the Math
Mathemati
ematical
cal Model
ment,
men t, can be use
used
d dep
depend
ending
ing upon the availabi
availabilit
lity
y of the 6.1 This modeling
modeling approach
approach is for use when the syst
system
em is
system (that is, is it built and operating or is it in the design being designed or, if for some reason, it cannot be operated at
state) and the operating conditions. The first step in using this
practice is to determine which procedure is to be used. Unless design conditions. The model approximates the transient heat
flow phenomena of the skin contacting a hot surface using the
the sys
system
tem of int
intere
erest
st is ope
operat
rating
ing at des
design
ign “wo
“worstrst cas
case”
e” equation set described by Dussan   (1)  and Wu (5).
(1) and Wu  (5). The
 The user is
conditions, such as high system temperatures and high ambient required to make certain definitions of system geometry and
temperature, the calculational procedure is recommended. On materials, the system operating conditions, and the allowable
thee ot
th othe
herr ha
hand
nd,, if th
thee qu
ques
esti
tion
on is sa
safe
fety
ty at ththee pr
pres
esen
entt timee of exp
tim exposu
osure.
re. After
After defi
definit
nition
ion of the inp
input
ut val
values
ues,, the
conditions, the thermesthesiometer provides a quick measure- equation set yields an estimate of the skin contact temperature
ment with no auxiliary calculations. Paragraphs 4.2 and 4.3 needed for the hazard evaluation The user must realize that as
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16/12/2019 C1057 | Epidermis | Hypothermia
needed for the hazard evaluation. The user must realize that as
outline the two alternative procedures available.
You're Reading
with alla mathematical
Preview approximations, the estimate is only as
4.2  Calculational Procedure, Method Search A—First the surface
temperature of the insulated system is determined by either a
good 
as the input data. Where some input parameter is known
only within some range of values, a sensitivity analysis about


direct measurement, using either thermocouples, Upload your documents
thermistors, to download.
that range is recommended.
or inf
infrar
rared
ed non
noncon
contac
tactt tec
techni
hnique
ques,
s, or by modmodeli
eling
ng of the 6.2 The first step in esti estimati
mating
ng the effective
effective skin contact
system using Practice C 680. Once the surface temperature is OR
temperature is to identify and record the following information
known,
kno
Relatedwn, the des
titles design
igner
er use
usess the equ
equati
ation
on set to est
estima
imate
te the describing the system as input for the model:
maximum
maxi mum epide
epidermal
rmal conta
contactct temp
temperat
erature Become
ure for a Scribd
the accep tablee member
acceptabl 6.2.1for full access.
  System Your—Geometry
Description
Descr iption—Geometry,, location, accessibil-
contact time. This temperature is a function of surface tem-
perature, time of contact, and composition of both the surface first 30 days
ity. are free.
6.2.2   Present/D
Present/Design
esign Opera
Operating
ting Condit ions—Dut
Conditions —Duty y cycle
cycle,,
materi
mat erial
al and sub
substr
strate
ate.. The des
design
igner
er the
then
n ref
refers
ers to Gui
Guidede operating temperatures of equipment.
C 1055 to determine the burn hazard potential of the surface.
Continue6.2.3
for Free
  System/Surface Data   (as appropriate)—Substrate (in-
4.3   Thermesthesio
Thermesthesiometer
meter,, Metho
Method d B—The operaoperator
tor plac
places
es sulation) type and thickness, jacket type and thickness, surface
the cal
calibr
ibrate
ated
d sen
sensor
sor pro
probebe fac
facee firm
firmly
ly aga
agains
instt the hea
heated
ted propertie
prope rties,
s, such as emis
emissivi
sivity
ty and condi
condition
tion,, shin
shiny
y, paint
painted,
ed,
surface
surfa ce for the accep
acceptabl
tablee cont
contact
act time. The device dire directly
ctly dirty, corroded.
reads the contact temperature from the probe. The maximum 6.2.4   Ambient Conditions, incl including
uding dry bulb temperature
temperature
temperature is used in conjunction with the Guide C 1055 to
3.section2 C1055 ASTM C 680 - 03 ASTM C 1055 and localCallenwind
Errorsvelocity.Patient Evaluation Volumetric or C
determine the burn hazard potential of the surface.
Estimate of the… Cubical Expansi…
NOTE  2—The design temperatures should be at the worst case (gener-
In
5. Signi
Significanc
ficancee and Use ally high operating and high ambient) conditions. Care should be used in
the selection of design conditions since the hazard design conditions are
5.1 The procedures
procedures in this practice
practice support the determina-
determina-
different from the heat loss design conditions.
tion of the burn hazard potential for a heated surface. These
procedures provide an estimate of the maximum skin contact 6.3 Using Practice
Practice C 680 or a compa
compatibl
tiblee program and the
temper
tem peratu
ature
re and musmustt be use
usedd in con
conjun
juncti
ction
on wit
withh Gui
Guide
de information gathered in 6.2, calculate the maximum operating
C 1055 to evaluate the surface hazard potential. surface temperature. This temperature is an input to the model
5.2 The two procedures outlined
outlined herein are both based upon for the contact temperature.
the same heat transfer principles. Method A uses a mathemati- 6.3.1 Where the system is operaoperating
ting at desi
design
gn conditions,
conditions,
cal model to predict the contact temperature, while Method B direct
direct mea
measur
sureme
ementnt can be use
used
d to det
determ
ermineine the sursurfac
facee
uses
us es a pl plas
asti
ticc ru
rubb
bber
er prprob
obee ha
havi
ving
ng si
simi
mila
larr he
heat
at tr
tran
ansf
sfer
er temperature. Thermocouples,
Thermocouples, resistance thermometers, or other
characteristics to the human finger to “measure” the contact means can be used; however, proper application techniques are
temperature on real systems. required for accurate results. Caution must be observed since
5.3 These
These pro proced
cedure
uress ser
serve
ve as an estestima
imatete for the ski
skin
n the surface
surface tem
temper
peratu
ature
re may be hig
high
h and the sur surfac
facee cou
couldld
contac
con tactt tem
temper
peratu
atures
res whi
whichch mig
might
ht occ
occur
ur for the “av“avera
erage”
ge” constitute a burn hazard.
individua
indiv idual.l. Unusu
Unusual al condi
condition
tionss of expos
exposure,
ure, incor
incorrect
rect desi
design
gn 6.4 Calcu
Calculate
late the expec
expected
ted skin conta
contact
ct temp
temperat
erature
ure versus
assumptions, subject health conditions, or unforeseen operating timee his
tim histor
tory
y usi
using
ng the pro
proced
cedure
ure bel
below
ow bas
baseded upo
upon n the hot
conditions may negate the validity of the estimations. surface
surface temp
temperatu
erature,
re, time of conta
contact,
ct, and syst
system
em prope
propertie
rties.
s.

C 1057 – 03

The development of the equations below is taken from Dussan where:

(1).   A mor
moree det
detail
ailed
ed der
deriva
ivati
tion
on of the equation
equation set use
used
d is T 0   = initial
initial tiss
tissue
ue temp
temperatu
erature,re, °C,
included in the papers by Dussan   (1) (1) and Wu  (5). See
 and Wu (5).  See Fig. 1.  N    = integral
integral const ant, 1 >  ` ,
constant,
6.4.1 Calculate
Calculate the initinitial
ial parameter
parameter const
constants,
ants, using Eq  X 1   = depth of tisstissue
ue of inteinterest,
rest, norm ally 8.0 3 10−
normally
4-11. m,
ai   = ther thermal
mal dif
diffusi vity of layer   i, m2 /s,
fusivity
6.4.2
6.4 .2 Th
Thee co
cont
ntac
actt te
temp
mpererat
atur
uree fo
forr th
thee sk
skin
in ca
can n no
now
w be
l   = layer thic
thickness
kness of jackjacket et mate
material
rial,, m,
determined using Eq 1, Eq 2, and Eq 3 together for the system P   = layer ther
thermal
mal iner tia; W·m −2·K−1· =s,
inertia;
in question. Note that the solution to this equation is a sum of  t    = time
time of concontac
tact,
t, s,
an infin
infinite
ite seri
series.
es. The solusolution,
tion, however,
however, conve
converges
rges quickly T i   = init
initial
ial hot surf
surface
ace tempe
temperatur
rature,
e, K,
(five or six terms) and can be easily handled manually or by a T c   = conta
contactct skin temp
temperat
eratureure at depth   X   and at tim
small computer. (t ) after contact, K,
` ` erfc(u)   = compl
complemenementary
tary error function
function (a mathmathemat
ematica
ica
8
T c 5 T 0 1  A   (  I  N  erfc ~u N ! 1  B   (  I  N  erfc ~u  N !   (1) function),
 N  5 0  N  5 0
ri   = density
density of mate rial   i, kg/m3,
material
and: K i   = conductiv
conductivity ity of mate
materialrial  i , W/m · K, and
 X 1 / =a1 1 2· N 
 N ·l / =a2 C i   = specific heat of mate
material
rial  i , J/kg · K.
u N  5   (2) 6.4.3 To obtai
obtain
n the skin conta
contact
ct temperature
temperature versus conta
2=t 
time history, repeat the calculation at one second intervals fo
times up to the maximum contact time exposure expected.
 X 1 / =a1 1 2· ~ N  1 1! ·  l  / =a2
8
u  N  5   (3) 6.4.4 The maximum
maximum contact temperature
temperature used in the analy
2=t 
sis of burn hazard (Guide C 1055) is the maximum contac
temperature calculated for the contact period in step 6.4.3.
~P P ! ~P P !
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16/12/2019 C1057 | Epidermis | Hypothermia
  ~P2 2 P3!·~P2 2 P1!
 I  5   6.5   Typical Input Data—Table 1 contains typical values fo
(4)


