Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School

Time Management: Impact on ABM Students in Major Subjects in Liceo de Cagayan

de Oro University S.Y.2019-2020

A Research Paper presented to the

Faculty of the Senior High School
Liceo de Cagayan University - Main Campus
Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Practical Research 2

By:

Marrianne Jane C. Cabatuan

December 18, 2019

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ii

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes a review of various literature and studies which were found

relevant to the present study. Both foreign and local literature and studies were given

importance and consideration to serve as conceptual sources of the study.

This study is designed to determine the impact of time management of the student’s

academic performance. To give the comprehensive view of this research, review of related

literature and studies are presented below.

Foreign Literature and Local Studies

In the modern world, time is seen as an indefinitely divisible and usable

commodity. It helps to infuse the concept of time through the institution. All the material

and human resources possessed by organizations can be enhanced in the course of time or be

transformed as time goes on; yet the only asset that cannot be changed or purchased or

stored is time itself. The secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this

resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning

(Macan, Shahani, Dipboye & Phillips, 2000). Though effective and efficient use of time

varies with respect to the tasks performed, the further increase in the level of knowledge

and skills expected from modern employees has further increased the necessity of time

planning. The road to success in social life passes through effective and efficient working
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which is only possible via time management. The competitive environment we live in today

encourages people from as early as their elementary education to plan and manage time

effectively. The high performance required by competitive conditions forces organizations

and directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control time (Alay & Koçak,

2003).

Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic performance and

achievements. Each and

every student should have time management ability which includes setting goals &

priorities, using time management mechanism and being organized in using time. Here

time management is only possible through self-motivation; performance, ability and

motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte, 2005). These are the few activities

performed by today’s university students, which act as a barrier between them and their

academic performance. Due to miss management of time they gap behind. This study will

help to analyze the positive or negative impact of time management on academic

performance of students. It will also help to make some decision about changes we would

like to make to use our time more effectively (Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is

no one right way to manage our time; however; it is important to get to know our self, so we

can make good decisions about how to use our time. Likewise, in the process of providing

educational services this issue has been a subject of interest discussed and emphasized in
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several platforms and an attempt has been initiated to assess and analyze time and the time

management attitudes and behaviors of students in educational

institutes (Denlinger, 2009).

I n developing countries where students have a lot of issues during academic journey

have a new story for the researcher to dig out much more interesting results. Time

management practices have an impact on the results of students as empirical studies done by

past researchers. In spite of knowing about the impact of time on academic achievement, this

relationship is not given importance by the students (Sevari & Kandy, 2011). At higher

education level the study schedule must properly planned, implemented and controlled

for better results. Emphasizing time also helps to develop cost effective educational policies

by the authorities especially at higher education level (Kaushar, 2013). Ongoing problem

of scarcity of knowledge in connection with time management and academic outputs is

due to lack of easiness and of costly ways of collecting data. Driven by this fact, particular

emphasis has been paid in the modern education system to time management issues by

evaluating students’ attitudes and behaviors related to time and its management (Karim,

Sevari, Mitra & Kandy, 2015). Based on the necessity of effective time management

required from students during their academic and professional life, field research has

been conducted in the present paper towards the aim of designating their position with

respect to effective time management and determining the effect of their time management

skills on their academic achievements.

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Measurement of public sector performance, especially in provision of service in Universities is a complex issue.

It involves comparing public resources in terms of total amount of money expended, the personnel and other

resource with outputs such as students’ academic performance, graduation rate and quality of research

(Abdulkareen & Oyeniran, 2011). Universities are established to produce skilled manpower and good

performance in higher education is expected to bring positive growth (Blanchard, 2004).

Briton and Tesser (1991) highlight that university academic performance is dependent on the

quality of effort put in completion of various tasks. Thus, Grade Point Average (GPA) is

directly influenced by time management skills by the student. The authors further propose that

students' ability to effectively manage their greatly correlates to academic achievement. They

claim that students with good time management skills are better placed at achieving their

academic aspirations and experience less stress as far as their academic life is concerned

(Britton & Tesser, 1991).

a huge difference between high school and university when it comes to managing

time and academic responsibilities. In high school, there was the kind of learning that

includes an explanation of everything, in other words, from A to Z. On the other hand, when

students enter university, they find out that what they learn is a lecture, that only includes

superficial information, and the rest is their job to know about and explore further. Time

management is a skill that every student should not only know, but also apply. A lot of

university students complain about running out of time when asked to do a certain task, they

get frustrated because they are not able to make it before the deadline. On the other hand,

others find enough time to meet their friends and complete their assignments with no
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struggle; those are whom we call excellent time managers, and who are spotted for our

research. Time management is extremely important, especially when it comes to university

students because it will boost their grades and enhance their productivity. However, most of

the time students face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so they start to

procrastinate because they lack organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to

organize duties according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up

procrastinating. As we can see, time management is quite essential to any university student,

and it is one of the keys to a higher GPA.

