IMPORTANCE OF TIMBER IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

(CASE STUDY OF BOOKSHELVE USING MAHOGANY WOOD)

BY

---------------

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, -------------

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

OCTOBER ---------
 APPROVAL

I certify that this project “construction of a wooden was carried

out by -------------- and was submitted to the of civil Engineering

Technology, -----------, during --------- Academic session and

was

under the supervision of Mr. ---------------

ENGR. --………………………………….

H.O.D CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGR. ----------…………………………..……

COURSE ADVISER

ENGR. --------------- ……………………………

PROJECT SUPERVISOR
DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty for his wisdom and

to me throughout the period of this project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to extend my profound appreciation to God almighty,

parents and guidance for the financial and morai support and

back-up) they gave to me in my academic pursuit.

I aiso wish to thank my supervisor for the support he gave

ne during the period of the project.

I also thank my friends and well wishers who assisted me in

ig my project.

ABSTRACT

This project was carried out to determine the importance of

Timber in civil Engineering construction. In the course of the

project, a general procedure for the purpose of wood work

construction was followed.

The pieces of wood for the construction of the bookshelf were

properly placed and made ready for setting out. The design of the

bookshelf was carefully studied as well as the cutting list.

However, during setting out stage, the joints as well as the fitting

be made were marked out of the materials, this was followed i

squaring and gauging from the face sides and edge. The waste

edge and parts are sawn out for shaping and involves rebate, ge

which is the most important stage was the stage that allows and

involves fixing and joining parts and members of the work with

glues and fastener. At this point proper gauging and uaring were

ensured before nailing and gluing.

Finally, finishes were applied followed by the fixing of glasses and

using holes for screw and planning. Furthermore, the assembling

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of study

Aim and objective

Scopes of study

Definition of Term

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

History of bookshelf

Types of bookshelves

Maintenance of bookshelves

Timber finishes

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

1 Materials used in the construction

2 Equipments/ tools used in the construction

Costing of materials

General safety precaution

CHAPTER FOUR

Working drawing
CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendation

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Wood has a natural beauty which makes it desirable for cabinet

making and quality interior design. Wood has structural qualities

which meets the need of Wood from deciduous trees is called and

those from conifer trees I called This nomenclature does not refer

to the actual or weight of the wood. The physical properties of

include: color, grain pattern and surface defects. Most qualities

are not seen until the tree is cut into The moisture content of the

wood has significant it when the moisture content ofthe wood

begins to Shrinkage in lumbar varies according to the section and

how it was cut. The critical time to maintain is during processing.

Working qualities include wood reaction and density. The density

of weight per unit volume. The denser a wood and Stronger it

becomes. Most construction (project) Involves the use of the

knowledge of 5 and is worthy to note that any successful should

be acquainted with woodwork and its The wood used for this

project were purchased from a timber market under the strict

guidance of my able , while the dimensioning, cutting, fitting,

finishing other works were carried-out in the woodwork

of my department. In our society today, wood become one of the

most useful materials in our daily which is utilized in many of

man’s day-to-day. Wood according to Oxford advanced learner’s

defined wood as the hard material that the trunk branches tree

are made up of. Some of the areas in which this important

material could be used are in wood works such as in the

construction of a wooden bookshelf which is the basis of this

project, making of furniture, wood carving, wood floor, paper

making and also serves as fuel. Materials known, yet it plays a

modem day life. Wood can be said to be the part of a tree. A

living tree basically has the main are the trunk, the roots and the

crown which of the branches and the leaves. The roots are in the

soil to support the entire tree and also nutrients and water for the

growth of the tree.

the trunk of the most important part for the works, paper

production material, weapons, artworks and so on. Wood

generally are hard tissue and a natural composite of cellulose

fibers are strong in tension) embedded in matrix of lignin resists

compression. In the real sense, wood is as secondary xylem in

the stem of trees. In a tree, it transfers water and nutrients to

the leaves and photosynthetic parts.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Our society today timber has become one of the main materials

in our daily activities especially, in construction. It is utilized in

many man’s day to need. Timber according to oxford advanced

learners ary could be said to be the wood prepared for use in and

carpentry. And some of the useful areas in this important

material could be used are in wood such as in the making of

Bookshelf (which is the basis this project), making furniture

(wood carving, wood used as fuel, used in making paper

production etc. is one of the oldest materials known, yet it plays

a role in modern day life it can be said to be a structural part of a

tree. A living basically has its main parts as the roots, the trunk

and crown which is made up of the branches and the leaves, root

is embedded in the soil. To support the entire Tree also absorb

food for the growth of the Tree. However, wood gotten from the

tree is the most important part of construction ,work, paper

productions, production of ols , weapons , packaging , artworks

,Woods are generally are fibrous tissue and a natural composition

of cellulose (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of

which resists compression in the strict, since timber is as the

secondary xylem in stems of trees .in a tree ,this transfers vvater

and nutrients to the leaves other growing tissues and has a

support function timbering plants to reach large sizes or to stand

up themselves. There are usually a higher occurrence of damage

usually associated with life important file, books and mails as well

as other personal organizational credentials, home properties

such as utensils and other belongings. This has posed a problem

faced in our society today. It is therefore to research and develop

ideas to solve this facing us, In respect to these main purpose of

is to expose the people on the importance and

of timber in construction shelf)in order to minimize the rate of

damages to our and document and at the same time utilize our

inisolving the problem of our society. (Loss of document to

termite and some other book buyers).

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To expose the student know the importance of timber especially

in Engineering fields and also the practical aspects of timber

work.

1.3 SCOPES OF STUDY

Although there are many ways, and materials that can be used in

carrying out this project, for example metals, framed work with

rubber and plastic of higher strength etc. This project is basically

on the use of timber in making and constructing a shelf to limit

damages and ensure better storage of properties (books).

1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Below are the definitions of some of the terms used in the course

of this project.

Mahogany Wood: This is the name given to hard reddish brown

wood Seasoning. This is referred to as drying out of the excess

moisture from the log of wood (timber) so as to condition the

wood before usage Veneer: This is a thin sheet of wood obtained

from log or fitches (section of log) by rotary peeling slicing or fire

sawing.

Preservation: These are chemical substances which are applied to

the wood. To prevent insect attack and other artificial defects, in

other to last to a long period.

Adhesive: This is referred to as a substance used to bind two high

surface together.

Conversion: This is the done or sawing of a log of wood into

boards of planks for use by the carpenters.

Defects: This is refer to as irregularities occurring in or on the

timber which lowers it's strength and durability on utility value.

Finishing: This is the stage in wood work construction where the

surface of the wood is prepared to receive the finishing.

Jointing; This is referred to as assembling two different parts of

wood by cutting out wood packages to fit into each other.

Finishes; This is referred to as the various varnishes including

decorative finishes, lacquers, oils, pigmented stains, fillers,

waxes and enamels preservations etc. that are applied to wood

surfaces.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0. INTRODUCTION

According to Ustamilld (2009) on shelving when books were

written by hand and so were not produced in great quantity they

were kept in small containers which owners (usually the wealthy

or clergy) carried with them.

However as manuscript volumes accumulated in religion houses

or in homes ofthe wealthy, they were stored n shelves or in

cupboards these cupboards are the direct redecessors todays

books cases. Thus, this could be said 1 give way to the evolution

of today's modern bookshelves.

Volumes of book stored then in cupboards or shelves were

arranged the way they are being arranged in today's modern

bookshelf. They were either placed in piles upon 4ir sides or it

upright, were arranged with their backs to all and their edges out

wards. The band of lenther veluum parchment which closed the

book was often used for the

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

inscription of the title, which was thus on the fore edges instead

of on the spine. It was not until the invention of printing had the

cost of books reduced and thus allowing many more people direct

access to owning book that it became the practices to write the

title on the spine and shelves books with the spine outwards,

early bookcases were usually of oat, which is still deemed by

some to be the most appropriate wood for an elegant library.

Moreover, This review, traced that the shelving practices dated

right from the early stages of carpentry work and refer to the

plate form for shelving.

Rod Naylor (1999,wood carving techniques)stated that generally,

the harder timbers are more suitable for sculpture and

construction because they are more durable, fire resistance and a

better finishes can be obtained while for carving purposes, soft

wood is probably preferred because it can be cut against the

grain to an extent. The fighting ofthe wood grain must also be

taken into account as a bold grain can enhance a simple non-

representational firm and thus, destroys a portrait completely.

Rod Naylor (1999) further gave and classified the timber in

different structural members which are soft and hard wood.

Timber has been one of the major material, in construction

industries and the utilization has been growing from early stage

of human sciences and technology development till date.

According to Henry Petroski (1999) one may ask question like

1. why is it that bookshelves are designed horizontally and

vertically?

2. why is it that bookshelves are redesigned continually in the

same pattern?

3. is anything to be gained by asking why we shelves books with

their spines facing out ward or is it only logical to shelve them?

The dominant uses were for furniture and building construction,

furniture and utensils in grading lumber and structural timber.

You would have imagine how it would have been like without

timber existing, especially in engineering construction.

2.2 WOOD AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Wood is a hard fibrous tissue found in many tree, it has been

used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a

construction materials, it is an organic material, a natural

composition of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension)

embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression, wood

is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the sterns of

trees, or it is defined more boardly include that same type of

tissue elsewhere such as in tree roots or in other plants such as

shrubs in a living tree, it performs a supports function, enabling

woody plants to grow large or to stand up for themselves, it also

mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and

other growing tissue. Wood may also refer to other plan materials

with comparable properties, and to materials engineering, form

wood or wood chips or timber.

The earth contains about one trillion tones of wood, which grows

at a rate of billion tones per year as an abundant, carbon~neutral

renewable resources, woody materials have been of intense

interest as a source of renewable energy in(1999) approximately

3.5 billion cub meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses

were for furniture and building construction.

Wood has been on important construction material since humans

began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were

made out of wood until the late 19” century, and wood remains in

common use today in boat construction. Wood to be used for

construction work is commonly known as lumber usually refers to

felled trees, and the wood for sawn plants ready for used is

timber, new domestic housing in many parts of the world today is

commonly made from timber framed construction.

Engineering wood products are becoming a bigger part of the

construction industry. They may be used structural and aesthetic

materials in buildings made of other materials, wood will still be

found as a supporting material, especially in root construction, in

interior doors and their frames, and as extensor cladding and

wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the

mould into which concrete is poured during reinforced concrete

construction. Wood has always been used extensively for

furniture, such as chair and beds. Also for tools handles and

cutlery, such as chopsticks, tooth picks, and other utensils,

like the wooden spoon and for tools handles cutlery and also

for building construction.

2.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF WOOD

According to George L.(1974). All plants are grouped into

five'greats divisions, each of which is made up for easy

identification. However, for the interest of the wood workers, the

softwood (gymnosperm) and the hardwood (angiosperm).

2:2:1 softwood (gymnosperm): This type of wood is usually

found on trees which are distinguished by their tall slender

trunks, narrow or needle like leaves like those of the Christ-max

tree and have naked seeds they are usually called ever-green and

botanically known as gynopterns. These types of trees grow

mainly in cold climates such as areas found in northern Europe

and great Britain but are rarely seen in some other parts of

world. The timbers produced from these trees are called

softwood. Examples, includes, pines, firs, and spruces, larch etc.

growth diameter, the botanical name for this class of trees is the

angiosperms. They have board leaves that dried up and fall

during the dry season in tropical areas such Africa countries in

temperate areas like the great Britain and other European

countries, the studying ofthe leaves occurs in the autumn (from

September to November) some of them however, do retain their

green leaves throughout the year, Deciduous trees bear a great

variety of flow and containing seeds, often called dicoty ladinos

seeds, Timber produced from this class of tree are known

commercially as hard wood. Some of them such as wa-wa

(obecha) and balsa are actually softer than some woods other

examples of hardwoods are mahogany, oak, danta odum, ash

etc.

2.3 WOOD DEGRADATION

This are the causes that causes wood damages. They includes.

If wood are been kept in a saline environments marine borers can

cause significant wood losses. Three groups of marine borers

shipvvorms, pholads, and gribbles (limnoria), causes most wood

damage in these areas. Decay of the components of wood.

Despite it’s highly integrated matrix of cellulose, hemi cellulose

and lignin, which gives wood superior strength properties and a

marked resistance to chemical microbal attack, a variety of

organisms and processes are capable of degrading wood.

The decay process is a continuums, often involving a number of

organisms over many years. Wood degrading agents are both

biotic and a biotic, and include heat, strong acids or basis,

organic chemicals mechanical wear, and sunlight.

2.3.1. A BIOTIC DEGRADATION

In these heat degrades both cellulose and hemi-cellulose reducing

strength and causing the wood to darken. At temperatures above

451`f(219`c) composition occurs. Strong acids eventually

degrade the carbohydrate portion of wood reducing, reducing its

strength. Strong bases attack the lignin leaving the wood

appearance bleached and white other chemicals such as

concentrated organics or salt solutions, can also disrupt the

lignocelluloses matrix, reducing material properties of wood.

Sunlight, primarily through the action of ultraviolet light, also

degrades wood through the creation of free radicals which then

degrade the wood polymers. Mechanical wear of wood can occur

in a variety of environment.

2.3.2. BIOTIC DEGRADATION

in these biotic damage can occur form a variety of agents,

including bacteria, fungi, insects, marine borers, and bird sand.

Animals mechanical damage in isolated instances. All biotic

agents have four basic requirements adequate temperature (32-

104`f or 0-4O` c) with most option between 77-9O`f (25-32`c)

oxygen (for other suitable terminal election acceptor, water, and

food sources. Water is a critical element for reactant in

degradation reactions, a medium for ditluslon of enzymes into

wood and degradative products back to,the organism and a wood

swelling agents. Bacteria are not major degraders of wood

products but they can damage pit membranes. There by

increasing permeability, and some are capable of cell well

degradation. And fungi, are among the most important wood

degrading organisms because they played an important role in

terrestrial carbon cycling , wood degrading can be classified as

molds, strainers, soft rooters, brown rooters, and white rooters,

on the basis of attack patterns, moulds, strainers and soft rooters

are members of the axomycites and deuteromycetes.

A number of insect have evolved to attack wood including

termites (isopter) beetles (coleopteral) termites are the most

important wood -degrading insects in most environments, and

their activity causes severe economic losses.

2.4 WATER CONTENT OF WOOD:

Water occurs in living wood in three conditions, namely,

(1) In the cell walls

(2) In the protoplasmic contents of the cells and

(3) As free water in the cell cavities and spaces.

In heat wood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that

is thoroughly air dried retains 8-16% of the vvater in the cell

walls and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven

dried wood retains a small percentages of moisture, but for all

except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. The

general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to

render. It softer and more pliable. similar effects of common

observation is in the softening action of water on paper or cloth

within certain limits, the greater it is soften effect.

Dry produces a decided increase in the strength of wood,

particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case

of a completely dry spruce block 5cm in section, which will

sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green

(undried) block of the same size will. The greatest strength

increase due to drying is theultimate crushing strength and

strength at elastic limit in endwise. Compression, these are

followed by the modulus bending, while the modulus of elasticity

is least affected.

2.5 HISTORY OF BOOKSHELF

Bookshelf is a piece of furniture, almost always with horizontal

shelves, used to store books it may be fitted with glass doors. A

bookshelf consists of a unit including two or more shelves which

may not all be used to contain books or other printed materials,

shelves may be fixed or adjustable to different positions in the

case. In rooms entirely devoted to the storage of books they may

be permanently fixed to the walls and /or floor. Bookshelf

frequently have doors that should be closed to protect the books

from air pollution, and 'VI bookshelves are open fronted. These

doors are almost always glassed, so as to allow spine of the

books to be read. Especially valuable books may be kept in locked

cases with wooden or glazed doors. A bookshelf normally stands

on some other piece of furniture such as a desk or chest,

largebooks are more likely to be kept in horizontal pile and very

large books flat on wide shelves. When books were written by

hands and were not produced in a great quantity they were kept

in small boxes or chest which owners (usually the wealthy or

clergy) carried with these cupboards are direct predecessors of

today bookcase later the doors were discarded and the evolution

of the bookcase proceeded. Even then, however, the modern

fashion. They were either placed in pile upon their sides or it

upright, were ranged with their backs to wall and their edges

outwards. The band of leather vellum or parchment whichclosed

the book was often used for the inscription of the titles which was

thus on the fore-edge in stead of the spine title were also

commonly written onto the fore-edge it was not until the

invention of printing hard greatly reduced the cost of books, thus

allowing many more people direct accessto owning books that it

became the practice to write the titles on the spines usually of

oak ,which is still deemed by some to the most appropriate wood

as for an elegant library. In 10 April 2005 a internet directory of

online books and books sites. It covers books of a historical

significance.

