VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590008

S.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

PROJECT REPORT ON

“DELTA MODULATION & DEMODULATION ”

Under the Guidance of:

Prof. Sharada Sajjan

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

S.D.M. College Of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad

Submitted By
Deepak Hegde 2SD17EC026 DIV:B
Vivek Bhat 2SD17EC122 DIV:B
Delta Modulation & Demodulation:
Delta modulation is also abbreviated as DM or Δ-modulation. It is a technique of conversion from
an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal. If we want to transmit the voice we use this
technique. In this technique we do not give that much of importance to the quality of the voice.
DM is nothing but the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM). But there is
some difference between these two techniques. In DPCM technique the successive samples are
encoded into streams of n-bit data. But in delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a
1-bit data stream.
Main features:
* The analog signal is similar as a series of segments.
* To find the increase or decrease in relative amplitude, we should compare each and every
segment of the approximated signal with the original analog wave.
* By this comparison of original and approximated analog waves we can determine the successive
bits for establishing.
* only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal
amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated
signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample.
By using oversampling techniques in delta modulation we can get large high signal-to-noise ratio.
That means the analog signal is sampled at multiple higher than the Nyquist rate.

Principle:
In delta modulation, it quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step rather
than the absolute value quantization of the input analog waveform.
The quantizer of the delta modulator converts the difference between the input signal and the
average of the previous steps. The quantizer is measured by a comparator with reference to 0 (in
2- level quantizer), and its output is either 1 or 0. 1 means input signal is positive and 0 means
negative. It is also called as a bit-quantizer because it quantizes only one bit at a time. The output
of the demodulator rises or falls because it is nothing but an Integrator circuit. If 1 received means
the output raises and if 0 received means output falls. The integrator internally has a low-pass filter
it self.
Transfer Characteristics:
A signum function is followed by the delta modulator for the transfer characteristics. It quantizes
only levels of two number and also for at a time only one-bit.

Output signal power:

In delta modulation amplitude it is does not matter that there is no objection on the amplitude of
the signal waveform, due to there is any fixed number of levels. In addition to, there is no
limitation on the slope of the signal waveform in delta modulation. We can observe whether a
slope is overload if so it can be avoided. However, in transmitted signal there is no limit to change.
The signal waveform changes gradually.
Bit-rate:The interference is due to possibility of in either DM or PCM is due to limited bandwidth
in communication channel. Because of the above reason ‘DM’ and ‘PCM’ operates at same bit-rate.

Advantages of Delta Modulation

Some of the advantages of Delta Modulation in comparison with other digital modulation techniques are
given below-

 It was found that at lower bit rates Delta Modulation is better than the standard
PCM. In a Delta modulation system, operating on voice signals under optimum
conditions, the SNR is increased by 9dB by doubling the bit rate.
 The increase of SNR with bit rate is much more dramatic for Pulse code
modulation than for Delta modulation. Therefore this modulation is recommended
only in certain special circumstances such as when it is necessary to reduce the bit
rate below 40 kilobytes per second and limited voice quality is tolerable.
 This modulation method is used if extreme circuit simplicity is of over-riding
importance and the accompanying use of a high-bit rate is acceptable.
 Delta modulation works with lower channel bandwidth. This makes the system
cost-effective and simple to implement. The feedback mechanism present in this
Modulation system ensures the quick and robust delivery of data bits.

Applications
Some of the applications of this modulation are given below –

 Voice transmission systems such as telephone and radio communications highly

prefer this Modulation technique.
 Delta Modulation is most useful in systems where timely data delivery at the
receiver is more important than the data quality.
 This modulation is applied to ECG waveform for database reduction and real-
time signal processing.
 For analog-to-PCM encoding, this Modulation method is used.
 Delta Modulation is applied in television systems.
SIMULINK MODEL:

OUTPUT: