I

NTRODUCTI
ON

Landi
sasubj
ectf
all
i
ngwi
thi
nthepower
soft
heSt
ateGov
ernment
s
undert
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aandhence,pr
oper
tyl
awsi
nIndi
amay
di
ff
erf
rom St
atet
oSt
ate.Besi
dest
hel
ocall
aws,sev
erall
awsenact
ed
byt
heCent
ralGov
ernmental
sogov
ernacqui
si
ti
onandowner
shi
pof
pr
oper
ty(
incl
udi
ng an i
nter
esti
n pr
oper
ty)t
hrough pur
chase,sal
e,
t
ransf
er,mor
tgage,i
nher
it
anceorgi
ft
.Tr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyot
hert
han
agr
icul
tur
all
and,r
egi
str
ati
on ofdeeds and documentf
alli
nthe
1
Concur
rentLi
st.

Whenaper
sonacqui
resorownsani
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,t
hel
aw al
so
gi
vehi
m/hert
her
ightt
ouse,l
ease,sel
l
,rentort
ransf
er/
gif
toft
hel
and.
Theowneral
sohasar
ightt
omor
tgagehi
simmov
abl
epr
oper
tyasa
secur
it
yforl
oans.Howev
er,t
her
ear
esomel
awswhi
chr
est
ri
ctt
het
ype
ofuseal
andcanbeputt
o,e.
g.,al
andmaybeusedonl
yforr
esi
dent
ial
orcommer
cialpur
posest
opr
eventhaphazar
dorunor
gani
zedgr
owt
hof
ci
ti
esand t
owns.Lawsi
n some oft
he St
atespr
eventand r
est
ri
ct
out
sider
sfr
om acqui
ri
ngpr
oper
tywi
thi
ntheSt
ate.Rest
ri
cti
onsar
eal
so
pl
acedonnon-
agr
icul
tur
ist
sfr
om acqui
ri
ngagr
icul
tur
all
and.Ther
ear
e
al
soot
herl
awswhi
chpr
escr
iber
ulesandr
egul
ati
onsf
orpr
otect
ionof
env
ironmentorwhi
chpr
ovi
def
orappr
ovalofbui
l
dingpl
ans/
desi
gnsso
ast
opr
otectpeopl
efr
om nat
ural
ormanmadehazar
ds.

Somel
awsl
i
ket
heRegi
str
ati
onAct
,1908,al
sol
aydownpr
ovi
si
ons
gov
erni
ngr
egi
str
ati
onofpr
oper
tyt
ransact
ionssoast
okeeppr
oper
r
ecor
dsofowner
shi
p ofpr
oper
tyi
nthepubl
i
cdomai
n.Somel
aws
r
elat
ingt
otaxat
ionl
i
ket
heI
ncomeTaxAct
,1956l
aydowncer
tai
n
1
TheConst
itut
ionofI
ndi
a,Sev
ent
hSchedul
e,Li
stI
I,
Ent
ry18andAr
ti
cle246(
3).2I
d.,
ListI
II
,Ent
ry6
st
atet
ostate.
pr
ovi
sionsandpr
ocedur
est
obeobser
vedwhi
l
eunder
taki
ngpr
oper
ty
t
ransact
ions so as t
o ensur
etax compl
i
ance ofan ownerbef
ore
di
sbur
sal
ofpr
oper
ty.

I
nIndi
a,t
ransact
ionsf
orpur
chasi
ng,sel
l
ing,t
ransf
err
ing,cr
eat
ingan
i
nter
esti
nimmov
abl
epr
oper
tyandt
ransmi
ssi
onoft
it
lei
nrespectofa
pr
oper
ty ar
e gov
erned by sev
erall
aws,r
ules and r
egul
ati
ons.The
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
ty bet
ween any t
wo par
ti
es i
s gov
erned by t
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882.Bot
hthesepar
ti
esneedt
obeal
i
vef
or
t
ransf
erundert
heAct
.Incaseoft
ransf
erofapr
oper
tyofadeceased
per
son,Successi
onLawsaspert
her
eli
gionoft
hedeceasedwi
l
lbe
appl
i
cabl
e.

THETRANSFEROFPROPERTYACT,
1882

1.Scopeandappl
i
cabi
l
ity

 Fi
rstl
awcommi
ssi
onmadet
hedr
aftofTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
.

I
tisacodi
fi
cat
ionoft
hemanneri
nwhi
chanowneroft
hepr
oper
ty
mayexer
cisehi
sri
ghtofowner
shi
pofpr
oper
tyi
.e.r
ightt
otr
ansf
er.

 Thi
sActdeal
slar
gel
ywi
tht
het
ransf
erofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
whi
l
etheSal
eofGoodsAct
,1930andI
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,1872
deal
wit
hthet
ransf
erofmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.

 Pr
eambl
eoft
heActset
soutt
heobj
ect
ivesofl
egi
sl
ati
ont
odef
ine
cer
tai
npar
tsofl
awoft
ransf
erofpr
oper
ty.

 TPAappl
i
est
otr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tybyactofpar
ti
es.

I
T deal
swi
thi
nterv
ivost
ransact
ionsonl
yi.
etr
ansf
erbet
ween
 l
i
vingper
sonsonl
y.Test
ament
aryt
ransf
ersar
egov
ernedbyt
he
I
ndi
anSuccessi
onAct
.

 At
ransf
ercanbemadeev
enwi
thoutwr
it
ingwher
ewr
it
ingi
snot
expr
essl
yrequi
redbyl
aw.

 TPAi
snotanexhaust
ivel
aw.

I
tcamei
ntof
orceont
hef
ir
stdayofJul
y,1882

 Bef
oret
hecommencementoft
heTPA,t
het
ransf
erofi
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
ti
esi
nIndi
awer
egov
ernedbyt
hePr
inci
plesofEngl
i
shLaw
andEqui
ty.

 Gi
ft
,sal
e,exchange et
c.ar
etr
ansf
ers as perTPA butNOT
Abandomentofacl
aimt
opr
oper
ty.

 Ar
ightcr
eat
edbyt
ransf
eront
hesamedat
eist
obedet
ermi
nedby
l
ooki
ngi
ntot
heDocumentf
ir
sti
npoi
ntoft
ime.

 Thi
sActhasnoappl
i
cat
ionwher
eitt
akespl
acebyoper
ati
onof
l
aw.

 Chapt
er2oft
hisActshal
lnotbedeemedt
oaf
fectanyr
uleof
MohammadonLawi
ncaseofconf
li
ctori
nconsi
stentwi
thi
t.

 Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisActshal
lnotbeappl
i
edt
oaf
fectorchange
t
hebasi
cnat
ureorconst
it
uti
onofpr
oper
ty.

 TheTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyActi
sasubst
ant
ivel
aw.I
tpr
ovi
dest
he
basi
cpr
inci
plesoft
ransf
erofpr
oper
ty.
 TheTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyActhav
emanypar
ts,
thesear
e

(
i)Sect
ion5t
osect
ion37,t
hispar
tappl
i
es,whet
herpr
oper
tyi
s
 mov
abl
eori
mmov
abl
e.

(
ii
)Sect
ion38t
osect
ion53-
A,t
hispar
tappl
i
esonl
ytoi
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
ty.

(
ii
i)Sect
ion54t
o117,
thi
spar
tappl
i
esonl
ytoi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.

(
ivSect
ion118t
o137,
thi
spar
tappl
i
est
obot
h.

 Thear
easoft
hesubj
ectt
owhi
cht
heActi
sappl
i
cabl
e,i
tov
err
ides
per
sonall
awsr
elat
ingt
otr
ansf
erofpr
oper
ty.Ther
eisnor
ightt
o
enf
orcet
her
ightofpr
e-empt
ionunl
esst
het
it
let
othepr
oper
tyhas
passed i
n accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heAct
.A mer
e
agr
eementt
osel
ldoesnothav
etheef
fectoft
ransf
err
ingpr
oper
ty,
pr
e-empt
ioncoul
dnotbecl
aimed.

I
nthe case ofShy
am Lalv
.Deepa Dass Chel
a Ram Chel
a
Gar
ib(
2016)
:TPAshal
lbeappl
i
cabl
etoPunj
abandHar
yanabut
onl
yasr
egar
dst
hesesect
ionsdecl
aredbynot
if
icat
ion.

 Cont
ractcompl
etesTPAandSect
ion4i
ssuppl
ement
aryandi
n
addi
ti
ont
oregi
str
ati
onAct
.Thel
aw ofcont
racti
sagr
eement
bet
weent
wopar
ti
esf
orper
for
mingcer
tai
npr
omi
ses.Ther
eis
al
way
sagi
veandt
akei
ncont
ractsi
mil
art
otr
ansf
erofpr
oper
ty.
Fur
ther
,var
ious sect
ions such as Sect
ion 7 (
capaci
ty oft
he
t
ransf
erorandt
het
ransf
eree)andt
her
eiscompet
encywhi
chhas
t
ober
eadwi
thl
awofcont
ract
.Ev
enasal
eormor
tgageorl
easei
s
basi
cal
l
ya cont
ract
ualr
elat
ionshi
p.Sect
ion 54 par
a 2 and 3,
Sect
ion 59,Sect
ion 107,Sect
ion 123 ofTPA i
sread as a
suppl
ementt
oIndi
an r
egi
str
ati
on Act
. Ev
en t
he l
anguage of
Sect
ion17ofRegi
str
ati
onActi
ssi
mil
art
otheTPAandi
naddi
ti
on
 t
oTPA.

2.I
nter
pret
ati
onCl
ause(
Sect
ion3)

Sect
ion3oft
heT.
P.Actdeal
swi
thi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
het
erms
whi
chwecomeacr
ossi
ntheAct
,andt
heset
ermsar
eexpl
ainedi
n
det
ail
her
eunder
:-

A.I
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty

 Thedef
ini
ti
onofI
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tygi
veni
ntheS.
3ofTr
ansf
er
ofPr
oper
tyAct1882,
isnotexhaust
ive,
iti
sthenegat
ivedef
ini
ti
on
whi
chexcl
udet
het
hingsandsay
simmov
abl
epr
oper
tydoesnot
i
ncl
udest
andi
ngt
imber
,gr
owi
ngcr
opsorgr
ass.

 Thedef
ini
ti
oni
ntheGener
alcl
ausesActal
sonotexhaust
ivebuti
t
i
ssomewhatposi
ti
vedef
ini
ti
onwhi
chi
ncl
udesl
and,benef
it
sto
ar
iseoutofl
and,
andt
hingsat
tachedt
otheear
th.

 Sect
ion3,Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882def
inest
hingsbei
ng
"
att
achedt
otheear
th"asmeani
ngoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hree
t
hingsei
ther1)r
oot
edt
otheear
th,
or2)embeddedi
ntheear
th,
or
3)per
manent
lyat
tachedt
owhati
sembeddedi
ntheear
thf
ort
he
pur
poseofbenef
ici
al
enj
oymentoft
hatt
owhi
chi
tisat
tached.

 Anexcept
ionast
ost
andi
ngt
imber
,cr
opsandgr
assesi
scar
ved
outf
rom t
hiscat
egor
ybecauset
hei
ntent
ionwi
thwhi
cht
heywer
e
sown was al
way
sto cutt
hem down f
oruse as mov
abl
es.
 Ther
efor
e,when l
and i
str
ansf
err
ed,st
andi
ng t
rees whi
ch ar
e
r
oot
edi
ntheear
thont
hat
l
andwi
l
lal
sobet
ransf
err
edal
ongwi
tht
hel
andaswoul
dany
thi
ng
el
seper
manent
lyat
tachedt
othel
and,unl
esst
her
eisacl
ear
expr
essori
mpl
i
edi
ntent
iont
othecont
rar
y.

 Acombi
nedr
eadi
ngoft
heabov
etwodef
ini
ti
onsgi
vesussome
i
deaabouti
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyandeachcomponent
sexpl
ained
bel
ow:
-

(
i) LAND

Landi
nthi
scont
extal
soi
ncl
udeswel
l
s,t
ubewel
l
s,ponds,
t
anks,r
iver
sandst
reams,andcanal
s.Abenef
itt
oar
iseout
ofl
and,ora"
prof
itapr
endr
e"(
benef
itf
rom use)i
sar
ightt
o
usel
andi
namannerwhi
chwoul
dder
ivepr
ofi
torbenef
itf
or
t
heper
sonwhoi
sent
it
ledt
osuchuse.Apr
ofi
tapr
endr
eis
ani
nter
esti
nlandandi
s,t
her
efor
e,i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.

Al
lexampl
eofi
nter
esti
nlandbei
ngi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyi
s
pr
ovdedbyAnandaBeher
i av.St
ateofOr
issa(
1956)
,wher
eit
washel
d“asapr
ofi
tapr
endr
eisr
egar
dedasabenef
it
ar
isi
ngoutofl
and i
tfol
l
owst
hati
tisi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty
wi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
.

I
nBi
harEast
ern Gonget
icFi
sher
menCoopSoci
etyLt
d.v
.
Si
pahiSi
ngh(
1977)
,the Supr
eme Cour
thel
d,"l
ease of
f
isher
ywhi
chi
simmov
abl
epr
oper
tyasdef
inedi
nSect
ion
2(
6)oft
he Regi
str
ati
on Act
,1908,i
fiti
sforanyt
erm
exceedi
ngoney
earorr
eser
vesay
ear
lyr
ent
,hasal
sot
obe
 r
egi
ster
edunderSect
ion17(
1)(
d)oft
hatActandSect
ion107,
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
."

(
ii
) BENEFI
TSARI
SINGOUTOFLAND

Accor
dingt
oGener
alCl
ausesAct
,besi
desl
andanybenef
it
ar
isi
ngoutofl
andandev
eryi
nter
esti
nthel
andal
soi
s
consi
der
edt
obei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Hence,
rightoff
ishi
ng,
andr
ightofway
,ri
ghtt
oli
ght
,andr
ightt
ocol
l
ectt
her
ent
s
ar
ehel
dtobei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.