~P2 1 P3! · ~P2 1 P1!
Search You're Reading a Preview
commonly
the commonly used insulati
insulation
on and jacke
jacketing
ting materials.
 materials. Ski
properties are also included. Nonstandard insulations or jacke
~T i 2 T 0!·P2 material properties may be substituted for the table values i
 A 5
P2 1 P1 Upload your (5)
documents to download.
the calculation if they are known.

~T i 2 T 0! · ~P3 2 P2!·P2 OR NOTE  3—Eq 1-11 work with any system of consistent units.
Related titles  B 5
~P2 1 P3!·~P2 1 P1!
  (6)
6.6   Example Calculation—Using the equations listed in 6
Become a Scribd member for following
and the full access. Your
input data parameters, the following resul
P1 5 ~r1·C 1·K 1! 1/2 first (7)
30 days areobtained
were free. for a simulated burn condition.
6.6.1   Problem—Assume a heated system is to be insulate
P2 5 ~r2·C 2·K 2!1/2 (8) with light dens
density
ity fibrou
fibrouss glass
glass.. Jack
Jacketing
eting material
material choic
choicee
Continueavailable
for Freeinclude: ( 1) aluminum at 0.4 mm thickness and ( 2
glass
glass clo
cloth
th at 1.0 mm thithickn
ckness
ess.. Als
Also
o ass
assume
ume that the ski
P3 5 ~r3·C 3·K 3!1/2 (9)
depth of interest is 0.008 cm and the initial skin temperature i
a1 5 K 1 / r1·C 1   (10) 33°C. The question is: What would be the maximum expecte
a2 5 K 2 / r2 ·  C 2   (11) contact skin temperature for each jacket material at the desire
3.section2 C1055 ASTM C 680 - 03 ASTM C 1055 Callen Errors Patient Evaluation Volumetric or C
Estimate of the… Cubical Expansi… In

FIG. 1 Schematic of Heat Transfer Model

C 1057 – 03

TABLE 1 Typical Properties (23°C)

Specific Conduc-
Density,
Heat, tivity,
Code Material kg/m3·
J/kg W/m·
103
K·103 K
1 steel 7.80 0.46 45.200
2 aluminum 2.70 0.96 154.800
3 brass 8.90 0.38 85.400
4 borosilicate glass 2.25 0.84 1.130
5 porcelain 2.20 0.84 1.210
6 concrete 2.47 0.92 2.430
7 brick 1.70 0.84 0.630
8 stone 2.30 0.84 0.920
9 plastics 1 . 28 1.55 0.250
10 phenolics 1.25 1.38 0.042
11 nylons 1.11 2 . 09 0.209
12 ABS resins 1.04 1.51 0.170
13 wood 0.66 1.72 0.130
14 paper 0.60 2.81 0.084
15 human tissue 0.90 4.60 0.544
16 water 1.00 4.19 0.602
17 cork 0.13 2.01 0.042
18 mineral wool 0.19 1.00 0.059
19 cal silicate 0.24 1.09 0.067
20 foam glass 0. 1 3 0.76 0.071
21 organic foam 0.05 1.05 0.021
22 glass cloth 0.40 0.63 0.084
23 fiberglas-LD
fib 0.10 1.00 0.046
24 TFE-fluorocarbon 2.15 1.05 0.243
25 masonite 1.00 1.67 0.173

