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P (x,y,z)
r
γ
β
y
α B
A
Solution:
Calculate the direction cosines:
𝑥
l = = cos α = cos 60⁰ = 0.5
𝑟
𝑦
m = = cos β = cos 50⁰ = 0.6428
𝑟
(c) 2r1 – 3r2 – 5r3 = 2(3i – 2j + k) – 3(2i – 4j – 3k) – 5(-i +2j +2k)
= 6i – 4j + 2k – 6i + 12j + 9k + 5i – 10j – 10k
= (6 – 6 + 5)i + (-4 + 12 – 10)j + (2 + 9 – 10)k
= 5i – 2j + k
Then the magnitude is given by;
│2r1 – 3r2 – 5r3│= │5i – 2j + k│
Answer
a) 2A – B + 3C = 2(3i – j – 4k) – (-2i + 4j – 3k) + 3(i + 2j – k)
2A – B + 3C = 6i – 2j – 8k + 2i – 4j + 3k + 3i + 6j – 3k
2A – B + 3C = (6 + 2 + 3)i + (-2 – 4 + 6)j + (-8 + 3 – 3)k
2A – B + 3C =11i – 8k
A + B + C = 2i + 5j – 8k
17 3 10
d) A unit vector parallel to 3A – 2B + 4C is given by: i– j– k
√398 √398 √398
Example 5
A vector a = (3, -1, 4) = 3i – j + 4k.
Find the magnitude (or modulus) and unit vector in the direction of a.
Solution:
The magnitude or length of the vector a is given by │a│
Solution:
(a) ϕ (0,0,0) = 3(0)2(0) – (0)(0)3 + 5 = 0 – 0 + 5 = 5
(b) ϕ (1,-2,2) = 3(1)2(2) – (1)(-2)3 + 5 = 6 – (-8) + 5 = 19
(c) ϕ (-1,-2,-3) = 3(-1)2(-3) – (-1)(-2)3 + 5 = -9 – (8) + 5 = -12
Example 7
Solution:
(a) At each point (x,y), except (0,0) of the xy plane there is defined a unique
vector xi + yj of magnitude having direction passing through the origin
and outward from it. To simplify graphing procedures, note that all vectors
associated with points on the circles x2 + y2 = a2, a > 0 have magnitude a.
The field therefore appears as in Figure (a).
(b) Each vector is equal to, but opposite in direction to the corresponding one
in (a). The field therefore appears as in Figure (b).