Felton (2009) said that time management is the process of planning and exercising

conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness,

efficiency or productivity. Further, Contrell (2013) defines time management as a juggling

act of various demands of study, social life, employment, family, and personal interests and

commitments with the finiteness of time. Using time effectively gives the person a "choice"

on spending/ managing activities at their own time and expediency. According to Bilbao

(2009), scheduling, goal setting, prioritizing tasks, managing paperwork, and managing

interruptions may be executed by the teachers to meet the demands of their job. These save

their time without compromising the quality of teaching and service. Further, Forsyth (2010)

suggested that keeping work–life balance is one of necessitates to efficiently and effectively

manage the limited resources and available time.

According to Orlikowsky and Yates (2002), the temporal dimension of work has

become more important because of expanding global competition and increased demands for
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immediate availability of products and services. Garhammer (2002) has pointed at the

increased pace of life shown in doing things faster (acceleration), contracting time

expenditure (e.g. eat faster, sleep less), and compressing actions (making a phone call while

having lunch). Other studies have examined the perception of time in organizational contexts

(e.g. Palmer and Schoorman, 1999) and the experience of time pressure among employees

(e.g. Jackson and Martin, 1996; Major et al., 2002; Teuchmann et al., 1999).

According to Carroll’s model (Ionescu, 1995), psychological time can act in a constructive

or destructive manner on intrinsic motivation, supporting or inhibiting activity, therefore

constructing temporal perspective through setting objectives (or aspiration level) becomes

necessary. Time is a major resource in learning, the way in which people perceive and invest

time reflects on learning results. The evolution of beliefs regarding time organization (Covey,

1998) recorded four distinct generations, characterized as follows: keeping records through

notes and lists; trying to look to the future through indexes, tables and agenda; setting

priorities and planning through objectives; moving interest center from time to maintaining

balance between production and production capacity (according to urgency and importance).

Time management is an ability that can be developed at any age, if the person desires to

improve the results of his actions (Dale, 1993). Previous research (Magher, 2005) shows that

students are much more motivated if they can solve the task in a personal rhythm. Students

should be aware of the hours of maximum effort and should adapt their personal rhythm to

circadian and ultradian rhythm (Clinciu et al., 2005). Circadian rhythm is a result of light-

dark alternation. Circadian rhythms repeat cyclic at every 24 hours, the duration of each
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component (light and dark) varies as a function of Earth position to the Sun. Most

physiological processes relates to these rhythms. Each day, at regular periods, the human

body needs food, sleep, activity, lack of activity, energy. Body temperature, heart beats,

blood pressure, hormonal levels, urine flux increase and decrease in a predictable rhythm

influenced by exposure to light or dark. In the absence of natural light, the circadian rhythms

desynchronize leading to exhaustion. Under the impact of circadian rhythm, vigilance

(Montagner, 2002) varies, these variations becoming the effort curve. The ultradian rhythm

refers to activity-break alternation. The duration of an activity in post-adolescence period

should be of no longer than 90 – 100 minutes (Clinciu et al., 2005). Active breaks are

recommended: if the learning activity requires left hemisphere, the 10 – 15 minutes breaks

will consists of an activity requiring right hemisphere. Food rhythm – dictated by body’s

need for food – influences learning, three meals a day are recommended in order to maintain

under control its influence. The concept of time management is generally defined in terms of

clusters of behavior that are deemed to facilitate productively and alleviate stress (lay and

Schouwenburg, 1993). Effective time management strategies increase academic performance

(Campbell and Stevenson, 1992) and are frequently suggested by academic assistance

personnel as aids to enhance achievement for college students. Productive study methods are

characterized by “Time management” and “Strategic studying” (Entwistle and Ramsden,

1983). Time management was conceptualize in terms of setting goals and priorities in the use

of mathematics and perceived control of time. Time is the most valuable resource a student

has. It is also the most wasted resources. Successful students set priorities for themselves
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based on their goals in life; they plan, work and play around these priorities. Time

management is one of those skills that may help in any career beyond university. On the

other hand, study habits is a well planned and deliberate pattern of study which has attained a

form of consistency on the part of the student towards understanding academic and passing at

examination ( Paul, 1962, Deese, 1959, Akinboye, 1974)