HW Physical Science
Diurnal Motion
1.Terrestrial Motion
-That is movements that the earth makes.
In physics, motion is a change in
position of an object with respect to
time. Motion is typically described in
terms of displacement, distance,
velocity, acceleration, time and speed.
Three types of terrestrial motion :
Motion with respect to quality - Motion
in respect of Quality let us call
alteration, a general
designation that is used to include both
contraries: and by Quality I do not here
mean a property of substance (in that
sense that which constitutes
a specific distinction is a quality) but
a passive quality in virtue of
which a thing is said to be acted on or
to be incapable of being acted on.
Motion with respect to quantity - Motion
in respect of Quantity has no name that
includes both contraries, but it is
called increase or decrease according as
one or the other is designated: that is
to say motion in the direction of
complete magnitude is increase, motion
in the contrary direction is decrease.
Motion with respect to place - Motion in
respect of Place has no name either
general or particular: but we may
designate it by the general name of
locomotion, though strictly the term
'locomotion' is applicable to things
that change their place only when they
have not the power to come to a stand,
and to things that do not move themselves
locally. Explain what is meant by diurnal
motion, annual motion, precession of the
equinoxes.
2.
Diurnal motion is the daily motion of
stars and other celestial bodies
across the sky. This motion is due to the
Earth's rotation from west to east, which
causes
celestial bodies to have an apparent
motion from east to west.
3.Annual Motion
Over the course of a year, the Sun appears
to move a little towards the
East each day as seen with respect to the
background stars. This daily eastward
drift is <1° per day (there are 365 days
in a year, but only 360° in a circle).
This apparent motion is a reflection of
the Earth's annual orbit around the Sun.
along the ecliptic.
4.Solstice and Equinoxes
A solstice is an event occurring when the
Sun appears to reach its most northerly
or southerly excursion relative to the
celestial equator on the celestial
sphere. Two solstices occur annually,
around June 21 and December 21. The
seasons of the year are determined by
reference to both the solstices and the
equinoxes.
The term solstice can also be used in a
broader sense, as the day when this
occurs. The day of a solstice in either
hemisphere has either the most sunlight
of the year (summer solstice) or the
least sunlight of the year (winter
solstice) for any place other than the
Equator. Alternative terms, with no
ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the
context, are "June solstice" and
"December solstice", referring to the
months in which they take place every
year.
The word solstice is derived from the
Latin sol ("sun") and sistere ("to stand
still"), because at the solstices, the
Sun's declination appears to "stand
still"; that is, the seasonal movement of
the Sun's daily path (as seen from Earth)
stops at a northern or southern limit
before reversing direction.

The biggest difference between the

equinox and the solstice is that a
solstice is the point during the Earth's
orbit around the sun at which the sun is
at its greatest distance from the equator,
while during an equinox, it's at the Babylonians and Assyrians
closest distance from the equator. Babylonian
astronomy
Model Universe was the study
or recording
Egyptians Ancient Egyptian temples of celestial
were not just homes for the gods, they objects
were also replicas of the universe at the during early
moment of creation. In Egyptian history
mythology, the universe emerged from a Mesopotamia.
vast cosmic ocean of nothingness. For These
countless eons, the creator-sun god Atum records can be found on Sumerian clay
had drifted asleep in this primordial sea tablets, inscribed in cuneiform, dated
which the Egyptians called Nun. approximately to 3500–3200 BC.
Eventually, the creator god awoke and
willed a small island to emerge from out In conjunction with their mythology, the
of the cosmic sea. From atop this hill, Sumerians developed a form of
which the Egyptians called the mound of astronomy/astrology that had an
the "First Event," Atum proceeded to call influence on Babylonian culture. Therein
all things into existence starting with Planetary gods played an important role.
the male god Shu (the air) and the goddess
Tefnut (moisture). Next came a third
generation of deities in the form of the Thales of Miletus Thales pictured the
male earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut. Earth as a
After further generations, every feature flat disk that
of nature was born, each with a god or floated on an
goddess to govern it. infinite
ocean,
perhaps
motivated by
observations
that wood and other substances float on
water. ... The Greek historian,
Herodotus, attributes the prediction of
a solar eclipse (on 28 May 585 BC during
a battle between the Medes and the
Lydians) to Thales.
