1300°F show a component explained by the cold
, for several
rolled texture, and one explained by this texture
rotated 30° about the normal to the basal plane, i.e.,
[1120] parallel to rolling direction. Annealing at
1500°F produces only the texture containing [1120]
parallel to the rolling direction and the (0002) tilted
27° to the rolling plane.
4-Hot rolling at 1050°F develops a (0002) [1010]
texture with spread more pronounced in the trans-
verse than the rolling direction. Rolling at 1450°F
aligns the (0002) plane parallel to the rolling plane,
but does not show a preferred direction parallel to
the rolling direction.
5-The texture present after the double trans-
formation a-'>{3-'>CI. is the same as the high tempera-
ture recrystallization texture.
Acknowledgment
The work described in this paper was done under
Air Force Contract AF33 (038) -19574 with the Office
of Air Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the aid of S. E.
Adair, Jr., graduate student at the University of
Kentucky. The authors also wish to thank F. D.
Technical Note
Torsion Texture of 70-30 Brass and Armco Iron
by W. A. Bockofen and B. B. Hundy
T onHE thepoletorsion
figure interpretation in a recent paper'
texture of copper was questioned
in discussion: and a simpler alternative interpreta-
tion was proposed. In the hope of reaching a positiy-e
decision in favor of one or the other, further studies
were undertaken with 70-30 brass and Armco iron.
This additional work has not answered all the ques-
tions about torsion textures, but the new pole figures
do offer support for the original interpretation and
show that the texture is more complicated than the
alternative suggests.
From the previous paper,l the appropriate method
of describing the texture in a twisted bar is known
to be a pole figure plotted on a plane tangent to the
surface of the bar. The axes of the pole figure are
chosen to coincide with directions in the tangent
plane which are parallel and at right angles to the
bar axis (the longitudinal direction, L.n., and the
transverse direction, T.n.), for these directions define
symmetry axes of the texture. Therefore any ideal
orientation that might be selected to represent the
texture gives the crystallographic plane parallel to
the tangent plane and the crystallographic direction
parallel to the axis of the torsion specimen.
A unique texture was assumed in the original in-
terpretation, and the four ideal orientations, (112)
[111'], (111) [112], (110) [001], and (112) [131],
were used in its description. Of the four orientations,
the first three provide possible slip directions along
the direction labeled T.n. in the pole figure, which
is one of maximum shear stress in a specimen being
twisted. The alternative, however, simply considered
W. A. BACKOFEN, Junior Member AIME, is Assistant Professor
of Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Mass., and B. B. HUNDY, formerly at MIT, is now Scientific Officer,
British Iron and Steel Research Association, Sheffield, England.
TN 139E. Manuscript, Oct. 6, 1952.
TRANSACTIONS AIME
Rosi, of Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.
stimulating discussions of this work.
References
1 P. W. Bakarian: Trans. AI ME (1942) 147, p. 266.
"V. Caglioti and G. Sachs: MetaLlwirtschaft (1932)
11, p. 1.
3 C. S. Barrett and A. Smigelskas: Trans. AIME
(1949) 185, p. 149; JOURNAL OF METALS (February 1949).
• R. K. McGeary and B. Lustman: Trans. AIME
(1951) 191, p. 995; JOURNAL OF METALS (November
1951) .
• H. T. Clark, Jr.: Trans. AIME (1950) 188, p. 1154;
JOURNAL OF METALS (September 1950).
6 F. D. Rosi: Private communication.
7 D. A. Sutcliffe and J. A. Reynolds: Metallurgia
(March 1950).
8 D. W. Smith: Symposium of Radiography and X-
ray Diffraction. (1937) Philadelphia. ASTM.
• W. G. Burgers, J. n. Fast, and F. M. Jacobs: Ztsch
M etallkunde (1938) 29, p. 419.
10 L. G. Morell and J. D. Hanawalt: Journal of
Applied Physics (1932) 3, p. 161.
11 A. Taylor: Introduction to X-ray Metallography.
(1949) New York. John Wiley and Sons.
12 P. A. Beck: Trans AIME (1951) 191, p. 475; JOURNAL
OF METALS (June 1951).
13 M. L. Kronberg and F. H. Wilson: Trans. AIME
(1949) 185, p. 501; JOURNAL OF METALS (August 1949).
the texture to be made up of two components, one
a [111] alignment along the specimen axis with a
random orientation about the axis as in the wire
texture, and the other a superimposed orientation
(110) [001]. Experimental evidence for this simpler
interpretation was derived from two observations:
I-twisting did not alter the orientation of a single-
crystal torsion specimen of Cl. brass in which an octa-
hedral plane was perpendicular (and a [111] direc-
tion parallel) to the axis, and 2-deformation bands
with approximately the (110) [001] orientation were
seen to develop in the crystal during the test.
The new pole figures were obtained with a brass
and an iron torsion specimen of % and 1 in. gage
length diameter, respectively. After annealing,
polishing, and twisting, seven rods, about 0.030 in.
in diameter and with different orientations, were
prepared from material near the surface of each
specimen; these were required for the method of
constructing pole figures by using a Geiger counter
as developed by Norton." Since the shear strain grad-
ient in plastic torsion is linear, it was readily com-
puted that the material supplying the brass rods had
been subjected to a shear strain of about 3.2, and
that supplying the iron rods had received a shear
strain of about 2. All details concerning specimen
design, testing procedure, rod preparation, and use
of the N or ton technique can be found in ref. 1. Only
this procedure was followed in working out the (111)
and (100) pole figures for brass, Figs. 1 and 2. How-
ever, X-ray photograms were also involved in the
construction of the (11 0) pole figure for Armco iron,
Fig. 3. The photograms were made according to the
conventional transmission diffraction technique using
a small sheet taken parallel to the specimen surface
and etched to a thickness of about 0.0025 in. They
were especially important in locating the boundaries
JANUARY 1953, JOURNAL OF METALS-61
 L.o.
Fig. 2-( 100) pole figure of 70-30 brass
Fig. 1-( Ill) pole figure of 70-30 brass
twisted to a shear strain of 3.2. Ideal ori-
twisted to a shear strain of 3.2. Ideal ori·
entations indicated as follows: Solid square,
entations indicated as follows: Solid triangle,
(112) [111]. Open square, (111) [112].
(ll2) [111]. Open triangle, ml) [112]. Double square, mOl [DOl].
Double triangle, (110) [DOl].
of the areas of lowest pole density. Because of the
combination of methods, the pole distribution in
Fig. 3 has been represented with a precision inter-
mediate between that warranted by the counting
data and photo grams.
Threeidealorientations, (111) [112], (112) [111],
and (110) [001], have been selected for the simplest
approximation of the torsion texture of brass. The
first two help to account for the high concentrations
of [111] pol:s in the polar region, the central region,
and, to an Important extent, the peripheral region
about 60 0 to 75 0 from the longitudinal direction;
they also position poles reasonably well in the (100)
pole figure. The (110) [001] is likewise required by
both pole figures, although it is not a particularly
strong component of the texture. All three provide
a [110] slip direction along the transverse direction
of maximum shear stress. There is, of course, much
spread about these orientations. A possible rotation
of approximately 22 around the [112] direction of
0
the (Ill) [112] orientation is indicated with dashed
lines in Figs. 1 and 2. Rotations about the [111] and
[001] directions of the other two orientations are
much more limited, however. Rotation about the
transverse direction is also possible. The (112) [111]
can be rotated into the (111) [112] and then the
(110) [001], although orientations between the last
two are not prominent. Further rotation is possible
with the (111) [112] and (112) [111] around the
poles of the (111) and (112) planes. There is no need
for t~e ~ourth orientation, (112) [131], used in the
descnptIon of this texture in copper. Considering
only the (111) pole figure, the texture might still
~e interpreted as duplex, consisting of a [111] wire-
hke component plus the orientation (110) [001]; but
this possibility is eliminated by the nature of the
(100) pole figure.
The torsion texture of iron appears to consist of
a strong alignment of [110] directions along the
specimen axis, which is limited in its range of orien-
~ation around the axis, with (110) [112] super-
Imposed. The spread of the [110] alignment around
the longitudinal direction might be taken as the
angle between the [110] pole of a (110) [110] orien-
tation and [112] pole of a (112) [110] orientation
or approximately 54 0 • It seems more reasonable:
however, to rule out, or at least not emphasize the
62-JOURNAL OF METALS, JANUARY 11)53
L.o.
l
Fig. 3-( 110) pole figure of Armco iron
twisted to a shear strain of 2. Ideal orienta-
tions indicated as follows: Solid circle (Ill)
[110]. Open circle (112) [110]. Vertical
half-solid circle, (110) [110]. Horizontal
half-solid circle, (110) [112].
(110) [110] limit and replace it with something
closer to (111) [110]. Then the spread would be
nearer 20 roughly the angle between [111] and
0
,
[112] poles. By slighting the (110) [lID] orienta-
tion, fewer poles from the alignment along the speci-
men axis appear in the central area of high pole
de~sity, which is then accounted for by the (110)
[112] orientation. The latter orientation also places
poles in the peripheral area of high intensity, and
their contribution on top of that from the [110]
alignment explains fairly well the intensity varia-
tion in that area. Rotations about the transverse
direction and an axis perpendicular to the plane of
the figure are also possible here. For example, a
rotation might be made about a [110] direction per-
pendicular to the figure to convert (110) [112] into
(110) [113]. Both the (112) [110] and (110) [112]
place a [111] slip direction along the transverse
direction of maximum shear stress. And again there
appears to be more than a superficial difference be-
tween the torsion texture and wire texture.
A few photo grams were also taken using trans-
mission specimens prepared from two other bars of
brass and iron that had been twisted and untwisted
by equal amounts. These indicated that the texture
established by twisting is not altered if the direction
of twisting is reversed, which is the conclusion
reached in the work with copper from comparison
of complete pole figures.
To summarize, according to the new pole figures,
the torsion texture is not the texture found in cold-
drawn wire; it is a unique texture that can be de-
scribed approximately by a combination of ideal
orientations, but one that requires still more study
before generalizations about its development, de-
scription, and correlation with flow can be made.
Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to the Office of Naval
Research for support of this work and to WaIter R.
Hibbard, Jr. for reviewing the results.
References
lW. A. Backofen: Trans. AIME (1950) 188, p. 1454;
JOURNAL OF METALS (December 1950).
2 W. R. Hibbard, Jr.: Trans. AIME (1951) 191, p.
1062; JOURNAL OF METALS (November 1951).
3 J. T. N orton: Journal of Applied Physics (1948) 19
p.1176.. '
TRANSACTIONS AIME