2.6 TYPES OF BOOK SHELVES

By Elizabeth nickel laid, an hovv contributing writer bookshelves

are more than just a place to store books. They can also be a

design element. If your shelves are a focal point in the room, use

them to display ceramics,photographs, plants, objects, dart and

other treasures as wall as books. Their types includes.

2.6.1. BUILT IN BOOKSHELVES

This recessed into wall. A beautiful and functional addition to any

room built in bookshelves often flank a fireplace or entertainment

center, these shelves are permanently fixed and cannot be moved

around.
2.6.2. BARRISTER BOOKSHELVES

These are composed of traditional shelves with glass doors that

open from the bottom, like a garage door, the glass protects the

books in side from dust and grime, Some barrister bookshelves

are all on unit, but others can be stacked to provide whatever

height and storage you need.These bookcases are readily

available at antiques shop, andactions, but reproductions are also

being made today.

2.6.3. CHILDREN'S BOOKSHELVES

This is usually on a wall, children bookshelves often allow the

front of the books to be displayed, to catch children’s eyes as

they are browning and entices them to pickup a book and read.

Some unit hang on the wall, but others are free standing. These

bookshelves may also includes bins where books can also be

stored facing forward, so title hands can thumb through them.

The units are not tall to allow children’s to catch evens the top

shelf. Some children’s bookshelves have four narrow sides and

rotates to allow access to all the books. This types takes up less

floor space in a small room.

2.6.4. LEARNING BOOKSHELF

Get deeper as you go from the top shelf to the bottom. Some of

these shelves only appear to be learning against the wall but

others actually do learn. They aren’t quite as useful for actually

storing books, since some of the shelves are not deep enough for

any but the smallest books for fit. But they are decorative and

can display small pretty objects or collection on the upper shelves

and books on the lower.

2.6.5. CUBE BOOKSHELVES

In these type of bookshelf some one unit, some separated and

stackable the geometric nature of cube style bookshelves makes

them well suited to a more modern décor. They can be more

traditional and take a rectangular form, or the cubes can fit

together in a free form vvay. Many of this units are stackable

allowing for many different Configurations.

2.7. MAINTENANCE OF BOOKSHELF

The loaded shelving relocation services are designed to make

moving fully loaded, Bookshelves quick and easy. This super

efficient bookshelf moving solution keeps your books periodically

and archive organized and intact on the shelf while moving. This

means no more inventory recognize your book collection after a

move or remodel. Loaded shelving relocating services is the most

cost effective and efficient system to manage your next carpet

replacement or remodeling project because you don’t have to

remove your books from the shelves in order to remove your

book shelving. This means your project will be completed sooner

for less money and without the hassles of recognizing your books.

2.8. TIMBER FINISHES

This refers to the process of embellishing and/ or protecting the

surface of a wooden material. The process starts with surface

preparation, either by sanding by hand (typically using a sanding

block or power sander) scraping, or planning. imperfections or

nail holes on the surface, many be filled using wood putty or

pores many be filled using wood filler often, the woods, color is

changed by staining, bleaching ammonia fuming and a number of

other techniques. Some wood such as pine or cherry do not take

stain evenly, resulting in blotching to avoid blotching, a barrier

coat such as shellac or woods conditioner" is applied before the

stain. All stain are also used to avoid blotching. One the wood the

wood surface is prepared and stained, a number of coats of finish

may be applied often sanding between coats.

COMMONLY USED WOOD FINISHES INCLUDES.

i. Painted floor board: this remains a favorite way to dress up old

and new for that matter) boards, as it brings a sense of light and

space into a room. A paving, such as white knight paints paving

paint is fine for a rustic approach but be prepared for scuff marks.

ii. Waxing: This is one of the few treatment that does not

required sanding. Wax is an option for those who want to keep a

warn, look to their boards and are not afraid to use title elbow

grease (or a buffing machine) along with their wax

environmentally friendly beeswax can be buffed and polished onto

boards to produce a natural satin sheet.

iii. Liming: This is where as real lime was once used to prevent

insect damaging. These days liming is done for a purely

decorative effect.

iv. Staining: A trade secret to getting your stain to take evenly to

prepare the floor by sanding first with a coarse grade of paper

around 240, then finishing with a fine 320 or even finer 400

grade.