Anaximander of
Miletus
(c.610-c.545 BC),
a pre-Socratic
philosopher, was
a contemporary
of Thales and was
one of the first
‘cosmologists’
(i.e. one who
attempted to
explain the origin and form of the
Universe). Anaximander was quite a
productive philosopher as he made maps of
the known world, offered explanations
for the origin of the Sun, Moon and stars,
and even performed simple experiments
such as marking the solstices and
equinoxes on sundials.
The cosmological model he proposed was a
ring of fire surrounding the Earth, that
was hidden from view except through vents.
The stars were the light of this fire that
could be seen through the openings. This
model could also explain the phases of
the Moon: its phase depended on how wide
or narrow the vent covering was.
Geocentric Model
In astronomy, the
geocentric model
(also known as
geocentrism, often
exemplified
specifically by the
Ptolemaic system) is
a superseded
description of the Universe with Earth at
the center. Under the geocentric model,
the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model
was the predominant description of the
cosmos in many ancient civilizations,
such as those of Aristotle in Classical
Greece and Ptolemy in Roman Egypt.
Heliocentric Model
Copernican
heliocentrism is
the name given to
the astronomical
model developed by
Nicolaus
Copernicus and
published in 1543.
This model positioned the Sun
near the center of the Universe,
motionless, with Earth and the other
planets orbiting around it in circular
paths, modified by epicycles, and at
uniform speeds. The Copernican model
displaced the geocentric model of
Ptolemy that had prevailed for centuries,
which had placed Earth at the center of
the Universe. Copernican heliocentrism
is often regarded as the launching point
to modern astronomy and the Scientific
Revolution.
Phytagorean Model An astronomical
system positing that the Earth, Moon, Sun
and planets revolve around an unseen
"Central Fire" was developed in the 5th
century BC and has been attributed to the
Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus.The
system has been called "the first
coherent system in which celestial
bodies move in circles", anticipating
Copernicus in moving "the earth from the
center of the cosmos [and] making it a
planet". Although its concepts of a
Central Fire distinct from the Sun, and
a nonexistent "Counter-Earth" were
erroneous, the system contained the
insight that "the apparent motion of the
heavenly bodies" was (in large part) due
to "the real motion of the observer".How
much of the system was intended to
explain observed phenomena and how much
was based on myth and religion is
disputed.
Modern Views
Copernicus Copernican heliocentrism
is the name given to
the astronomical
model developed by
Nicolaus Copernicus
and published in 1543.
This model positioned
the Sun near the
center of the Universe,
motionless, with
Earth and the other planets orbiting
around it in circular paths, modified by
epicycles, and at uniform speeds. The
Copernican model displaced the
geocentric model of Ptolemy that had
prevailed for centuries, which had
placed Earth at the center of the
Universe. Copernican heliocentrism is
often regarded as the launching point to
modern astronomy and the Scientific
Revolution
RheticusIn 1536 Rheticus was appointed
to a chair of mathematics and astronomy
at the University of Wittenberg.
Intrigued by the news of the Copernican
theory that Earth revolves around the Sun,
he went to Frauenburg (now Frombork, Pol.)
in 1539, where he studied for two years
with Copernicus. Rheticus published the
first account of the new views in his De
libris revolutionum…Nic.
Copernici…narratio prima… (1540; “The
First Account of the Book on the
Revolutions by Nicolaus Copernicus”). He
encouraged Copernicus to complete his
great work and took it to Nürnberg for
publication, though in 1542 he moved to
Leipzig to take up a new appointment
before it was actually printed.
Tycho Brahe Brahe
proposed a model of the
solar system to explain
Galileo's observation that Venus has
phases without making it necessary for
Earth to be moving. His model had all the
planets (except Earth) orbiting around
the Sun, but then the Sun orbited around
the Earth.
Galileo Galilei Galileo's
observations
strengthened his belief
in Copernicus' theory
that Earth and all other
planets revolve around
the Sun. Most people in
Galileo's time believed
that the Earth was the
center of the universe
and that the Sun and planets revolved
around it.
Johannes Kepler Following observation
of the orbit of Mars, Johannes Kepler
discovered that the planets all move on
elliptical orbits, and developed his
three laws, published between 1609 and
1621: Kepler's First Law: ... These laws
showed that the planets did indeed orbit
the Sun, supporting the Copernican
universe.
Aguelo, Mary Joy M.
HUMSS 11-11