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16/12/2019 C1057 | Epidermis | Hypothermia


depth for an exposure of 10 s, if the operating jacket surface
temperature is 150°C? Search 
You're Reading a Preview  
6.6.2   Result —In
— In 10 s of exexpo
posu
sure
re th
thee eq
equa
uati
tion
onss ab
abov
ovee FIG. 2 Time-Contact Temperature History Heated Insulated
predic
predictt a ski
skin
n tem
temper
peratu
ature
re at 0.0
0.008
08 cm of app
approx
roxima
imatel
tely
y Surface at 150°C Jacket Material Effects
Upload
50.2°C for the aluminum jacket and approximately 40.3°C for your documents to download.
the gla
glass
ss clo
cloth
th jac
jacket
ket.. See Fig
Fig.. 2 for the tim
time/t
e/tem
emper
peratu
ature
re 7.3.2 Wet bulb tempetemperatur
raturee of air or relative humidity
humidity,, and
histories. OR
7.3.3 Localized wind velocity.
velocity.
Related titles 7.4 After the system and ambi ambientent conditions
conditions are definedefined,d,
7. Metho
Method d B—Us
B—Usee of the Ther
Thermethe
methesiom
siometer
eter locate on the surface several spots that will be measured with
Become a Scribd member
the probe.
probe. In cas
for
cases
full access.
es of somsomee geo
Your
geometmetrie
ries,
s, poi
points
nts should
should be
7.1 The thermesthes
thermesthesiome
iometer
ter approach
approach is for use where the
system is operating at the desired design conditions or when first 30 days
distributed are
over free.
the surface to get representative areas. Where
evaluation of an existing condition is desired. The thermesthe- known
kno wn var
variat
iation
ionss exi
exist
st in a sys
system
tem,, tho
those
se poi
points
nts sho
should
uld be
siometer provides an electrical analogue of the finger’s thermal considered; for example, for a pipe, location selection should
response when placed against a heated surface. Since the use of  Continue
includ
inc lude: top,for
e: top , sidFree
sides,
es, and bot bottom
tom.. MarMarkk eac
each h poi
point
nt usi
using
ng a
this device requires some technique, the user should have some marking tool suitable for the surface by circling each point with
experienc
exper iencee on known systems as pract
practice
ice before exam
examining
ining a large zero. The test will be conducted at the center of each
unknown surfaces. Repeating a procedure similar to the cali- mark.
mar k. Rec
Record
ord on the data she sheet
et the location
location of the pointspoints
bration on other surface geometries is one method of obtaining selected.
3.section2 C1055
this needed training. ASTM C 680 - 03 ASTM C 1055 Callen Errors Patient Evaluation Volumetric or C
NOTE   4—Care should be observed when using the probe on curved
Estimate
7.2 The initial step in the measurement of theofeffective
efthe…
fective skin surfac
surfaces.
es. Sur
Surfac
faces
es havi
having
ng a diam
diamete
eterr less than thr
three
ee tim
times Cubical
es the be Expansi…
probe
pro In
diameter should not be measured.
contact temperature
and record usinginformation
the following the thermesthesiometer is to
describing the identify
system to 7.5 Precondition the thermesthesiometer
thermesthesiometer probe and readout
be analyzed: by turning on the electronics and waiting at least 30 min for
7.2.1   System Descr iption—Geometry
Description —Geometry,, location, accessibil- warm-up.
ity.
NOTE  5—Individual instructions will be different for each model used
7.2.2   Present Operational Conditions—Duty cycle, system
in the field. Therefore, consult the unit’s operating instructions for the
operating temperatures. correct
correct warm-
warm-up,
up, calibr
calibration,
ation, and operat
operating
ing proced
procedures.
ures.
7.2.3   System
System or Sur
Surfac
facee Dat
Dataa   (as appropriate)—Sub
appropriate)—Substrate
strate
(insul
(insulati
ation)
on) typ
typee and thi
thickn
ckness
ess,, jac
jacket
ket typ
typee and thi
thickn
ckness
ess,, 7.6 Upon warm-up, adjust the probe temperatur
temperaturee contr
control
ol
surface condition, that is shiny, painted, dirty, corroded. until the readout reads 305   6  2 K. Hold at that condition for
7.3 Next, measure
measure and reco
record
rd the ambi
ambient
ent conditions.
conditions. This five more minutes to ensure equilibrium.
includes: NOTE   6—The temperature value of 305 K is selected to simulate the
7.3.1 Dry bulb temperature
temperature of air,
air, normal skin temperature.