Finally the surface may be polished or butted using steel wood,

pumice, rotten stone and other polishing on the shine desired.

Often, a final coast of wax can be applied over the finish to add a

slight amount of protection.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL AND M ETHODS

In every construction work, there are guides and procedures

involved in carrying out successful project work the case of

construction of the wooden shelf, the following stages were

involved.

i. Design development.

ii. Planning.

i. Design Development: This could be referred to the initial stage

of the construction. At this stage, the designer may involve

preliminary. Sketches which may be free hand usually in

perspective. The major aim of this is to determine the general

from a design which might be suitable for the purpose of the job,

and at the same time have good appearance while sketching the

design. This will give the visual impression of the over all

dimension and portion of the shape and parts in relation to each

other. From this drawing, it is possible to plan the type of

material that will be used. The fittings and finally method to be

used.

ii. Planning: Having developed the design and the drawing

complete, it is necessary to plan for the construction proper. This

mean giving careful thought to such item as the amount and type

of materials and fittings required, their cost, tools are necessary

for the construction assembling and finishes. During the planning,

the cutting of materials required for the job. It comprises of the

price estimation, the sizes of the individual member of the

various components from the working drawing etc.

3.1. MATERIALS USED

i. Smooth sandpapering wood machine.

ii. Vanishing polish.

iii. Filler sawdust / top bounds

iv Planning machine

v. Filling machine

vi.1" néii

vii. 21/2" nails

viii. 3”nail

ix.Spook shelves

x. Joining pin

xi.Jil< saw or saber saw

xii. Plywood

xiii. Mahogany wood

xiv. Spraying machine

3.2. COSTING OF MATERIALS

Plywood (1200><600)mm ...................... #2200x3=#66OO

Mahogany wood(25x300x3600)mm ...#2400x16=#38400

Bookshelf handle ............................ #30OX8pics=#24000

A Packet of 1” nails ...... ...... .......... # 1 50

A packet of 21/"nails ....... ...... # 250

A packet of 3" nails ...... ................. # 400

Vanishing polish ...... ...... # 1500x3=#45OO

Glass ............... ....... # 300x8=#240O

Hinges ......... ..... # 70x8pairs=#560

Zigzag nail ................... ....... # 400 per pack

Miscellaneous expenses .__.__.. ............ # 2000

Total ........................... ...... # 79660

3.3. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TAKEN IN THE WOOKSHOP

1. We ensure that the walk vvay in the workshop is completely

cleared of nails, piece of wood, tools etc. to avoid accident.

2. Safety apparel, boots, gloves, mouth and nose mask, goggles

and overall.

3. It was ensured that everyone in the workshop was putting on

helmet.

4. First Aid box is also advised in the workshop for emergency

sake.

5. We used vices and workbench during cutting and planning, to

avoid falling off of wood been cut or planed.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONSTRUCTIONS

This could be noted to be the most important stage in the course

of the construction of the bookshelf. This involves the following

procedures, preparation, setting out, cutting out, assembling,

finishing.
Preparation: In preparation of the bookshelf we gathering the

pieces ready for setting out, studying the drawing to acknowledge

on how to go about with the construction and checking on the

cutting cost. Setting out: In setting out of the bookshelf, the

joining and fittings are to be made and marked out from the

material. It may involve bringing out any kind of shape, pieces

and decorative features, marking the positions, taking the size of

joints squaring and ganging from the face, side and edges etc.

Cutting out: In cutting out the bookshelf, we construct all the

edges and parts of the bookshelf are been cut out for sllllapinigi.

It invollves cutting wood from the joint, planning, groves, boring

holes for screw and the equipment used are machine and manual

cutting saw, jack saw etc.

Assembling: Assembling is the stage where we did all gathering

parts of the wood work and fixing them to it’s various part orjoint

are been done, it is been supported with the help of glue, it must

however be noted that at this point, work must be properly

gauged and squared before nailing and screwing, and the

material used are, joining pin 31/3 (inches nail for ply wood, 21/2
inches nails for centre, 3 inches nail for major joining. The

cleaning up of the work is also made at this stage such as adding

of the sawdust and using filling machine to clean the bookshelf.

