BCM//Unit I

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G.Iyappan AP/CIVIL
 SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
COIMBATORE-35
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

UNIT I-CIVIL ENGINEERING

MATERIALS AND
SURVEYING PRESENTED BY,
G.IYAPPAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
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G.Iyappan AP/CIVIL
UNIT I- CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
SURVEYING
Introduction: Civil engineering-scope of civil
engineering-building materials- Brick, stone,
cement, concrete, properties-uses
Surveying: Objects –types – classification–
principles – measurements of distances –
angles –Concepts of leveling – determination
of areas – illustrative examples.
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SURVEYING
Surveying is the art of determining the
relative positions of different objects on the
surface of the earth by measuring the
horizontal distance between them. It is
reletated only in horizontal plane.
LEVELLING
Levelling is art of determining the relative
vertical distances of different points on the
surface of the earth. It is reletated only in
vertical plane.
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 Object of surveying
1. The main object of surveying is to prepare a
map or plan to show the relative positions of
the objects on the surface of the earth.
2. To determining the boundaries of land.
3. It is very useful for the purpose of designing
projects, such as dams,canals,roads,railways
etc.
4. The successful completion of any
engineering project mainly depends upon the
accurate surveying.
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 Uses of surveying
1. It is useful for measurement of areas.
2. To prepare different types of maps such as
topographical map, cadastral map, engineering
map, military map, contour map, geological map
etc.
3. It is very useful for the purpose of designing
projects, such as dams,canals,roads,railways etc.
4. It is used for making of plans in connection with
legal documents.
5. In case of dispute of property, certain plans may
be used as a legal documents.
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 Principles of surveying

1. To work from the whole to the part.

2. To locate a new station by at least two
measurement ( linear or angular ) from
fixed reference points.

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 1. To work from the whole to the part.

❖ According to the first principle, the whole area is

first enclosed by main stations (controlling stations)
and main survey lines (controlling lines).
❖ The area is then divided into a number of parts by
forming well-conditioned triangles. The main survey
lines are measured very accurately with a standard
chain and then the sides of triangles are measured.
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1. To work from the whole to the part.

❖ The purpose of this process of working is to

prevent accumulation of error.
❖ During this procedure, if there is any error in the
measurement of any side of a triangle, then it will
not affect the whole work.
❖ The error can always be detected and eliminated.
❖ But, if the reverse process (from the part to the
whole) is followed, then the minor error in
measurement will be magnified in the process of
expansion and these errors will become absolutely
uncontrollable.

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 2. To locate a new station by at least two
measurement ( linear or angular ) from fixed
reference points.

❖ According to the second principle, the new stations

should always be fixed by at least two measurement
from fixed reference points.
❖ Linear measurements refer to horizontal distances
measured by chain or tape. Angular measurements refer
to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a
prismatic compass or theodolite.
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 Classification of surveying

A) Primary classification
1. Plane surveying, 2. Geodetic surveying.
B) Secondary classification
1. Based on instruments
a) Chain surveying, b) Compass surveying, c) Plane table
surveying, d) Theodolite surveying, e) Tacheometric
surveying, f) Photographic surveying
2. Based on methods
a) Triangulation surveying, b) Traverse surveying
3. Based on object
a) Geological surveying, b) Mine surveying, c)
Archaeological surveying, d) Military surveying
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 Classification of surveying
4) Based on nature of field
a) Land surveying, b) Marine surveying, c) Astronomical
surveying,
Land surveying divided into following classes
i) Topographical surveying :- to determine the natural and
artificial features of country such as rivers, lakes,
hills, roads, railways, towns etc.
ii) Cadastral surveying :- to determine the boundaries of
fields, estates, houses, etc
iii) City surveying :- to locate the premises, streets, water
supply and sanitary system etc.
iv) Engineering surveying :- to collect data for designing
of engineering works such as roads, reservoirs,
railways etc.
 Difference between Plane surveying &
Geodetic surveying
Plane surveying
1. The effect of curvature of earth is not
considered.
2. The surface of the earth is taken as
plane.
3. The area to be surveyed less than 250
km2
4. The degree of accuracy is low.
5. Plane surveying is conducted by state
agencies like Irrigation department,
Railway department.
6.
Geodetic surveying
1. The effect of curvature of earth is
considered.
2. It involves spherical trigonometry. So it
is called trigonometrical survey.
3. The area to be surveyed more than
250 km2
4. The degree of accuracy is high.
5. Geodetic surveying is conducted by
Survey of India (GTS) department.
6.
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 REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)

It is the ratio of plan distance to corresponding ground

distance.
In R.F. both the numerator and denominator should be in
the same units.
If 10m on the ground represents 1cm on the drawing
paper, the scale is 1cm = 10m.
So R.F. = 1cm / 10 x 100cm = 1/ 1000.

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CONVENTIONAL SYMBOL

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 COMPANY AND YEAR OF
ESTABLISHED
Match the following

1.HCL a) 1989

2.TCS b) 7 July 1981

3.Infosy c)11 August 1976

4. Accenture d) 7 February 1938

5.L&T
11/5/2019 e) 1 April 1968
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 ANSWER

1.HCL 11 August 1976

2.TCS 1 April 1968

3.Infosy 7 July 1981

4. Accenture 1989

5.L&T 7 February 1938

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