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C 1057 – 03
7.7 Adjus
Adjustt the temp
temperatu
erature
re control for the surf
surface
ace verifica-
verifica-
tion spot, usually provided as part of the unit, to control to a
temperat
temp ure of 343   6   1 K or si
erature simi
mila
larr kn
know
own n va
valu
luee (i
(iff a
commercial unit, see the manufacturer’s instructions for this
value).
7.8 Remov
Removee the probe from its storage
storage position
position and place it
in contact with the calibration spot for 4  6  0.5 s. At that time,
remove
rem ove the pro
probe
be fro
from
m the calibrat
calibration
ion spot and allow it to
return to below 303 K. Record the peak temperature achieved
during contact with the calibration spot.
NOTE   7—Some units are equipped with a peak hold readout and time
circuit to catch the peak at exactly 4 s after touching.A strip chart recorder
circuit recorder
with a fast response and chart speed would also be useful in this recording.
The zero time of touch is defined for these units as that time when the
contact temperature reaches 313 K.
NOTE   8—For rapid measurements
measurements at severa
severall points, quick cooldown
can be accomplished by heat sinking the probe face to a metal surface at
room temperature. Caution, however, must be used to precondition the
b i 76 i h
https://www.scribd.com/document/237852123/C1057 5/8
16/12/2019 C1057 | Epidermis | Hypothermia
probe, as in 7.6, prior to each new test.

7.9 The peak temperature

temperature recorded
recorded in 7.8 Search
should be com-
pared to the manufacturer’s calibration data. If the recorded
temperature deviates from this specification, repeat the calibra-
 
FIG. 3 Applying the Thermesthesiometer to a Horizontal Surface
 

tion steps 7.5-7.8. If the unit still fails to operate properly, the
probe or readout is probably defective and should be checked
by the manufacturer.
Related titles
7.10 Once calibration is complete, precondition
precondition the probe as
stated
stated in 7.6
7.6.. No adj
adjust
ustmen
mentt of the probe heater
heater sho
should
uld be
required. You're Reading a Preview
7.11 At each poin
pointt selected on the systsystem,
em, repeat the test

sequence;
time, contact
recording the for
peaka temperature,
time equal tocooling
the acceptable Upload
down belowcontact
303
your documents to download.
K and reconditioning (7.5) until all points have been measured.
7.12 Determine the average
average peak temperature
temperature for the system
system OR
and record.
7.13 The report shall include the high
highest Become
est peak a Scribd
temperatur
tempe rature
e member for full access. Your
measured, the average peak temperature, the contact time used,
the number of spots
3.section2 C1055measured, and the information
ASTM C 680 - 03recorded in first
ASTM
30 days are
C 1055
free.
Callen Errors Patient Evaluation Volumetric or C
7.1 and 7.2. Estimate of the… Cubical Expansi… In
NOTE  9—For continued reliable operation, the probe should not be used
on surfaces hotter than 473 K as it is generally made of silicon rubber Continue for Free
which exhibits property changes above that level.
NOTE   10—The appropriate method of applying the probe face to the
test surface is shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The probe should be applied
firmly and squarely to the surface in a continuous motion resulting in
positive contact. Avoid rubbing or scraping the probe face across the test

surface. The level of applied pressure

surface. pressure is not critic
critical
al within bounds. A force
of four to five pounds has been found to be satisfactory and comfortable.
NOTE   11—This
11—This method assume
assumess negligi
negligible
ble surface resistance at the
interface between the skin and hot surface. The contact resistance to heat
flow at the interface
interface appears
appears to be negnegligi
ligibly
bly sma
small
ll on norm
normal,
al, clean
surfaces. Therefore, excessive surface moisture, dirt, or oils should be FIG. 4 Applying the Thermesthesiometer to a Vertical Surface
removed
remov ed before testing begins.
8.1.4 The design contact
contact time of expos
exposure.
ure.
8. Repo
Report
rt 8.1.5 The estimated
estimated skin conta
contact
ct temp
temperat
erature
ure calculated
calculated by
8.1 Repor
Reportt the following
following information:
information: Method A or the average and maximum contact temperature
8.1.1 Analy
Analysis
sis procedure
procedure used, either Method A or B with measured by Method B.
 justification.
8.1.2 Syste
Systemm description
description as outlined
outlined in Sect
Sections
ions 6 or 7. 9. Dete
Determin
rminatio
ation
n of Burn Hazar
Hazard
d Poten
Potential
tial
8.1.3 The maxi
maximum
mum hot surfa
surface
ce temp
temperat
erature
ure expected in 9.1 Once the ski
skin
n con
contac
tactt temper
temperatu
ature
re exp
expect
ected
ed for the
Method A and its method of determination. system has bee
system been
n det
determ
ermine
ined,
d, the user sha
shall
ll ref
refer
er to Gui
Guide
de

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