Finishing: This where we did all surface and edges by fine

sanding, damping and applying the finishes such as vanishing,

polish. However in some cases, some members may be finish

before assembling.

SOME HARDWOOD TIMBER GRADES GRADE FAS SELECT N01 NO

2A COMMON /2B COMMON

Allowable 2400m-4800m 1800m- 1200m- 1200m- board 4800m

4800m 4800m width

Allowable 1800m wider 1200mwider 900m 900m board wider

wider width

Minimal 831/2°/° 831/2°/° 662/3% 50% 960 clear face cutting

Minimum 2100 x 75 X 2100 x 75 x 900 x 75 600 x size of 1500 x

1000 150 x 100 1200 X50 75mm clear

Formula Surface Sm + 4 Sm +1-i-3 Sm + 2 for number

measure(sm)+4 of cuts

Maximum 4 4 5 7 clear cutting

CALCULATION

Estimating the number of student in a department of mechanical

engineering, assuming there are 1000 student and the bookshelf

intend to carry for instance, report file of these students should

be designed to be able to carry the weight of these files, this goes

a long way in avoiding overload and consequently deformation of

the shelf for the course of subsequent calculations to be done and

we the weight of the file to be 75Og.

100 files in the department

W X A :100 X 7509 =7500g =75Kg

ANALYSIS OE VARIOUS PARTIYIONS BASED ON THE AREA

1. For partition A and B the volume of the files

= W X A (L X W X D) of the partition

Length = 0.72m

Width = 0.33m

Depth = o.3m

0.72 X0.33 X 0.3

 A = 0.7128m3

Area x weight of file

= 0.07128 X 780i<g =53.46m3/kg

2. For partition C and E, H and J

A=LXWXD

L=o.47

W=0.33

D=0.3

A = 0.47 X 0.33 X 0.3 =O.O4653m3

=A x Weight of a file

=0.0 0653x 750-= 34.89

Volume = 34.90m3/g

3. Portion D and I,A=LXWXD

L = 0.48m

W = 0.33

D = 0.3

A = 0.48 X 0.33 X 0.3 = 0.047520/I3

Area x weight of fiie = 0.04752 x 750

Volume = 35.64m3/kg
4. Portion K and L

A=LXWXD

= 0.72m

N =0.61m

J =0.3m

Ex 0.61 x 0.3 = O.13176m3

= Area x Weight of file

=01376m3 x 750 = 98.82m3/kg.

Base on the calculation C and E, H and J, the portion is

Designed to carry not more than 36m3/kg file, any load

Above that may cause deformation in the portion.

OBSERVATIONS

Based on the calculation A and B in the portion is designed

to carry not more than 53.46m/kg files, any load above that

may deform the mahogany bookshelves.

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

The construction of wooden bookshelf is an interesting

project which was practically carried out in the workshop.

with knowledge and skill acquired and applied during the

construction process, with little or no supervision, I can

carry out related task on the bookshelf making,

5:1. RECOMMENDATION

The construction of wooden bookshelf is so unique for

the storage and preservation of books and other similar

materials.

The project construction of a wooden bookshelf is a

good one, it makes student to be practically and

theoretically oriented which enables them to acquire more

skills and knowledge on the usage of wood for construction.

REFFERENCES

AKURU I. O AND BANIRO LA (1990): Introductory

Technology for School and Collages book 3. Evans

Brother Ibadan, Nigeria.

BAYLISS, R (1973): Carpentry and Joinery Bredon LTD

Tiptree, Great Britain.

DAVID R. B (1976): Carpentry and Joinery Book I Pearson

Education Ltd, England Edinburgh Gate Harlow.

GEORGE I (1974): The Theory and Practice of Woodwork 5”

Impression Tiachung co. Ltd Hong Kong.

HOADLEY, Bl\’lCE (2000): Understanding Wood: a Craftsman

guide to wood technology, Taunton press.

MARY A. B (1974): Carpentry and Joinery Machine Wood

Working Part. Basingstoke London, Machillan Press.

OBIOHA I.K (2005): Research and Report Writing Nigeria:

Obiagu Enugu Providence Press p.g. 29208.

SACKEY J, K. N (1999): Woodwork Technology Malaysia;

Machillian Education Ltd.

SHICTO, ALEX (1986): A New Tree Biology Dictionary

Taunton Press.