(
ii
i) THI
NGSATTACHEDTOEARTH

Gener
al Cl
ausesActi
ncl
udest
hese i
nthe def
ini
ti
on of
i
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty.As perSect
ion 3 ofTPA,t
hings
at
tached t
o ear
th ar
e"t
hingsr
oot
ed i
nthe ear
th,t
hings
i
mbedded i
nthe ear
th,t
hings at
tached t
o whati
s so
i
mbeddedf
ort
hebenef
ici
alenj
oymentoft
hatt
owhi
chi
tis
at
t .Theex
ached” pressi
on“
imbeddedi
ntheear
th”i
ncl
udes
suchoft
hoset
hingsv
iz.
,houses,bui
l
dingsandwal
l
s.Under
t
heEngl
i
shLaw t
hisphr
asei
ssi
mil
art
owhatar
ecal
l
ed
"
FIXTURES"
.Af
ixt
urei
sachat
telf
ixedt
olandandsucha
chat
telonceat
tachedt
olandbecomesi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty
UnderI
ndi
anLawt
heEngl
i
shRul
ethatachat
telf
ixedt
othe
l
andbecomest
hepar
toft
hel
andandt
heowneroft
he
chat
tel
ceasest
obet
heowneroft
hesai
dchat
tel
.

Thought
hisi
sar
athersubj
ect
iveconcept
,ther
eisat
wo-
fol
d
obj
ecti
ssuf
fi
cient
lyembeddedi
ntheear
tht
obeconsi
der
ed
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Fi
rsti
sthedegr
eeofannexat
ion.The
 t
hingembeddedmustbesor
emov
alwoul
dbel
i
kel
ytocause
damaget
otheear
thort
hati
tcannotber
emov
edwi
thout
gr
eatef
for
t.I
fthi
sisso,t
het
hingembeddedmaybecal
l
ed
i
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty.The second f
aceti
sthe obj
ectof
annexat
ionort
her
easonwhyt
het
hingwasembeddedi
nthe
ear
thi
nthef
ir
stpl
ace.Ther
emustbeani
ntent
iont
hatt
he
t
hingwasembeddedwi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofbei
ngpl
acedi
nthe
ear
thper
manent
ly.Abui
l
dingi
scal
l
edi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty
becausei
tsf
oundat
ioni
sfi
rml
yembeddedi
ntheear
thand
t
her
eisgener
all
ynoi
ntent
ionofupr
oot
ingabui
l
ding

i
nashor
twhi
l
eaf
teri
tsconst
ruct
ion.

Thi
ngswhi
char
eper
manent
lyat
tachedt
othi
ngswhi
char
e
embeddedi
ntheear
thar
eal
soi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.The
degr
eeofat
tachmentmustbesogr
eatt
hatt
het
hingwhi
ch
i
sat
tachedmusthav
enosepar
ateexi
stenceorent
it
yfr
om
t
het
hingt
owhi
chi
tisembedded.Ther
eisat
wo-
fol
dtestt
o
beobser
vedwhenconsi
der
ingwhet
herat
hingat
tachedt
oa
t
hingembeddedi
ntheear
thi
simmov
abl
epr
oper
ty:1)i
t
mustbeper
manent
lyat
tached,and2)i
tmustbef
ort
he
benef
ici
alenj
oymentoft
het
hingwhi
chi
sembedded.Bot
h
condi
ti
onsmustbef
ulf
il
led.

(
iv) THI
NGSI
NEARTH

Undert
hisphr
asesucht
hingsl
i
ket
rees,shr
ubsmaybe
i
ncl
uded.Howev
er,i
i
fsucht
reesar
eint
endedt
oconst
it
ute
st
andi
ng t
imber
,theyf
allout
sidet
hescopeoft
het
erm
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyundert
hisphr
ase.Ther
efor
eal
lthi
ngs,
 t
hough r
oot
ed i
nthe ear
th do notbecome i
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
ty.

Exampl
e:Babuland Sesham t
rees,t
heset
reesar
enot
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ti
essi
ncet
heyar
etr
eat
ed asst
andi
ng
t
imber
.Assuchwhenaquest
ionar
iseswhet
herat
reei
s
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
itshoul
dbedeci
dedt
aki
ngi
ntoaccount
t
he i
ntent
ion of t
he par
ti
es. Fr
uit bear
ing t
rees ar
e
consi
der
edt
obei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Agai
nint
hiscaseal
so
i
tshoul
dbeseenwhet
hert
hepar
ti
esi
ntendedonl
ytoenj
oy
t
hef
rui
tsoft
het
ree,ort
heyi
ntendedt
ouset
het
reef
ort
he
pur
poseoft
imber
.Inl
atercaset
het
reei
snotani
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
ty.Accor
dingt
orul
einMar
shel
lv.Gr
een(
1876)
,at
ree
whi
chwasagr
eedt
obecutandt
akenawayi
mmedi
atel
y
cannotbet
reat
edasi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,f
urt
hert
hepar
ti
es
musti
ntendt
hat"
thet
reeshoul
dcont
inuet
ohav
ethebenef
it
off
urt
hernut
ri
mentt
obeaf
for
dedbyt
hel
and"
.Thi
srul
ewas
appl
i n SeeniChet
edi ti
arv
.Sant
hanat
hanChet
ti
ar(
1895)
,
wher
ethepar
ti
esdesi
red

t
oret
aint
het
reef
oraper
iodoff
oury
ear
sitwashel
dthat
t
he sal
e ofsuch t
ree bei
ng sal
e ofi
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty
r
equi
resr
egi
str
ati
on.

(
v) MOVABLEPROPERTI
ES

TheTPAdoesnotdef
inemov
abl
epr
oper
tywhi
chhasbeen
def
inedi
ntheGener
alCl
ausesActasmeani
ng“
proper
tyof
ev
erydescr
ipt
ionexcepti
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty. I
ncaseof
SPKN.Subr
amani
anFi
rmv
.M.Chi
dambar
am(
AIR1940Mad
 825)
,itwas hel
dthati
fthe t
hing i
mbedded i
sfort
he
per
manentbenef
ici
alenj
oymentoft
hei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty
t
o whi
ch i
tis at
tached,t
hen i
tisi
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty.
Howev
er,i
fthet
hingi
sfi
xedf
orashor
tper
iodt
houghf
ixed
f
ort
het
imebei
ngsot
hati
tmaybeenj
oyedandt
heper
son
usi
ngt
hesamef
orbenef
ici
alenj
oymentoft
hingi
tsel
fand
notoft
hel
and,t
heni
tismov
abl
epr
oper
ty.I
nthepr
esent
case,
thei
ntent
ionoft
hedef
endant
swer
ecl
eart
hatt
heydi
d
nott
reatengi
neasapar
toft
hepr
emi
seast
heywer
eunder
al
easeandwer
eexpect
ingev
ict
ionf
rom pr
emi
ses.

Si
mil
arl
y,ci
nemaequi
pmentl
i
kepr
oject
or,di
eselengi
neet
c.
i
nst
all
edont
het
enant
edl
andt
empor
ari
l
yandnotonl
ynot
at
tachedt
otheear
th,butal
sonotper
manent
lyf
ast
enedt
o
any
thi
ngat
tachedt
otheear
thar
emov
abl
epr
oper
tes.2
i

Ther
efor
e,whet
hert
hemachi
ner
yembeddedi
ntheear
thcan
be t
reat
ed as mov
eabl
e ori
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
tydepends
uponi
ntent
ionoft
hepar
ti
eswhi
chembeddedt
hemachi
ner
y
and al
so t
he i
ntent
ion of t
he par
ti
es al
i
enat
ing t
he
3
machi
ner
y.

Ther
efor
e,any
thi
ng i
tcaneasi
l
ybei
nfer
red becauset
he
exhaust
ivenessoft
hedef
ini
ti
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyt
hat
any
thi
ngwhi
chi
snotcov
eredundert
hedef
ini
ti
onofi
tisa
mov
abl
epr
oper
tyi
ncl
udi
ngcomput
erpr
ogr
amsandot
her
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
proper
ty.

2
BamadevPani
grahiv
.MonoramaRaj,AI
R1974A. P.226.
3
DuncanI
ndust
ri
esLtd.V.St
ateofU.
P.,(2000)1SCC633.
I
MPORTANTCASE:
SHANTABAIv
.STATEOFBOMBAYAI
R1958
SC532.

STANDI
NGTI
MBER

Thescopeoft heexpression" standingtimber"andhow i tis

diff
erentf
rom at r
eeisexplainedint hi
scasebef oreatr
eecanbe
regardedasstandingti
mberi tmustbei nsuchast at
ethat
,ifcut,
i
tcoul dbeusedast i
mberi .
e., aswoodsui t
ableforbuil
ding
houses,bridges,ships,etc.,whet heron t he tr
ee orcutand
seasonedandwheni nthatstateitmustbecutr easonabl
yearly.
"

Therefore,asregardst hi
ngswhicharecapabl eofbei ngremoved
from the land,the t estfordecidi
ng whet hert heyar eto be
regardedasmov ableorimmov ablepropertywouldbe:I fther
eis
anintentiontosev erthem fr
om theimmov ableproperty,l
andor
buil
ding,forthepur poseofsell
ingthem assepar at eit
ems,then
suchsepar at
ei t
emswoul dbemov abl
epr operty.

RIGHTSCONSI
DEREDI
MMOVABLE
PROPERTY

 Ri
ghtofway

 Ri
ghtoff
err
y

 Ri
ghtoff
isher
y

 Rightt
ocoll
ectduesf
rom f
air
shel
don
one'sl
and

 Ri
ghtt
ocol
l
ectl
acf
rom t
rees

 Ri
ghtt
ocol
l
ectr
entf
rom pr
oper
ty

 Amor tgagor'sri
ghttoredeem the
mortgage( debtsecuredbymor tgage
ofimmov ableproperty;
corresponding
equit
yofr edemptioninthemor tgagor
B.
ATTESTATI
ON

At
test
ati
onaccor
dingt
oSect
ion3si
mpl
ymeansaper
sonsi
gni
ng
t
hedocument
,inpr
oofoft
heexecut
ionbyexecut
ant
.

UnderSect
ion3,t
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ether
equi
rement
sforav
ali
d
at
test
ati
on:

 Twoormor
eper
sons

 Eachofsuchper
sonmustwi
tnesst
heexecut
antsi
gni
ngor
af
fi
xi
ng hi
s mar
k or some ot
her per
son si
gni
ng t
he
i
nst
rumenti
nthepr
esenceandundert
hedi
rect
ionsoft
he
execut
ant or r
ecei
ve f
rom t
he execut
ant a per
sonal
acknowl
edgmentofhi
ssi
gnat
ureormakeorofanyot
her
per
son.

 Eachper
sonmustsi
gni
nthepr
esenceoft
heexecut
ant
.

 Al
thoughi
tisst
atedabov
ethateachper
sonat
test
ingt
he
documentmustwi
tnesst
heexecut
antorsomeot
herper
son
si
gni
ngoraf
fi
xi
nghi
smar
k,i
tisl
aiddowni
ntheSect
iont
hat
al
lthewi
tnessesormor
ethanoneneednotbepr
esentat
oneandt
hesamet
ime.

 Fr
om t
he Sect
ion i
tcan be under
stood t
hatat
test
ati
on
meanssi
gnat
ureoft
woormor
eper
sonsonadocumenti
n
pr
oofofexecut
ion by execut
antf
orwhi
ch one oft
he
at
test
orsshoul
dhav
ewi
tnessedt
heexecut
ion,orat
test
ed
t
hedocumentont
heacknowl
edgmentofexecut
ant
.
  Anat
test
orat
test
i hedocumentmustbesui
ngt j
uri
s(capabl
e
ofent
eri
ng cont
ract
),and t
he at
test e ani
ormusthav mo
at
test
andi(
int
ent
iont
oat
test
).Hencei
fsi
gnat
urei
smade
f
oranydi
ff
erentpur
posei
tisnotanat
test
ati
onundert
his
Sect
ion.Al
lar
ecompet
entt
obeat
test
orsi
ncl
udi
ngi
l
li
ter
ate
per
sons.

 Eachwi
tnessmustsi
gnonl
yaf
tert
heexecut
ioni
scompl
ete,
ot
her
wisei
twi
l
lnotbeav
ali
dat
test
aton[
i SantLalvKaml
a
Pr
asad(
1952)SCR116]
.Adocumentcoul
dbeat
test
edon
t
hesamedaywheni
twaswr
it
ten.

nLal
I aKundanLalv
sMusammatMushar
r iBegam4,i
af twas
hel
dthatal
though at
test
ordoesnotsi
gn act
ual
l
yint
he
pr
esenceofexecut
ant
,st
il
ltheat
test
ati
oni
sval
i
dift
her
eis
possi
bil
i
tyf
ort
he execut
antt
o see t
he wi
tnesses.An
at
test
ati
onmustal
way
sbedoneaf
tert
heexecut
ionofa
documentbutnotbef
oret
her
eto.Aspoi
nt nKaml
edouti a
Pr
asad & Or
svs Sr
iKr
ishna Kant Pat
hak(
2007)
, an
at
test
ati
on of a mor
tgage deed execut
ed af
ter t
he
at
test
ati
on byt
he at
test
orwashel
dto be nota pr
oper
at
test
ati
onunderl
aw.

 Engl
i
shLaw r
equi
rest
hatat
test
orshoul
dal
way
sact
ual
l
y
wi
tness,
theexecut
ionatt
hesamet
imeandal
ltheat
test
ors
mustbepr
esentatt
het
imeofexecut
ion.Butaf
terT.
P.Act
(
Amendi
ngAct
,1926)waspassedt
hepr
esenceofal
lthe
at
test
orsatt
het
imeofexecut
ionwasdi
spensedwi
thby

4
(
1936)38BOMLR783
 annul
l
ingt
hej
udgmentoft
hePr
ivyCounci
lnShamuPat
i terv
.
AbdulKhadi
r,
.Hence atpr
esentat
test
ors who wer
e not
pr
esentatt
het
imeofexecut
ioncanat
testonr
ecei
vi
ng
per
sonal
acknowl
edgmentf
rom t
heexecut
ant
.

 At
test
ati
onofadocumenti
sonl
yev
idencei
npr
oofoft
he
execut
ion.Ther
efor
eitcannotbepr
esumedt
hatt
heat
test
or
hast
heknowl
edgeoft
hecont
ent
soft
hedocument
.

 Thewor
dper
sonalshowst
heacknowl
edgmentmustbeby
t
heexecut
anthi
msel
fnotbyagent
s

 At
test
ati
ondoesnotest
opt
heat
test
ant
.

 Par
adnashi
nladycan v
ali
dlyat
t .(
est Kundan Lalv
.Rof
i
Begum (
1939)

 Aper
sonpar
tyt
otr
ansf
ercannotbeanat
test
ingwi
tnessbut
apar
tyi
nter
est
edi
ntr
ansact
ioncanbeacompet
entwi
tness.

 Twoper
sonswhohadi
dent
if
iedt
het
est
atoratt
het
imeof
r
egi
str
ati
onofwi
l
landhadappendedt
hei
rsi
gnat
uresatt
he
f
ootofendor
sementbyt
hesub-
regi
str
ar,
wer
enotwi
tnesses
ast
hei
rsi
gnat
ureswer
enotputani
moat
test (
andi(Gi
rj
aDut
t
v
.Gangot
riDat
tSi
ngh(
AIR1955SC346)
.

C.NOTI
CE (
knowl
edge ofa f
act
,af
fect
s one’
slegalr
ight
s and
l
i
abi
l
iti
es)

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion3“
Aper
soni
ssai
dtohav
enot
iceofaf
act
whenheact
ual
l
yknowst
hatf
act
,orwhenbutf
orwi
l
fulabst
ent
ion
f
rom t
hei
nqui
ryorsear
ch,whi
chheoughtt
ohav
emadeorgr
oss
negl
i
gence,hewoul
dhav
eknowni
t”Not
icei
soft
wot
ypesv
iz.
,
act
ual
not
iceandconst
ruct
ivenot
iceori
mput
ednot
ice.

(
i)
Act
ual
Not
ice

Aper
soni
ssai
dtohav
eact
ual(
orexpr
ess)not
iceofaf
actwhen
heact
ual
l
yknowsi
t.Anact
ualnot
ice,t
o const
it
uteabi
ndi
ng
not
ice,
mustbedef
ini
tei
nfor
mat
iongi
venbyaper
soni
nter
est
edi
n
t
het
hingi
nrespectofwhi
cht
henot
icei
sissued,andi
tmustbe
gi
veni
nthesamet
ransact
ion.Thus,v
aguer
epor
tsorr
umour
s,or
suspi
cionoft
heexi
stenceofaf
actwi
l
lnotamountt
oexpr
ess
not
ice.Thepar
tyi
mput
ingnot
icemustshow t
hatt
heot
herpar
ty
hadknowl
edgewhi
chwoul
doper
ateupont
hemi
ndofanyr
ati
onal
man,
oramanofbusi
ness,
andmakehi
m actwi
thr
efer
encet
othe
knowl
edgehehassoacqui
red.

(
2)Const
ruct
iveNot
ice

I
tisanot
icewhi
cht
reat
saper
sonwhooughtt
ohav
eknownaf
act
,
asi
fheact
ual
l
ydoesknow i
t(r
uleofequi
ty)
.Inot
herwor
ds,a
per
sonhasconst
ruct
ivenot
iceofal
lfact
sofwhi
chhewoul
dhav
e
acqui
redact
ualnot
icehadhemadet
hoseenqui
ri
eswhi
chhe
oughtr
easonabl
ytohav
emade.I
tist
heknowl
edgewhi
cht
he
cour
timput
est
oaper
sonuponasost
rongt
hati
tcannotbe
al
l
owedt
ober
ebut
tedt
hatknowl
edgemusthav
ebeenobt
ained.
Thel
egalpr
esumpt
ionofknowl
edgecanar
isei
nthef
oll
owi
ngf
ive
cases:
-

 wi
l
ful
abst
ent
ionf
rom ani
nqui
ryorsear
ch,

 gr
ossnegl
i
gence,

r
egi
str
ati
on
  act
ual
possessi
on

 not
icet
oagent
.

(
i)Wi
l
ful
abst
ent
ionf
rom ani
nqui
ryorsear
ch

Thewor
ds"
wil
ful
abst
ent
ion"(
consci
ousanddel
i
ber
ateabst
ent
ion)
ar
esai
dtobesuchabst
ent
ionf
rom i
nqui
ryorsear
chaswoul
d
showwantofbonaf
idesi
nrespectofapar
ti
cul
art
ransact
ion.The
f
oll
owi
ngar
esomei
nst
anceswher
ethecour
tshav
ehel
dthata
per
soni
stobef
ixedwi
thconst
ruct
ivenot
icef
orhav
ingabst
ained
f
rom t
ohav
emade:

 Apr
oposest
osel
lhi
spr
oper
tyt
oB,whoatt
hesamet
ime
knowst
hatr
entduei
nrespectoft
hepr
oper
tyar
epai
dbyt
he
t
enant
stoat
hir
dper
son,XBwi
l
lbef
ixedwi
thnot
iceoft
he
r
i sofX[
ght Huntv
.Luck(
1902)
].

 Amor
tgageshi
shouset
oB,whoomi
tst
oinv
est
igat
ethe
t
it
le-
deedsr
elat
ing t
othehouse.C hasachar
geont
he
pr
oper
tymor
tgaged.Bwi
l
lbepr
esumedt
hechar
ge.

A r
efuses a r
egi
ster
ed l
ett
er, whi
ch cont
ain cer
tai
n
i
nfor
mat
ion r
elat
ing t
o pr
oper
ty whi
ch A pr
oposes t
o
pur
chase.Awi
l
lbedeemedt
ohav
enot
iceoft
hecont
ent
sof
t
hel
eter(
t Jogi
ndervDwar
kar
,15Cal681]
.

 A pur
chases a house f
rom B.A i
sinf
ormed bef
oret
he
pur
chase t
hatt
he house had f
all
en t
o B'
sshar
e on t
he
par
ti
ti
on.Aomi
tst
oinspectt
hepar
ti
ti
on-
deedwhi
chgi
vesa
r
ightt
oCt
opur
chaset
hehousei
ntheev
entt
hehousei
s
sol
d.Ai
saf
fect
edwi
tht
henot
iceofC'
sri
ghtofpr
e-empt
ion.
 I
tmaybenot
edt
hatt
he'
abst
ent
ionf
rom i
nqui
ry'mustbe
wi
thsomepur
pose/
desi
gnandduet
oadesi
ret
oav
oidt
o
ul
ti
mat
e knowl
edge.Thi
s Somet
imes happens when a
per
sont
hinksl
osti
tsi
nqui
rywhi
chwoul
dleadt
oul
ti
mat
e
knowl
edge.Thi
ssomet
imeshappenswhenaper
sont
hinks
t
hathehasst
ruckagoodbar
gai
nandwant
stopur
chaset
he
pr
oper
tyqui
ckl
yi
estot
herper
sonsmi
ghtcamef
orwar
dand
compet
ewi
thhi
m.

 A pr
udentpur
chasershoul
dnotr
estcont
entwi
thmer
ely
seei
nga

mut
ati
onent
ry(
int
hel
andr
ecor
ds)
,ifi
tdoesnotcov
ert
he
whol
eoft
hel
andhei
spur
chasi
ng.Heoughtt
oascer
tai
n
whatt
heent
ri
esi
ntheRecor
dofRi
ght
sar
e,andwhet
hert
he
v
endorhasgotf
ullpr
opr
iet
aryr
ight
s.I
fhef
ail
stodoso,
t
her
eisawantofcar
eorwi
l
fulabst
ent
ionf
rom enqui
ryor
sear
ch.

(
ii
)Gr
ossnegl
i
gence

Thedoct
ri
neofconst
ruct
ivenot
iceal
soappl
i
edwhenaper
son,
but f
or hi
s gr
oss negl
i
gence,woul
d hav
e known t
he f
act
.
Negl
i
gencemeansomi
ssi
ont
otakesuchcar
easapr
udentper
son
woul
dtake;'
grossnegl
i
gence'
meanshi
ghdegr
eeofsuchnegl
ect
.
"
Grossnegl
i
gencedoesnotmeanmer
ecar
elessnessbutmeans
car
elessnessofsoaggr
avat
edanat
ureast
oindi
cat
eanat
ti
tude
ofment
ali
ndi
ff
erencet
oobv
iousr
isks"{
Hudst
onvVi
ney(
1921)1
Ch.
98}
 Thequest
ioni
snotwhet
heraper
sonhadmeansofobt
aini
ng
knowl
edge,butwhet
herasar
easonabl
emanheoughtt
ohav
e
madei
ti.
e.i
nthegi
venci
rcumst
ancest
her
ewasadut
ytof
indout
.

(
ii
i)Regi
str
ati
onasaNot
ice(
Expl
anat
ionIt
oSect
ion3)

Expl
anat
ion It
o Sec.3,wher
e any t
ransact
ion r
elat
ing t
o
i
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
tyi
srequi
red byl
aw t
o be,and has been,
ef
fect
ed by r
egi
ster
ed i
nst
rument
,any per
son acqui
ri
ng such
pr
oper
ty,shal
lbedeemedt
ohav
enot
iceofsuchi
nst
rumentf
rom
t
hedat
eofr
egi
str
ati
on.I
nor
dert
hatr
egi
str
ati
onofani
nst
rument
mayoper
ate as a not
ice ofi
ts cont
ent
s,t
he f
oll
owi
ng t
hree
condi
ti
onsmustbesat
isf
ied:
-

(
1) The i
nst
rument must be compul
sor
il
yregi
str
abl
e.Thus,
r
egi
str
ati
on i
s not
ice onl
y wher
ethe i
nst
rumenti
srequi
red
compul
sor
il
y,andnotwher
ether
egi
str
ati
oni
sopt
ional
.

(
2)Ther
egi
str
ati
onoft
hedocumentmustbecompl
etedi
nthe
mannerpr
escr
ibedbyt
heI
ndi
anRegi
str
ati
onAct
.

(
3)The i
nst
rument(
ori
ts memor
andum)and t
he par
ti
cul
ars
r
egar
dingt
het
ransact
iont
owhi
chi
trel
atedmustbecor
rect
ly
ent
eredi
nther
egi
ster
sandi
ndi
ceskeptundert
heRegi
str
ati
onAct
.

 Whenadocumenti
sregi
ster
ed,
itbecomesapubl
i
cdocumentand
anyper
son acqui
ri
ng i
nter
esti
n a pr
oper
tycan and oughtt
o
conf
ir
mthet
it
leofper
sonbyl
ooki
ngatdocument
sinRegi
str
ar'
s
of
fi
ce.

 Fori
nst
ance,Ar
egi
ster
eddocumentt
oB.Hel
aterent
ersi
ntoa
cont
ractwi
thCt
osel
lhi
mthesamehouse.Law i
mposesadut
y
 uponCt
oinspectt
her
egi
ster
satt
heRegi
str
ar'
sof
fi
ce,andi
fhe
doest
hat
,hewoul
dcomet
oknow aboutt
hesal
einf
avourofB.
Fai
l
uret
oinspectt
he r
egi
sterwi
l
lbe det
ri
ment
alt
othe C'
s
i
nter
est
s,ashewoul
dbei
mput
edwi
thconst
ruct
ivenot
iceoft
he
r
egi
ster
edt
ransact
ion.

I
tisal
soal
ogi
calcor
oll
aryt
hati
fsuchr
egi
str
ati
oni
simpr
oper
ly
done,
ori
fthedocument
sar
enotpr
oper
lymai
ntai
ned,nothav
e
f
oundoutev
eni
fhemadeani
nqui
ry.I
nsuchcase,not
icecannot
bei
mput
edaper
sont
ohi
m.

 Wher
eregi
str
ati
onofadocumenti
snotmandat
orybutonl
yupon,
t
henr
egi
str
ati
onwoul
dnotoper
ateasaconst
ruct
ivenot
ice.e.
g
sel
l
ing ofi
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty ofl
ess t
han Rs.100;gi
ft
s of
mov
abl
es;r
egi
str
ati
onoft
est
ament
aryi
nst
rument
s;document
s
per
tai
ningt
otr
ansf
erofmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,equi
tabl
emor
tgages;
gi
ftofpr
oper
tygi
vent
othedaught
erbywayofpasupukumkuma,
et
c.Apar
ti
ti
ondeedi
snotr
equi
redt
ober
egi
ster
edandwoul
dnot
amountt
oconst
ruct
ivenot
ice.

 A,mor
tgages herj
ewel
l
ery and r
egi
ster
ed deed butr
etai
ns
possessi
onofi
t,wi
thant
hati
fwi
thi
n10y
ear
sshef
ail
stor
epay
t
heamount
,Bwoul
dhav
ear
ightt
orecov
ert
hel
oanamountbyt
he
sal
e of t
hisj
ewel
l
ery
.A sel
l
sthe j
ewel
l
eryt
o C,f
or f
ull
consi
der
ati
on.Though t
he mor
tgage deed i
sregi
ster
ed,i
ts
r
egi
str
ati
onwoul
dnotamountt
oconst
ruct
ivenot
ice,
asmor
tgage
5
ofmov
abl
esi
snotr
equi
redbyl
awt
obecompul
sor
il
yregi
ster
ed.

 Ther
egi
str
ati
onofadocumenti
snot
icet
osubsequentt
ransf
erees

5
BackerKhor
ansaneevAhmedI
smai
lAI
R1928Rang28.
 onl
y.Apr
iort
ransf
ereei
snotaf
fect
edbynot
iceofsubsequent
t
ransact
ionsf
rom t
hef
actofr
egi
str
ati
onoft
hesame.Forexampl
e,
Amor
tgageshi
spr
oper
tyt
oBwhogr
ant
sasub-
mor
tgaget
oC.A
i
nignor
anceoft
hesub-

mor
tgagepay
sthemor
tgagedebtt
oB.Thef
actt
hatt
hesub-
mor
tgagei
sregi
ster
eddoesnotamountt
onot
iceoft
hesub-
6
mor
tgaget
oA.

(
iv)Act
ual
possessi
onasaNot
ice(
Expl
anat
ionI
ItoSec.3)-

 Act
ualpossessi
on,
ie.
,def
act
opossessi
on,
ofpr
oper
tybyanot
her
mustputt
hepur
chaserofsuchpr
oper
tyonhi
sguar
d.Possessi
on,
t
her
efor
e,amount
stonot
iceoft
it
lei
nanot
her
.Iti
s,t
her
efor
e,l
aid
downt
hatanyper
sonacqui
ri
nganyi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty(
orany
shar
e/i
nter
esti
nsuchpr
oper
ty)i
sdeemedt
ohav
enot
iceoft
he
t
it
le(
ifany
)ofanyper
son,whoi
sfort
het
imebei
ngi
nact
ual
possessi
ont
her
eof(
Expl
anat
ionI
ItoSec.3)
.I
twi
l
lbeseent
hat
t
hispr
ovi
sionmakest
hef
act
um ofpossessi
onoper
ateasnot
ice.

 Ther
efor
e,ani
ntendi
ngpur
chaserofapi
eceofl
andwi
l
lbesai
dto
hav
econst
ruct
ivenot
iceofat
hir
dpar
ty'
scl
aimt
othatl
andwhen
t
hatt
hir
dpar
tyi
sinact
ualpossessi
ont
her
eof
,inst
eadoft
he
v
endor
.Fori
nst
ance,Acont
ract
stosel
llandt
oBf
orRs.5000.B
t
akespossessi
onoft
hel
and.Af
ter
war
dsAsel
l
sitt
oCf
orRs.
6000.Cmakesnoi
nqui
ryofBr
elat
ingt
ohi
sint
eresti
nthel
and.
B'
spossessi
oni
ssuf
fi
cientt
oaf
fectCwi
thnot
iceofhi
sint
erest
,
ashemayenf
orcespeci
fi
cper
for
manceoft
hecont
ractagai
nstC.

nDani
I elsvDav
ison(
1809)16Ves.240,
Aleasedahouset
oBand
6
SahadevvShekhPapa,
(1905)29Bom 119.
 t
henagr
eedt
osel
lthepr
oper
tyt
oB.At
hensol
dthepr
oper
tyt
oC.
Hel
dthatCwasaf
fect
edbyconst
ruct
ivenot
iceofB'
sri
ght
swi
th
r
espectt
othe pr
oper
ty.Wher
ethe l
and i
sin occupat
ion of
someoneot
hert
hanv
endor
,thef
actoft
heoccupat
iongi
vest
he
pur
chaserconst
ruct
ive not
ice ofanyr
ight
s oft
he,occupy
ing
t
enant
.

nAbdulMazi
I dvB.Ahmed(
AIR1980Gau44)
,thedef
endant
-
l
andl
ordl
easedoutsui
tpr
oper
tyt
othepl
aint
if
fdef
endantent
ered
i
ntoanagr
eementwi
tht
hepl
aint
if
ftosel
lthesui
tpr
oper
tyt
ohi
m;
r
ecei
ved an adv
anceand agr
eed t
o execut
easal
edeed.The
possessi
onwasdel
i
ver
edt
othepl
aint
if
fbutt
hedeedwasnot
execut
ed.Thedef
endanti
nthemeanwhi
l
esol
dthepr
oper
tyt
o
ot
heronr
ent
.Lat
er,t
hedef
endant
s,andhenceasui
tforspeci
fi
c
per
for
manceoft
hecont
ractwasf
il
ed.I
twashel
dthatt
hepl
aint
if
f
hav
ing no t
it
lei
nthe sui
tpr
oper
ty(
the sal
e-deed bei
ng not
execut
ed)wasnotent
it
ledt
obenot
icedasat
it
le-hol
derand
hencecannotgetadecr
eef
orspeci
fi
cper
for
mance,butwoul
dbe
ent
it
ledt
odef
endhi
spossessi
ononl
y.Theenqui
ryunderExpl
.II
,
Sec.3i
sli
mit
edt
oti
tl
eonl
y.Ont
hedat
eoft
hesal
eoft
hepr
oper
ty
t
oot
herdef
endant
s,t
hepl
aint
if
fwasnotat
enantbutacont
ract
or
and t
her
efor
ehewoul
d beent
it
led t
o pr
otect
ion ofhi
sri
ght
s
at
tachedt
othatst
atusandnott
hatofat
enant
.

I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatnot
icei
snotext
endedt
opossessi
onwhi
ch
i
smer
elyofaconst
ruct
ivenat
ure,asi
twoul
dbet
oomucht
o
expectamant
ofi
ndoutev
erypossi
bleper
sonwho,
thoughnoton
t
hespot
,isoper
ati
ngoni
tfr
om behi
nd.Fori
nst
ance,Acont
ract
s
t
osel
llandt
oB,whoi
npur
suanceoft
hecont
ractput
shi
stenant
i
npossessi
on.Asel
l
sthel
andt
oC.Ci
snotaf
fect
edwi
thnot
iceof
B'
sint
erest
.

(
V)I
mput
ednot
ice:
Not
icet
oagent

 Expl
anat
ionI
IIt
oSec.3makesnot
icet
oanagentoper
ateas
const
ruct
ivenot
icet
othepr
inci
pal
.Thepr
inci
pleoft
hisr
ule
i
sbasedont m Quif
hemaxi aci
tperal
i
um f
aci
tpersei
.e.he
whodoesbyanot
her
,doesbyhi
msel
f.

 A per
soni
sdeemedt
ohav
ehadnot
iceofanyf
acti
fhi
s
agentacqui
resnot
icet
her
eof
:

 whi
l
stact
ingonhi
sbehal
f,

i
nthecour
seofbusi
ness,

t
owhi
chbusi
ness,
thatf
acti
smat
eri
al.

 Howev
er,i
ftheagentf
raudul
ent
lyconceal
sthef
act
s,t
he
pr
inci
palcannotbechar
gedwi
thnot
icet
her
eofasagai
nst
anyper
sonwhowasapar
tyt
oorot
her
wisecogni
zantoft
he
f
raud.I
tmaybenot
edt
hatnot
iceher
eisi
mput
edt
othe
pr
inci
pali
rr
espect
ive ofwhet
herhi
s agentdi
d act
ual
l
y
communi
cat
ethef
actt
ohi
m ornot
.Thenot
icet
otheagent
maybeact
ualorconst
ruct
ive.Theunder
lyi
ngpr
inci
plei
s
t
hatnoper
sonwoul
dbeal
l
owedt
ogetr
idoft
hedoct
ri
neof
not
icebysi
mpl
yempl
oyi
nganagent
.Thi
sist
opr
otectt
he
i
nnocentpar
ty.

 Thegener
alr
ulet
hatt
heknowl
edgeoft
heagenti
sthe
knowl
edgeoft
hepr
inci
palhascer
tai
nli
mit
ati
ons.Thusi
fthe
 not
icei
sobt
ainedwhi
l
etheagenti
snotact
ingonbehal
fof
t
hepr
inci
palandnoti
ncour
seoft
hebusi
nessi
nquest
ion
andt
hef
act
um ofnot
icei
snotmat
eri
alt
othebusi
nessi
n
hand,hi
sknowl
edgewi
l
lnotbi
ndt
hepr
inci
pal
.In Mohor
i
Bi
beevD.Ghosh(
1903)
,hel
dthatal
thought
hepr
inci
palwas
absentf
rom Cal
cut
taandper
sonal
l
ydi
dnott
akepar
tint
he
t
ransact
ion,hi
sagenti
nCal
cut
tast
oodi
nhi
spl
acef
ort
he
pur
posesoft
het
ransact
ionandt
heact
sandknowl
edgeof
t
hel
att
erwer
etheact
sandknowl
edgeoft
hepr
inci
pal
.

n Coot
I e v Mammon (
1724)pur
chases,as agentofB,
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tywi
thnot
iceofanencumbr
ance.Lat
er,B
pay
s t
he pr
ice and r
ati
fi
es t
he pur
chase. I
n t
hese
ci
rcumst
ances,
theAt
obeB'
sagentabi
nit
ioandt
heagent
'
s
knowl
edgei
simput
edt
oB.I
thasbeenhel
dthatknowl
edge
ori
nfor
mat
ionobt
ainedbyasol
i
cit
orormukt
eari
nanycase
7
wi
l
lbi
ndhi
scl
i
ent
.

 Theagent
'sknowl
edgewi
l
lnotoper
ateasknowl
edgeoft
he
pr
inci
palwher
etheagentf
raudul
ent
lyconceal
sthef
act
s
f
rom t
hepr
inci
pal
,andot
hersi
de,i
mput
ingnot
icet
othe
pr
inci
pal
,orknowsoft
heagent
'sf
raud,
andst
andsby
.

7
Al
soseeRaj
aGokul
DasvEast
ernMor
tgageCo.(
1905)
10CWN216]
.
I
MPORTANTCASES

1.MD.MUSTAFA v
.HAJIMD.I
SA (
AIR 1987
PAT.
5)

Theprinci
plesofconst
ruct
ivenot
icedoesnotappl
y
i
ncaseswher ethepersonwhocl ai
msabasi sof
pri
oragreementisinpossessi
onofasmal lpor
ti
on
ofthepropert
y.

2.
RAM NI
WASv
.BANO(
AIR2000SC2921)

The princi
ple ofconstructi
ve not
ice is appl
icabl
e
whent hepl ai
nti
ffwasi nactualpossessionoft he
propert
y ;t
hewor d“ not
ice”isofwi derimportthan
theword“ knowledge”.Apersonmaynothav eactual
knowledgeofaf actbuthemayhav enot i
ceofit.
D.I
NSTRUMENT

AsperTPA,an i
nst
rumentwoul
d onl
ybya non-
test
ament
ary
i
nst
rumentwhi
ch cl
ear
lymeans t
hati
texcl
udes t
est
ament
ary
documentl
i
keawi
l
l.Si
nceTPAgov
ernsonl
ythet
ransact
ionsi
nter
v
ivos,
ther
efor
e,t
est
ament
aryi
nst
rumentl
i
keawi
l
lwhi
choper
ates
af
tert
he deat
h has been excl
uded.An i
nst
rumenti
sal
egal
documentandaspert
heI
ndi
anSt
ampAct
,1899Sect
ion2(
4)
woul
dbei
ncl
udi
ngev
erydocumentbywhi
chanyr
ightorl
i
abi
l
ityi
s
cr
eat
ed,t
ransf
err
ed,l
i
mit
ed,ext
ended,ext
ingui
shedorr
ecor
ded.
Somet
imest
het
ransf
erwoul
drequi
rer
egi
str
ati
onandev
ent
he
r
egi
str
ati
onactwoul
dal
souset
hewor
dinst
rumentandi
nfact
t
her
eIs no di
scr
imi
nat
ion underr
egi
str
ati
on actas r
egar
ds
i
nst
rumentordocument
.

3.Pr
oper
tyt
hatmaybet
ransf
err
ed[
S.5,
6,7]

 Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tydef
ined(
sect
ion5)-
Int
hef
oll
owi
ngsect
ions
"
tr
ansf
erofpr
oper
ty"means an actbywhi
ch a l
i
ving per
son
conv
eyspr
oper
ty,
inpr
esentori
nfut
ure,
tooneormor
eot
herl
i
ving
per
sons,ort
ohi
msel
f,andoneormor
eot
herl
i
vingper
sons,and
"
tot
ransf
erpr
oper
ty"i
stoper
for
m suchact
.

I
nthi
s sect
ion "
li
vi
ng per
sons"i
ncl
udes a company or
associ
ati
onorbodyofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,whet
heri
ncor
por
atedor
not
,butnot
hingher
eincont
ainedshal
laf
fectanyl
awf
ort
he
t
imebei
ngi
nfor
cer
elat
ingt
otr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyt
oorby
compani
es,
associ
ati
onsorbodi
esofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

 The def
ini
ti
on t
her
efor
e shows t
hata v
ali
dtr
ansf
erof
 pr
oper
tymusthav
ethef
oll
owi
ngcomponent
s:

1.Thati
tmustbean"
act
".Thi
srequi
resconsci
ousact
ionon
t
hepar
toft
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ty.A t
ransf
erbyt
he
oper
ati
onofl
aw wi
l
lnotsuf
fi
ce.I
tisnotconcer
nedwi
th
t
ransf
ersbyj
udi
cial
processl
i
keexecut
ionsal
es.See,
S.2(
d)

2.Thatbot
hthet
ransf
erorandt
het
ransf
ereemustbel
i
ving.
Si
ncet
heActdeal
swi
tht
ransf
ersbyal
i
vingper
son,t
hati
s,
t
ransf
ersi
nterv
ivos,
ital
sodoesnotappl
ytowi
l
ls.

3.Thatt
het
ransf
ermayt
akeef
fecti
mmedi
atel
ythati
s"i
n
pr
esentormaybedef
err
edt
oal
aterdat
ethati
s"i
nthe
f
utur
e".

4.Thatf
ort
her
etobeat
ransf
ert
her
emustbeaconv
eyance,
t
hati
s,acr
eat
ionofar
ighti
nfav
ourofaper
sonwhohas
nonebyaper
sonwhohasar
ighti
nthei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.

5.Thatt
her
emustbeact
ualconv
eyance,t
hati
stosay
,that
t
her
emustbet
heact
ual
transf
erofr
ight
sandnotmer
elyt
he
pr
omi
set
osel
latal
aterdat
e.Thi
sist
obedi
sti
ngui
shed
f
rom ani
mmedi
atet
ransf
erwhi
chi
stot
akeef
fecti
nthe
f
utur
e.Amer
eagr
eementt
osel
ldoesnothav
etheef
fectof
conv
eyi
ng.I
tdoesnotoper
ateasat
ransf
erofpr
oper
ty.Ev
en
del
i
ver
yofpossessi
onaccompani
edbyasal
eagr
eement
8
doesnotef
fectt
ransf
erofi
nter
esti
npr
oper
ty. At
ransf
er
canbeef
fect
edbyar
egi
ster
edsal
edeedandnotmer
elyby

8
Maj
i
danv
.Ishaaq,
AIR2008NOC1135.
 9
anagr
eementt
osel
l
,gener
alpowerofat
tor
neyorwi
l
l.

6.Thatal
i
vingper
soncanev
ent
ransf
erpr
oper
tyt
ohi
msel
f.
Thi
sact
ingi
nonecapaci
tymayt
ransf
erpr
oper
tyt
ohi
msel
f
act
ingi
nanot
hercapaci
ty.Thewor
ds"
whi
chmayi
ncl
ude
hi
msel
f"wer
e added t
o Sect
ion 5 i
nthe y
ear1929 by
amendment
.

7.Ani
dolorGodi
saj
uri
sti
cper
son,capabl
eofowni
ng
pr
oper
tybuti
snotl
i
vingper
sonandt
her
efor
e,adedi
cat
ion
ofpr
oper
tyt
oani
doli
snotat
ransf
erandneednott
obe
madei
nwr
it
ingorbyar
egi
ster
edi
nst
rumentundert
heTP
Act
.Ifa per
son dedi
cat
es pr
oper
tyt
o God,i
twoul
d be
gov
ernedbyt
her
elev
antr
eli
giousorchar
it
abl
eendowment
.

8.At
ransf
erofpr
oper
tyunderSect
ion5TPAi
nvol
vest
he
cr
eat
ionofnewt
it
leori
nter
est
sinf
avouroft
het
ransf
eree.
Par
ti
ti
oni
snotat
ransf
erofpr
oper
tybecausenot
hingnewi
s
obt
ainedbyaco-shar
eronpar
ti
ti
on.Hi
sspeci
fi
cshar
e,
whi
chv
est
edi
nhi
m ear
li
er,
issi
mpl
ysepar
ated.(
V.N.Sar
inv
.
Aj
i
tKumarPopl
aiAI
R1966SC432)
.

 Pr
oper
ty

 Thewor
d"pr
oper
ty"meanst
her
ightandi
nter
estwhi
cha
10
manhasi
nlandsandchat
tel
stot
heexcl
usi
onofot
her
s.
Sect
ion6,Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyActsay
sthatpr
oper
tyofany
ki
ndmaybet
ransf
err
ed.Ther
efor
e,t
het
erm"
proper
ty"must
ber
eadi
nit
swi
destpossi
blesense.Anyandal
lri
ght
sand

9
SurajLamp&I
ndustr
ies(
P)Lid(2)v
.St
ateofHar
yana,(
2012)ISCC65.
10
JoydevSenv
.Stat
eofW. B.
,AI
R2010NOC256( Cal
).
 l
egali
nter
est
swhi
chaper
sonmaypossess,maybecal
l
ed
pr
oper
ty.At
ransf
ercanbemadeoft
heobj
ecti
tsel
foranyof
t
hesubor
dinat
eri
ght
sassoci
atedwi
tht
heobj
ect
.

I
nIndi
a,t
her
eisnodi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenl
egalandequi
tabl
e
est
atesandal
lest
ates,ori
nter
est
s,t
hati
s,ev
eryki
ndof
pr
oper
tyi
nland,coul
dbeconv
eyedorcr
eat
edundert
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
.

 Thewor
ds"
inpr
esentori
nfut
ure"r
efert
o"conv
eys"andnot
"
proper
ty"
,andsot
hesect
ioncoul
dnotbei
nter
pret
edt
o
aut
hor
ise t
ransf
erof"
fut
ure"pr
oper
ty.I
nfact
,a per
son
cannott
ransf
erwhati
snoti
nexi
stence.Buti
fheagr
eest
o
t
ransf
erwhati
stocomei
ntoexi
stencei
nfut
ure,t
hati
s,i
f
t
her
eisat
ransf
erof"
fut
ure"pr
oper
tyi
tist
reat
ed asa
cont
ractt
otr
ansf
ersuchpr
oper
ty.I
fthepr
oper
tydoescome
i
nto exi
stence t
he t
ransf
eree can sue f
or speci
fi
c
per
for
mance oft
he cont
ract
,pr
ovi
ded t
hatt
he f
utur
e"
pr
oper
tyi
snotoft
heki
ndwhoset
ransf
eri
spr
ohi
bit
edby
Sect
ion6.

 Apar
tfr
om mov
abl
epr
oper
tyt
her
ear
etwoki
ndsofpr
oper
ty
t
angi
bleori
ntangi
ble.Tangi
blepr
oper
tyr
efer
stoanyt
ypeof
pr
oper
tyt
hatcangener
all
ybemov
ed(
i.
e.,i
tisnotat
tached
t
orealpr
oper
tyorl
and)
,touchedorf
elt
.Thesegener
all
y
i
ncl
ude i
tems such as f
urni
tur
e,cl
othi
ng,j
ewel
l
ery
,ar
t,
wr
it
ings,orhousehol
dgoods. Whi
l
eint
angi
blepr
oper
ty
r
efer
stoper
sonalpr
oper
tyt
hatcannotact
ual
l
ybemov
ed,
t
ouchedorf
elt
,buti
nst
eadr
epr
esent
ssomet
hingofv
alue
 such as negot
iabl
e i
nst
rument
s, secur
it
ies, ser
vice
(
economi
cs)
,andi
ntangi
bleasset
sincl
udi
ngchosei
nact
ion.

 Fewki
ndsofi
ntangi
blepr
oper
ti
esar
easf
oll
ows:

I
NTELLECTUALPROPERTY

I
ntel
l
ect
ualpr
oper
tyi
sat
ermr
efer
ri
ngt
oanumberofdi
sti
nct
t
ypes ofcr
eat
ions oft
he mi
nd f
orwhi
ch pr
oper
tyr
ight
s ar
e
r
ecogni
zed—andt
hecor
respondi
ngf
iel
dsofl
aw. Pr
oper
tydoes
notj
ustcompr
iseoft
angi
blet
hingsl
i
kehouses,car
s,f
urni
tur
e,
cur
rency
,inv
est
ment
set
c.andsuchasset
sar
enott
heonl
yki
nd
t
hatcanbepr
otect
edbyl
aw.Ther
ear
emanyot
herf
ormsof
i
ntangi
blepr
oper
tyknownasi
ntel
l
ect
ualpr
oper
tyt
hathav
ebeen
r
ecogni
zed under t
he l
aw and gr
ant
ed pr
otect
ion agai
nst
i
nfr
ingement.

Under i
ntel
l
ect
ualpr
oper
tyl
aw,owner
s ar
e gr
ant
ed cer
tai
n
excl
usi
ver
ight
stoav
ari
etyofi
ntangi
bleasset
s,suchasmusi
cal
,
l
i
ter
ary
,andar
ti
sti
cwor
ks;di
scov
eri
esandi
nvent
ions;andwor
ds,
phr
ases, sy
mbol
s, and desi
gns. Pat
ent
s, t
rademar
ks and
copy
right
s,desi
gnsar
ethef
ourmai
ncat
egor
iesofi
ntel
l
ect
ual
pr
oper
ty.

 ACTI
ONABLECLAI
MS

Asdef
inedundersect
ion3ofTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,
“
act
ionabl
ecl
aim”i
sacl
aim onwhi
chact
ioncanbei
nit
iat
edi
na
cour
tofl
awf
orr
eli
ef.I
tcanbei
nter
pret
edi
nthi
swayal
sot
hati
tis
ar
ightofaper
sont
oini
ti
ateact
ioni
nacour
tofl
awt
osecur
ehi
s
cl
aim ov
era pr
oper
tybot
h mov
abl
eand i
mmov
abl
e.Howev
er
undert
hesamesect
ioncer
tai
ncat
egor
iesofcl
aimshav
ebeen
excl
udedsuchascl
aimswhi
chhav
eal
readybeenadj
udi
cat
edand
/
ordecr
eed,cl
aimssecur
edbyanychar
gesuchasmor
tgage,
pl
edgeorhy
pot
hecat
ionofpr
oper
ty.

St
ri
ctl
yspeaki
ng t
hiscl
aim r
elat
est
o onl
ysuch debt
sorany
benef
ici
ali
nter
esti
nmov
abl
epr
oper
tywhi
chi
snoti
nact
ualor
const
ruct
ivepossessi
onoft
hecl
aimantand/
ori
snotsecur
edby
char
ge (
pledge, mor
tgage, hy
pot
hecat
ion) of mov
abl
e or
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.I
tcanbei
nher
it
edandt
ransf
err
edbysal
e,
mor
tgageandgi
ft
,justl
i
keot
herpr
oper
ty.Tr
ansf
eroft
hiscl
aim
ei
therbysal
e,mor
tgage orgi
ftcan be compl
eted bysi
mpl
y
execut
ion of an i
nst
rument i
n wr
it
ing t
othi
s ef
fect
.Such
i
nst
rumentdoesnotneedt
ober
egi
ster
ed.

Exampl
es of “
Act
ionabl
e Cl
aim:
-“
The f
oll
owi
ng cl
aims ar
e
“
act
ionabl
ecl
aims”
:-

1. Cl
aimf
orar
rearr
ent
;

2. Cl
aimf
orr
entt
ofal
lduei
nfut
ure.

3. Anopt
ionof
fer
edt
orepur
chaset
hepr
oper
tyoncesol
d.

4. Benef
itofacont
ractgi
vi
ngopt
iont
opur
chaset
hel
and.

5. Whenacont
ractf
orpur
chaseofgoodsi
sendor
sedbyt
he
pur
chaser
,by wr
it
ing on t
he back oft
he cont
ractunderhi
s
si
gnat
ure,t
hathehassol
dal
lhi
sri
ght
sandi
nter
esti
nthegoods
pur
chasedundert
hesai
dcont
ractt
o acer
tai
nper
sonwho i
s
namedandpr
oper
lyi
dent
if
iedi
nsuchendor
sement
.

 Act
ionabl
ecl
aim meansacl
aimt
oanydebtot
hert
hana
 debtsecur
edunderamor
tgageorhy
pot
hecat
ionorpl
edge
onanyi
mmov
abl
eormov
eabl
epr
oper
ty,possessi
onof
whi
chi
sgi
vent
oper
sonori
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chgav
ethel
oan.

 AnAct
ionabl
eCl
aimi
sapl
ainunsecur
eddebtwhi
chcanbe
cl
aimedbyaper
sonagai
nstanot
herper
sonandwhi
chcan
beenf
orcedi
nci
vi
lcour
tsaccor
dingt
olaw.Ri
ghtt
obenef
it
ofacont
ractf
all
swi
thi
nthedef
ini
ti
onofAct
ionabl
eCl
aim.

 AnAct
ionabl
eCl
aimi
str
ansf
erabl
eandi
nher
it
abl
eandi
tis
deemedt
obeapr
oper
tyi
nthehandsoft
heper
sonwhohas
t
hecl
aim. Act
ionabl
ecl
aim,acl
aim t
o adebt
,whet
her
exi
stent
,accr
uing,cont
ingentorcondi
ti
onal(
thel
att
ert
wo
t
ypesbei
ngf
utur
edebt
),ar
ecapabl
eofbei
ngt
ransf
err
edi
n
pr
esent
.Iti
srecommendedt
hatt
hisposi
ti
onbecl
ari
fi
edby
v
irt
ueofanamendmentt
otheTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
.
Si
mpl
yst
ated,anact
ionabl
ecl
aim meansacl
aimt
oany
unsecur
ed debtora cl
aim t
o any benef
ici
ali
nter
esti
n
mov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
noti
nthepossessi
onoft
hecl
aimant
.The
debtorbenef
ici
ali
nter
estmayexi
st,accr
uing,condi
ti
onalor
cont
ingent
.

 CONDI
TIONSOFACTI
ONABLECLAI
M:

Twocondi
ti
onsofact
ionabl
ecl
aimi
sthat
—(1)
Unsecur
ed
MoneyDebt
:Adebti
sanobl
i
gat
iont
opayal
i
qui
dat
edor
def
ini
tesum ofmoney
.Suchdebtmayme:(
1)exi
stent
,(2)
condi
ti
onal
,(3)cont
ingent
.Ifi
tisnow dueandowi
ngi
tis
exi
stent
.
 I
fiti
sapr
esentdebtbutpay
abl
eint
hef
utur
eiti
saccr
uing.
Adebtwhi
chwi
l
lbedueonl
yifacondi
ti
onbef
ulf
il
ledori
fa
cer
tai
n speci
fi
ed t
hing happens i
s a condi
ti
onaldebt .
Cont
ingentdebt
sar
edebtwhi
char
epay
abl
eonacer
tai
n
cont
ingency
,e.
g.,
anamountdueunderapol
i
cyofi
nsur
ance.

 Ty
pesofDebt
s:

(
i) Exi
stentDebt
:Wher
eadebtorsum ofmoneyhasal
ready
becomedueandi
spay
abl
e(enf
orceabl
e)atpr
esent
,the
debt i
s exi
stent
. For exampl
e, cl
aim of ar
rear
s of
mai
ntenanceal
l
owanceort
hecl
aim ofar
rear
sofsal
aryi
s
exi
stentdebtbecauseadef
ini
ti
onsum ofmoneyhasal
ready
becomeduei
nthepastandnowi
tispay
abl
e.

(
ii
) Accr
uingdebt
:Wher
eadebtorsum ofmoneyi
satpr
esent
duebuti
tispay
abl
enotnowbutonaf
utur
edat
e,t
hedebti
s
accr
uing.Accr
uing debti
s due atpr
esentbutbecomes
pay
abl
eonl
yonaf
utur
edat
e.Forexampl
eifApr
omi
sest
o
payRs.100t
oBasmai
ntanceal
l
owanceonf
if
thofev
ery
mont
h,t
hecl
aimf
orsal
aryt
ofal
lduei
nthenextmont
hisan
accr
uingdebtandsuchanact
ionabl
ecl
aim.

(
ii
i) Condi
ti
onalorCont
ingentdebt
:Wher
ethecl
aimf
orasum of
moneyexi
stsbutt
hepay
mentdependsupont
hef
ulf
il
lment
ofanycondi
ti
on,t
hedebti
scondi
ti
on.I
fApr
omi
sest
ogi
ve
Rs.1000t
oBpr
ovi
dedhemar
ri
eswi
thi
noney
ear
,thanB’
s
cl
aimf
orRs.1000i
scondi
ti
onalbecausei
tissubj
ectt
oa
condi
ti
ont
obef
ulf
il
ledbyhi
minf
utur
e.
 Sect
ion6pr
ovi
deswhatki
ndsofpr
oper
tymaybet
ransf
err
edand
whatmaynotbet
ransf
err
ed.I
tsay
sthat“
Proper
tyofanyki
nd"
maybet
ransf
err
ed,exceptasot
her
wisepr
ovi
dedbyt
hisActorby
anyot
herl
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce.

 Undert
hissect
ion,t
hegener
alr
ulei
s,ev
eryki
ndofpr
oper
ty
canbet
ransf
err
ed.Ther
emaybeexempt
ionsi
ntheper
sonal
l
aws,orr
ecogni
sed by l
ocalcust
oms.The r
easons f
or
pl
aci
ng r
est
ri
cti
ons on t
ransf
erabi
l
ity may be br
oadl
y
cl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies,v
iz.1)publ
i
cpol
i
cy,2)t
hat
t
her
ighti
sper
sonalt
otheoneexer
cisi
ngi
t,and3)t
hatt
he
r
ighti
sint
ri
nsi
cal
l
yconnect
edt
oal
argerr
ightorpr
oper
ty
whi
chi
snotbei
ngt
ransf
err
ed.

 Apubl
i
cof
fi
cercannotbet
ransf
err
ed,
norcant
hesal
aryofa
publ
i
cof
fi
cer
,whet
herbef
oreoraf
teri
thasbecomepay
abl
e,
andst
ipendsal
l
owedt
omi
l
itar
y,nav
al,ai
rfor
ceandci
vi
l
pensi
oner
s oft
he gov
ernmentand pol
i
ticalpensi
ons f
or
exampl
e,pensi
onsar
egr
ant
ed t
o ensur
ethepensi
oner
s'
comf
ort
;iti
sa mat
terofpubl
i
cpol
i
cyt
hatpensi
onsor
st
ipendsnotbet
ransf
err
edbef
oret
heyar
epai
dout
.

Ar
est
ri
cted i
nter
esti
n pr
oper
ty may be cr
eat
ed f
ora
par
ti
cul
arper
son.I
tisaper
sonalr
ight
.Forexampl
e,al
i
fe
i
nter
esti
scr
eat
edi
naf
lati
nrespectofawi
dow.Shecannot
t
ransf
eri
tinherl
i
fet
imesi
ncet
her
ighti
srest
ri
ctedt
oher
 per
sonal
l
y.Ther
e ar
e al
so some r
ight
s whi
ch cannotbe
t
ransf
err
ed wi
thoutal
so t
ransf
err
ing t
he l
argerobj
ectt
o
whi
ch t
hey ar
e at
tached.These r
est
ri
cti
ons ar
e on t
he
t
ransf
eroft
he"
mer
e"subor
dinat
eri
ghtwi
thoutt
ransf
err
ing
t
hedomi
nanther
it
ageort
hel
argeri
nter
est
.Forexampl
e,a
mer
eri
ghtofr
e-ent
ryf
orbr
eachofacondi
ti
onsubsequent
cannotbet
ransf
err
edt
oany
oneexceptt
heowneroft
he
pr
oper
tyaf
fect
edt
her
eby
.Whi
chmeanst
hati
fowner
shi
pof
t
hepr
oper
tyi
nit
sent
ir
etyi
str
ansf
err
ed,t
her
ightofr
e-ent
ry
wi
l
lpasst
othenew owneral
ongwi
tht
hepr
oper
ty,butt
he
"
mer
e" r
ight of r
e-ent
ry cannot be t
ransf
err
ed wi
thout
t
ransf
err
ingowner
shi
p.

 Scope cl
ause (
a)Chance of successi
on or of l
egacy
-spes
successi
oni
s

I
tmeans a mer
e chance ofsuccessi
on ora bar
e ornaked
possi
bil
i
ty.I
nIndi
anl
aw t
het
ransf
erofanexpect
ancyandan
agr
eementt
otr
ansf
eri
t,ar
e bot
hvoi
d.UnderI
ndi
an l
aw,an
agr
eementt
oassi
gnaspesi
snul
landv
oid.Thi
sisbecauset
he
per
sonwhoi
sseeki
ngt
otr
ansf
ert
hepr
oper
tyhasnopr
esentr
ight
i
nthepr
oper
ty,
heonl
yhast
hechancet
hathemaysucceedt
othe
pr
oper
lyatsomet
imei
nthef
utur
e.Aper
soncanonl
ytr
ansf
er
whatheowns.Anhei
rappar
enthasnor
ighti
ntheest
ateofhi
s
pr
edecessorwhi
l
ehi
spr
edecessori
sal
i
ve.

 Thi
sisbasedont m nemoesthaer
hemaxi esv
ivent
iswhi
chmeans
t
hatnoonei
sanhei
rdur
inghi
spr
edecessor
'sl
i
fet
ime.Unt
ilt
he
hei
ract
ual
l
y succeeds t
othe est
ate ofhi
s pr
edecessor
,any
 t
ransf
erbyhi
misamer
epossi
bil
i
tyenf
orcedasbei
ngopposedt
o
publ
i
cpol
i
cy.

 Thepossi
bil
i
tiesr
efer
redt
oinSect
ion6(
a)ar
e:

(
i)t
hechanceofanhei
rappar
entsucceedi
ngt
oanest
ate

(
ii
)thechanceofar
elat
ionobt
aini
ngal
egacyont
hedeat
hofa
ki
nsman,

(
ii
i)
anyot
hermer
epossi
bil
i
tyofal
i
kenat
ure.

 Thi
s cl
ause maybe compar
ed wi
th Sect
ion 43.Thatsect
ion
pr
ovi
des:

Tr
ansf
erby unaut
hor
ized per
son who subsequent
ly acqui
res
i
nter
esti
npr
oper
tyt
ransf
err
ed.
-Wher
eaper
sonf
raudul
ent
lyor
er
roneousl
yrepr
esent
sthathei
saut
hor
isedt
otr
ansf
ercer
tai
n
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyandpr
ofessest
otr
ansf
ersuchpr
oper
tyf
or
consi
der
ati
on,sucht
ransf
ershal
l
,att
heopt
ionoft
het
ransf
eree,
oper
ateonanyi
nter
estwhi
cht
het
ransf
erormayacqui
rei
nsuch
pr
oper
tyatanyt
imedur
ingwhi
cht
hecont
ractoft
ransf
ersubsi
sts.

Not
hingi
nthi
ssect
ionshal
limpai
rther
ight
soft
ransf
ereesi
n
goodf
ait
hforconsi
der
ati
onwi
thoutnot
iceoft
heexi
stenceoft
he
sai
dopt
ion.

Thei
l
lust
rat
iont
othesect
ioni
sint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms:

A,aHi
ndu,whohassepar
atedf
rom hi
sfat
herB,sel
l
stoCt
hree
f
iel
ds.X,YandZ,r
epr
esent
ingt
hatAi
saut
hor
isedt
otr
ansf
ert
he
same.Oft
hesef
iel
dsZ doesnotbel
ongt
oA,i
thav
ingbeen
r
etai
nedbyBont
hepar
ti
ti
on;
buton8'
sdy
ingAashei
robt
ainsZC,
 nothav
ingr
esci
ndedt
hecont
ractofsal
e,mayr
equi
reAt
odel
i
ver
Zt
ohi
m.

Thi
ssect
ion deal
swi
th whati
sknown i
n Engl
i
sh Law ast
he
Doct
ri
neoff
eedi
ngagr
antbyest
oppel
.Iti
sal
sor
efer
redt
oast
it
le
f
eedi
ngest
oppelort
hef
orwar
dingoft
it
lebyest
oppel
.Inessence
t
hisdoct
ri
nemeanst
hati
ntheev
entt
hatanhei
rappar
entdoes
makeat
ransf
erofhi
spr
edecessor
'spr
oper
tyorot
hert
ransf
er
bar
redbyS.6(
a),
thet
ransf
ercannotbeact
edupon.Howev
er,
ifhe
doesi
nfactev
ent
ual
l
yobt
ainr
ight
sint
hepr
oper
tywhet
herby
successi
on orot
her
wise,he i
s obl
i
ged t
o make good on hi
s
pr
omi
se.Thet
ransf
erorcannotnow t
aket
hedef
encet
hatatt
he
t
imet
het
ransact
ionwasmadei
twasbar
redbySect
ion6(
a).He
mustper
for
m hi
spar
toft
hecont
ractandt
ransf
erhi
sri
ght
sint
he
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Si
ncet
hedoct
ri
nei
sbasedonest
oppelt
he
condi
ti
onsofSect
ion115,Ev
idenceActmustbesat
isf
iedbef
ore
t
he doct
ri
ne appl
i
es,t
hat i
s,t
he f
raudul
ent or er
roneous
r
epr
esent
ati
onbyt
het
ransf
erormusthav
einducedt
het
ransf
eree
t
o ent
eri
ntot
hecont
ract
,andt
het
ransf
ereeshoul
dnothav
e
knownt
hedef
ecti
nthet
ransf
eror
'st
it
le.Si
ncet
her
ecannotbean
est
oppelagai
nstst
atue,t
hedoct
ri
necannotbei
nvokedwhena
st
atut
especi
fi
cal
l
ypr
ohi
bit
sat
ransf
er,al
i
enat
ionofi
nal
i
enabl
e
ser
vicei
nams.

 Scopeofcl
ause(
b):(
Mer
eri
ghtofr
e-ent
ry)

 Amer
eri
ghtofar
e-ent
ryf
orbr
eachofacondi
ti
onsubsequent
cannotbet
ransf
err
edt
oany
oneex
ceptt
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ty
af
fect
edt
her
eby
.
 ByaMer
egi
vent
ori
ghtofr
e-ent
rymeantar
ightt
oresume
possessi
onof
-l
andwhi
chhasbeengi
vent
oanot
herper
sonf
ora
cer
tai
nti
me.I
tisusual
l
yinser
tedi
nleaseempower
ingt
hel
essor
t
ore-
ent
erupabr
eachofcov
enant
sint
hel
ease.

(
a)Agr
ant
sal
easeofapl
otofl
andf
or5y
ear
stoBwi
tht
he
condi
ti
ont
hatBshal
lnotdi
gat
ankont
hel
and.Bdi
gst
het
ank.A
r
elat
est
otr
ansf
erC t
her
ightofr
e-ent
ryf
ort
hebr
eachoft
he
condi
ti
oncommi
tt
edbyB.Thet
ransf
eri
sinv
ali
d.

(
b)A gr
ant
sal
easeofpl
otf
or5y
ear
stoB.Subsequent
lyA
t
ransf
ershi
sri
ghtof r
e-ent
ryatt
heexpi
ryof5y
ear
stoC.The
t
ransf
er i
sval
i
dasatt
heexpi
ryofl
easet
her
ightofr
eent
ryi
s
t
ransf
err
edal
ongwi
tht
hel
and.

 Si
ncet
het
ransf
eroft
her
ever
sioncar
ri
eswi
thi
tther
ightt
oent
er
onf
orf
eit
ure,aquest
ionar
isesast
owhet
hert
het
ransf
ershoul
d
t
akepl
acebef
oret
hef
orf
eit
urei
sincur
red.I
tissubmi
tt
edt
hata
cov
enantf
orr
e-ent
rycanbet
akenadv
ant
ageofbyt
het
ransf
eree
ev
en t
hough he became ent
it
led t
othe r
ever
sion af
tert
he
condi
ti
onofr
e-ent
ryhasbecomeenf
orceabl
e,ont
heanal
ogyof
t
hel
awi
nEngl
and.

 Scopeofcl
ause(
c):(
Easement
)\

Theser
ightcannotbet
ransf
err
edwi
thoutt
hepr
oper
tywhi
chhas
t
hebenef
itofi
t.An easementi
sa r
ightwhi
ch t
heowneror
occupi
er of cer
tai
nimmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty(
domi
nant her
it
age)
possessesf
ort
hepr
operenj
oymentoft
hepr
oper
ty,l
i
kear
ightof
wayov
ert
headj
oini
ngpr
oper
ty(
ser
vienther
it
age)
.Si
ncet
her
ight
 cannotsubsi
stapar
tfr
om t
hedomi
nanther
it
age,t
her
ightof
easemental
onecannotbet
ransf
err
ed.

 Cl
ause(
d):(
Rest
ri
ctedi
nter
est
)

Cl
ause(
d)deal
swi
thr
est
ri
ctedi
nter
est
.Wher
ethei
nter
esti
na
pr
oper
tyi
srest
ri
ctedi
nenj
oymentt
otheowneronl
y,i
tbecomes
non-
tr
ansf
erabl
e.

e.
g.i
fahousei
slentt
oamanf
orhi
sper
sonaluse,hecannot
t
ransf
erhi
sri
ghtofenj
oymentt
oanot
her
.Si
mil
arl
yar
eli
gious
of
fi
cel
i
ket
hoseofmut
awal
iofawakforofmahantofamat
hand
emol
ument
sat
tachedt
opr
iest
lyof
fi
cecannotbet
ransf
err
ed.But
beat
leboxexpensesorkar
chaipandanar
eper
sonalexpenses
gr
ant
ed t
o musl
i
m wi
fe,i
tisherper
sonalr
ightwhi
chcanbe
t
ransf
err
ed.

 Scopeandpur
poseofcl
ause(
dd)
:(Ri
ghtt
ofut
uremai
ntenance)

Undert
his cl
ause,a r
ightt
ofut
ure mai
ntenance i
n what
ever
mannerar
isi
ng cannotbe t
ransf
err
ed.A per
son ent
it
led t
o
mai
ntenancei
shav
ingi
tashi
sper
sonalr
ightf
orhi
sper
sonal
expenses.Butadecr
eef
orpastar
rear
sdoesnotcomeundert
he
pr
ohi
bit
ion.Thi
scl
ausewasi
ntr
oducedbyt
heAmendi
ngActof
1929andappl
i
est
otr
ansf
ersef
fect
edaf
ter1Apr
il1930,ev
en
t
hought
her
ightt
omai
ntenancear
osebef
oret
hatdat
e.Under
cl
ause(
d),
ari
ghtt
orecei
vemai
ntenancewasnott
ransf
erabl
e,but
somecour
tshel
dthati
ftheamountofmai
ntenancewasf
ixedby
agr
eementordecr
ee i
tcoul
d be assi
gned.Thi
s cl
ause was
t
her
efor
eint
roduced.Al
thoughanagr
eementoradecr
eewoul
d
 makesuchr
ightdef
ini
te,i
tisnev
ert
hel
essar
ightcr
eat
edf
ort
he
per
sonal
benef
itoft
hequal
i
fiedowner
.

Accor
ding t
o Mul
l
a,i
fwe gi
vel
i
ter
ali
nter
pret
ati
on t
hen t
her
e
cannotbrat
ransf
eroff
utur
emai
ntenancebuti
ncaseofar
rear
sof
mai
ntenanceort
hemai
ntenancewhi
chhasal
readyaccr
uedor
al
readyr
ecei
vedcanbev
ali
dlyt
ransf
err
ed.

 Scopeofcl
ause(
e):(
Rightt
osue)

An adv
ocat
e assi
gned hi
sri
ghtt
othe pet
it
ionert
o sue t
he
def
endantf
ordamagesf
ordef
amat
ion.Thecour
tsai
dsuchr
ight
wasnotassi
gnabl
e.Thepauperpet
it
ionf
il
edi
nthi
scasewasnot
11
mai
ntai
nabl
e. Buti
fadecr
eef
ordamageshasbeenpassed,
that
decr
eecanbet
ransf
err
edasi
tisnol
ongeramer
eri
ghtt
osue.A
r
ightt
orecov
ermesnepr
ofi
tsi
samer
eri
ghtt
osueandi
snot
t
ransf
erabl
e.I
twoul
dbeot
her
wisei
fthepr
oper
tyi
tsel
fissol
d
t
oget
herwi
thmesnepr
ofi
ts.Thedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenanact
ionabl
e
cl
aim andamer
eri
ghtt
osuei
sbr
oughtouti
nthedeci
si
onoft
he
Pr
ivyCounci
lnManmat
i haNat
hMul
l
ickv
.Hedai
tAl
i
(1931)
.

 Scopeofcl
auses(
f),
(g)andpubl
i
cof
fi
ce,
sti
pends,
pensi
ons,
etc.

 Thepr
ohi
bit
ionundercl
auses(
f),(
g)and(
h)i
sbasedonpubl
i
c
pol
i
cy.Anof
fi
cei
sgr
ant
edt
oaper
sonongr
oundsper
sonalt
othe
i
ncumbentandheal
oneshoul
ddi
schar
get
hedut
iesoft
heof
fi
ce.
Asr
egar
dst
hesal
ary
,thoughpar
tofi
tisat
tachabl
etodi
schar
gea

11
Sundarv
.Romdass,
2012SCCOnLi
neMad4473.
 decr
eeagai
nsthi
m,t
hesal
aryi
snotsal
eabl
e,f
oronceapubl
i
c
of
fi
cerl
osest
her
emuner
ati
onat
tachedt
ohi
sof
fi
ce,hewi
l
lbe
undernoi
nducementt
oper
for
m hi
sdut
iesandmaybet
empt
edt
o
t
akebr
ibes.

 Apubl
i
cof
fi
cecannotbet
ransf
err
ed,
norcant
hesal
aryofapubl
i
c
of
fi
cer
,whet
herbef
oreoraf
teri
thasbecomepay
abl
e.I
ftheof
fi
ce
i
snotpubl
i
c,i
twoul
dbet
ransf
erabl
e,ev
ent
hought
hedi
schar
ge
ofi
tsdut
iesshoul
dbei
ndi
rect
lybenef
ici
alt
othepubl
i
c.

 St
ipendsal
l
owedt
omi
l
itar
y,nav
al,
airf
orceandci
vi
lpensi
oner
sof
t
he gov
ernmentand pol
i
ticalpensi
ons cannotbe t
ransf
err
ed,
pensi
onmeansaper
iodi
calal
l
owancesorst
ipendgr
ant
ednoti
n
r
espectofanyr
ightofof
fi
cebutonaccountofpar
tser
vicesof
par
ti
cul
armer
it
s.Sect
ion60ofCPCal
soexempt
sapensi
onf
rom
at
tachmenti
nexecut
ionofdegr
eeagai
nstt
hepensi
onhol
der
.

 Nat
ureofI
nter
est
sSect
ion6(
N)—”
Not
ransf
ercanbemade(
1)i
n
sof
arasi
topposedt
othenat
ureoft
hei
nter
estaf
fect
edt
her
eby
,
or(
2)f
orani
nsof
arunl
awf
ulobj
ectorconsi
der
ati
onwi
thi
nthe
meani
ngofSect
ion23oft
heI
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,1872,
or(
3)t
oa
per
sonl
egal
l
ydi
squal
i
fiedt
obeat
ransf
eree.“Thi
scl
ausef
orbi
ds
t
het
ransf
erofcer
tai
nthi
ngswhi
chf
rom t
hei
rver
ynat
urear
enot
t
ransf
erabl
e,e.
g.,r
es communes (
thi
ngs ofwhi
ch no one i
n
par
ti
cul
ari
stheownerandmaybeusedbyal
lmen)
,resnul
l
ius
(
thi
ngs bel
ongi
ng t
o nobody
).Res ext
ra commer
cium (
thi
ngs
t
hrown out of commer
ce)
. Agai
n, any pr
oper
ty ot
her
wise
t
ransf
erabl
ebecomesnon-
tr
ansf
erabl
ewhen t
heobj
ectort
he
consi
der
ati
onoft
het
ransf
eri
sunl
awf
ul(
wit
hin.t
hemeani
ngof
 Sect
ion23,
Indi
anCont
ractAct
).

A t
ransf
ercannotbe made i
nfav
ourofa per
son who i
s
di
squal
i
fiedt
obeat
ransf
eree.Sect
ion136ofTPA di
squal
i
fies
Judges,l
egalpr
act
it
ioner
s and of
fi
cer
s ofcour
tfr
om buy
ing
pr
oper
tywhi
char
ebei
ngsol
dincaseofact
ionabl
ecl
aim ev
en
ot
her
wisei
nauct
ional
sot
heyar
enotal
l
owedt
obuypr
oper
ty.

 Un-
tr
ansf
erabl
e i
nter
est
s or unt
ranser
abl
e r
ight of
occupancy
[Sect
ion6(
i)
:Not
hingi
nthi
ssect
ionshal
lbedeemedt
o
aut
hor
iseat
enanthav
inganunt
ransf
erabl
eri
ghtofoccupancy
,
t
hef
armerofanest
atei
nrespectofwhi
chdef
aul
thasbeenmade
i
n pay
ing r
evenue,on t
he l
essee of an est
ate,under t
he
managementofacour
tofwar
dst
oassi
gnhi
sint
erestsuchas
sucht
enantf
armerorl
essee.
”
I
MPORTANTCASES:
-

JUMMAMASJI
Dv.K.DEVI
AH(
AIR1962SC847)
.

I
SSUE:Whet heratransferofproper
tyforconsi
der
ati
onmadebyapersonrepresent
ingthathehada
pr
esentint
erest(
inPr asent
i)t
herei
n,whil
ehepossessesi
nfactonl
yaspessuccessi
onis,i
swit
hint
he
pr
otect
ionofSecti
on43?

Section6( a)andSect ion43r el

atedt otwodi f
ferentsubject sandt hatt herei snonecessaryconf li
ct
betweent hem.Sect ion6( a)deal swi t
hcer tai
nki ndsofi nterestsi npr oper tyment i
onedtherein,and
prohibitsat r
ansfersi
mpl iciterofthoseinterests.Sect i
on43deal swi threpr esentati
onsast oti
tlemade
byat r
ansf er
orwhohadnot it
leatt heti
meoft ransfer,andpr ovidest hatt het r
ansfershal
lfastenitself
onthet i
tlewhichthetransf erorsubsequentlyacqui res.Section6enact sar uleofsubstant
ivelaw, whi l
e
s.43enact sar ul
eofest oppelwhi chisoneofev idence.Thet wopr ovisi
onsoper ateondiffer
entf i
elds,
andunderdi ff
erentconditions,andweseenogr oundf orreadi ngaconf li
ctbet weenthem orforout ing
downt heambi toftheonebyr efer
encet otheot her.Inouropi nion,bot hoft hem canhegi venfulleffect
ont heirownt erms,intheirr espectivespheres.Tohol dthatt ransfersbyper sonswhohav eonl yaspes
successi onisatthedat eoft ransferarenotwi t
hint heprot ect i
onaf fordedbys.43woul ddest r
oyi ts
uti
li
tytoal ar
geextent.

KARTARSI
NGHv
.HARBANSKAUR1994

Thetransfer
eecannotacquir
eavali
dti
tl
etothepropertywhenheisdeemedtohaveknowl
edge(act
ual
orconstruct
ive)oft
hedefecti
nti
tl
eofthet
ransf
eror,Sect
ion6(
a)aswellasSect
ion43wil
lnotappl
yin
suchascase,Sect i
on43imposeuponthet
ransf
ereeadut ytot
akecare.

 Per
sonsCompet
entToTr
ansf
er(
Sect
ion7)

 Compet
encyt
ocont
racthasbeendef
inedundersect
ion11
oft
heI
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,1872.

 Sect
ion11say
sthatev
eryper
soni
scompet
entt
ocont
ract
-

a)Whoi
soft
heageofmaj
ori
tyaccor
dingt
othel
awt
owhi
chhei
s
 subj
ect
,

b)Whoi
sofsoundmi
nd,
and

c)I
snotdi
squal
i
fiedf
rom cont
ract
ingbyanyl
aw t
owhi
chhei
s
subj
ect
.

 AgeofMaj
ori
ty

Gener
all
ytheageofmaj
ori
tyi
s18exceptwhenaguar
dianof
mi
nor
’sper
sonorpr
oper
tyhasbeenappoi
ntedbyt
hecour
t
i
n whi
ch case i
tis 21.The age ofmaj
ori
tyi
sto be
det
ermi
nedaccor
dingt
othel
awt
owhi
chaper
soni
ssubj
ect
.

Mal
l
ikar
junav
s.Mar
eppa,AI
R2008:Aper
sonpur
chasedcer
tai
n
pr
oper
tyi
nthenameofhi
smi
norsonandsubsequent
lyr
esol
ditwhi
l
e
t
hesonwasst
il
lmi
nor
.Cour
tper
missi
onwasnecessar
yundersect
ion8
of t
he Hi
ndu Mi
nor
it
y and Guar
dianshi
p Act
,1956 butno such
per
missi
onwast
aken.Thepr
ovi
sionbei
ngmandat
oryt
hesal
ewashel
d
t
obev
oid.

 Mi
norasat
ransf
eror
:ami
nor
’scont
racti
svoi
d.

Raj
a Bal
wantSi
ngh v
s Rao Mahar
ajSi
ngh a t
ransf
erof
pr
oper
tybyami
nori
svoi
d.

Mi
norasat
ransf
eree:t
her
eisnospeci
fi
cpr
ovi
si
onofl
aw
i
ncapaci
tat
ingami
norf
rom hol
dingpr
oper
tyunderat
ransf
er
i
nhi
sfav
our
.
  Soundmi
nd

Undersect
ion12oft
heI
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,aper
soni
sof
sound mi
nd oft
he pur
pose ofmaki
ng cont
racti
fhe i
s
capabl
e ofunder
standi
ngs i
tand off
ormi
ng a r
ati
onal
j
udgmentast
oit
sef
fectuponhi
sint
erest
.Acont
ractmade
byaper
sonofunsoundmi
ndi
svoi
d.Aper
sonwhoi
susual
l
y
ofunsoundmi
ndbutoccasi
onal
l
yofsoundmi
ndmaymake
cont
ractwhenhei
sofsoundmi
nd.

 Di
squal
i
fiedper
son

Ani
nsol
ventandal
i
enenemyi
sdi
squal
i
fiedf
rom cont
ract
ing.
At
ransf
erbya def
act
o Guar
dian ofmi
nor
’s pr
oper
tyi
s
i
nval
i
dandwi
l
lbehi
tbysect
ion11ofHi
ndumi
nor
it
yand
guar
dianshi
pAct
,1956.

 Oper
ati
onoft
ransf
erandi
tsef
fect
(S.
8)

Thegener
alr
uleasr
egar
dst
otr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyi
sthatwi
tht
he
t
ransf
er,al
lthebenef
it
sthatar
ear
isi
ngorar
econnect
edwi
tht
he
pr
oper
tyi
s al
so t
ransf
err
ed f
ort
hwi
th ori
mmedi
atel
ytot
he
t
ransf
ereei
.e.r
ent
,income,r
ight
sorot
herbenef
it
s.Al
lther
ight
s,
l
i
abi
l
iti
es,
int
erest
,inci
dent
swoul
daut
omat
ical
l
yst
andt
ransf
err
ed.
Thewor
dlegali
nci
dent
sorl
egalr
ight
smeansev
ery
thi
ngannexed
t
oitf
orper
manentenj
oymente.
.gmot
or,wi
ndowset
c.,t
hings
at
tachedt
oear
thandbenef
ici
ali
nter
estofl
and.

I
ncaseofC.Cher
iat
hanv
.P.Nar
ayananAI
R2009SC1502,
itwas
 hel
dthatt
her
e can be cases wher
e some r
ight
s hav
e been
r
eser
vedbyownerhi
msel
fandsuchi
ntent
ionshast
obegat
her
ed
f
rom ent
ir
e documentand notj
ustbya par
ti
cul
arcl
ause or
documenthast
ober
eadi
nent
ir
ety
.

I
ncaseofDi
vi
sonalf
orestof
fi
cerv
.DantAI
R1968SC612,i
twas
hel
dthat i
fthel
and i
str
ansf
err
ed al
lthehouses,st
ruct
ures
i
ncl
udi
ng t
rees on t
he l
and wi
l
lbe passed by a necessar
y
i
mpl
i
cat
ionandnoneedt
oment
iont
hem butl
egali
nci
dent
sunder
Sect
ion8i
snotexhaust
iveev
enot
herSect
ionsl
i
keSect
ion108(
a),
Sect
ion55(
2)andSect
ion65woul
dal
sol
aydownt
hatt
hel
egal
i
nci
dent
sal
ongwi
tht
hepr
oper
ty.

 AsperSect
ion9,unl
esst
hel
awmandat
esr
egi
str
ati
on(
inwr
it
ing)
suchas[
gif
ts(
sect
ion123)
,Sal
e(Sect
ion54)
,Leasesy
eart
oyear
,
Si
mpl
e mor
tgage(
S.59) Sect
ion 118( Exchanges)
,act
ionabl
e
cl
aimset
c.]
,ther
ecanbeor
alt
ransf
ers.I
tisGener
all
yinmov
eabl
e
pr
oper
ti
es.
 PRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS

TheTransferofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,
shal
lcomei
ntof
orceon_
___
_
17/02/1882
01/07/1882
01/11/1882
25/12/1882

Wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofpr
ovi
si
onsoft
heTr
ansf
er
ofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,t
he i
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty
doesnoti
ncl
ude:

(
a)st
andi
ngt
imberorgr
ass

(
b)st
andi
ngt
imber
,jewel
l
eryandcr
ops

(
c)st
andi
ngt
imber
,gr
owi
ngcr
opsorgr
ass

(
d)onl
ygr
ass.
12.Accor
dingt
oTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882

(
a) i
nst
rument means a non-
test
ament
ary
i
nst
rument

(
b)t
est
ament
aryi
nst
rument

(
c) bot
htest
ament
ary and non-t
est
ament
ary
i
nst
rument

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

13.Undert
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,t
he
t
erm"
att
est
ed"means
(
a)at
test
edbyt
woormor
ewi
tnesses

(
b)at
test
edbyonewi
tnessonl
y

(
c)at
test
edbyt
wowi
tnessesonl
y

(
d)nocondi
ti
onpr
evai
l
s.

14.Undert
he Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
ty Act
,1882,
r
egi
ster
edper
tai
nst
o

(
a)r
egi
str
ati
onofpr
oper
ty

(
b)r
egi
str
ati
onofdocument
s
(
c)r
egi
str
ati
onofpar
ti
es

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

15.Undert
he Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
ty Act
,1882,
"
att
achedt
oear
th"means:

(
I)r
out
edi
ntheear
th,asi
nthecaseoft
reesand
shr
ubs;

(
II
)imbeddedi
ntheear
thasi
nthecaseofwal
l
s
andbui
l
dings;
or

(
II
I)at
tached t
o whati
s so i
mbedded f
ort
he
per
manentbenef
ici
alenj
oymentoft
hatt
owhi
chi
t
i
sat
tached.
(
a)onl
y(I
)and(
II
)ar
ecor
rect

(
b)onl
y(I
I)and(
II
I)ar
ecor
rect

(
c)onl
y(I
)and(
II
I)ar
ecor
rect

(
d)al
l(I
),(
II
)and(
II
I)ar
ecor
rect
.

16.Thechapt
ersandsect
ionsoft
heTr
ansf
erof
Pr
oper
tyAct
,1882,whi
chr
elat
etocont
ract
sshal
l
bepar
tof
:

(
a)I
ndi
anRegi
str
ati
onAct
,1908

(
b)Sal
eofGoodsAct
,1930
(
c)Gener
alCl
ausesAct
,1897

(
d)I
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,1872.

17.Wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion4oft
heTr
ansf
er
ofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882t
hepr
ovi
si
onsofsect
ions54,
par
agr
aphs2and3,
sect
ions59,
107and123shal
l
ber
eadassuppl
ement
edt
o:

(
a)I
ndi
anCont
ractAct
,1872

(
b)I
ndi
anRegi
str
ati
onAct
,1908

(
c)Gener
alCl
ausesAct
,1897
(
d)Sal
eofGoodsAct
,1930.

18.Chapt
erI
Ioft
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyActshal
l
notbedeemedt
oef
fectanyr
uleof

(
a)Mohammadanl
aw

(
b)Chr
ist
ianl
aw

(
c)Par
sil
aw

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

19.Accor
ding t
o sect
ion 5 oft
he Tr
ansf
erof
Pr
oper
tyAct
,1882,
li
vi
ngper
soni
ncl
udes:
(
a)companyorassoci
ati
onorbodyofi
ndi
vi
dual
s

(
b)i
ndi
vi
dual
humanbei
ngonl
y

(
c)onl
yimpor
tantcompanyorassoci
ati
ons

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

20.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 6 oft
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,t
hechanceofan
hei
r-
appar
entsucceedi
ngt
oanest
ate,t
hechance
ofar
elat
ionabst
aini
ngal
egacyont
hedeat
hofa
ki
nsman,orany ot
hermer
e possi
bil
i
ty ofl
i
ke
nat
ure:

(
a)cannotbet
ransf
err
ed
(
b)canbet
ransf
err
ed

(
c)canbet
ransf
err
edsubj
ectt
ocer
tai
ncondi
ti
ons

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

21.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 6 oft
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,amer
eri
ghtofr
e-
ent
ryf
orbr
eachofacondi
ti
onsubsequentcannot
bet
ransf
err
edt
oanyoneexceptt
heowneroft
he
pr
oper
tyaf
fect
edt
her
eby

(
a)t
hest
atementi
str
ue

(
b)t
hest
atementi
sfal
se
(
c)t
hest
atementi
spar
tl
ytr
ue

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

22.Under t
he pr
ovi
sions of t
he Tr
ansf
er of
Pr
oper
ty Act
,1882,an easement cannot be
t
ransf
err
edapar
tfr
om t
hedomi
nanther
it
age

(
a)t
hest
atementi
str
ue

(
b)t
hest
atementi
sfal
se

(
c)t
hest
atementi
spar
tl
ytr
ue

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.
23.Accor
dingt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
heTr
ansf
erof
Pr
oper
ty Act
, 1882, al
lint
erest i
n pr
oper
ty
r
est
ri
ctedi
nit
senj
oymentt
otheownerper
sonal
l
y
cannotbet
ransf
err
edbyhi
m

(
a)t
hest
atementi
str
ue

(
b)t
hest
atementi
sfal
se

(
c)t
hest
atementi
spar
tl
ytr
ue

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

24.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 6 oft
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882
(
a) a r
ight t
o f
utur
e mai
ntenance can be
t
ransf
err
ed

(
b)cannotbet
ransf
err
ed

(
c)nosuchpr
ovi
sioni
smadei
ntheAct

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

25.Under t
he pr
ovi
sions of t
he Tr
ansf
er of
Pr
oper
tyAct
,1882

(
a)amer
eri
ghtt
osuecanbet
ransf
err
ed

(
b)amer
eri
ghtt
osuecannotbet
ransf
err
ed
(
c)nosuchpr
ovi
sioni
smadei
ntheAct

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

26.Undert
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882

(
a)t
hesal
aryofapubl
i
cof
fi
cercanbet
ransf
err
ed

(
b) t
he sal
ary of a publ
i
c of
fi
cercannotbe
t
ransf
err
ed

(
c)nosuchpr
ovi
sioni
sfoundi
ntheAct

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.
27.Undert
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882

(
a)apubl
i
cof
fi
cecannotbet
ransf
err
ed

(
b)apubl
i
cof
fi
cecanbet
ransf
err
ed

(
c)suchpr
ovi
sioni
sabsenti
ntheAct

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

28.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 6 oft
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,not
ransf
ercanbe
made f
oran unl
awf
ulobj
ectorconsi
der
ati
on
wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion23oft
heI
ndi
an
Cont
ractAct
,1872
(
a)t
hest
atementi
sfal
se

(
b)t
hest
atementi
str
ue

(
c)t
hest
atementi
spar
tl
ytr
ue

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

29.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 7 oft
he
Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882,t
he compet
ent
per
sont
otr
ansf
ermeans:

I
.Ev
eryper
soncompet
entt
ocont
ractonl
y;

I
I.Ev
eryper
sonent
it
ledt
otr
ansf
erabl
epr
oper
tyor
aut
hor
isedt
odi
sposeoft
ransf
erabl
epr
oper
ty.

(
a)onl
y(I
)iscor
rect

(
b)bot
h(I
)and(
II
)ar
ecor
rect

(
c)(
II
)iscor
rect

(
d)nei
theri
scor
rect
.

30.The t
erm "
tr
ansf
er"undert
he Tr
ansf
erof
Pr
oper
tyAct
,1882,
ref
erst
o

(
a)par
tl
yorwhol
etr
ansf
er
(
b)absol
uteorcondi
ti
onal
transf
er

(
c)cont
ingentt
ransf
er

(
d)bot
h(a)and(
b)ar
ecor
rect
.

31.Undersect
ion8oft
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,
1882t
hel
egal
inci
dent
sal
soi
ncl
udes-

(
a)machi
ner
yat
tachedt
oear
thandt
hemov
eabl
e
par
tst
her
eof

(
b)onl
ymachi
ner
yat
tachedt
oear
th

(
c)onl
ymov
eabl
epar
tsoft
hemachi
ner
yat
tached
t
oear
th
(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

32.Undert
he pr
ovi
sions ofsect
ion 9 oft
he
Tr
ansf
er of Pr
oper
ty Act
,1882 t
he t
ransf
er
i
ncl
udes-

(
a)al
soor
alt
ransf
er

(
b)wr
it
tent
ransf
eronl
y

(
c)onl
y(a)i
scor
rect

(
d)onl
y(b)i
scor
rect
.

33.Undert
he Tr
ansf
erofPr
oper
ty Act
,1882,
wher
eawr
it
ingi
snotexpr
essl
yrequi
redbyl
aw:

(
a)at
ransf
erofpr
oper
ti
esmaybemadewi
thout
wr
it
ingi
nev
erycase

(
b)at
ransf
erofpr
oper
tyi
ssubj
ectt
oonl
ywr
it
ing

(
c)nopr
ovi
sionofor
alt
ransf
eri
smade

(
d)noneoft
heabov
e.

Q.
1Br
ief
lyexami
net
hescopeandobj
ectoft
heT.
P.
Act
,1882.

Q.
2 Expl
ain t
he meani
ng and essent
ial of
at
test
ati
on.Al
soexami
net
hel
egal
eff
ect
ofi
t?

Q.
3Di
scusst
heconceptofi
nst
rumentaspert
he
t
ransf
erofpr
oper
ty.

Q.
5.Whati
sact
ionabl
ecl
aim?

.
Q.
6.Def
ine“
Transf
erofPr
oper
ty”and gi
vet
he
gener
alpr
inci
ples/
essent
ialf
eat
uresoft
ransf
erof
pr
oper
ty.

Q.
7.“
Proper
tyofev
eryki
ndmaybet
ransf
err
ed.
”
St
atet
heexcept
iont
othi
srul
eifany
.

OR

“
Transf
erabi
l
ityi
sthe mosti
nher
entqual
i
ty of
Pr
oper
ty”
.St
atet
heexcept
ionst
othi
srul
easper
sect
ion6ofTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
.

Q.
8Whati
sthemeani
ngofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.
Gi
vesomeexampl
esast
owhatar
eimmov
abl
e
andmov
abl
epr
oper
ti
es?