CHAPTER 6:

Periodic
 Table
KEYWORDS (page 163)

• Atom • Non-metal
• Molecule • Appearance
• Proton • Ductility
• Electron • Malleability
• Mixture
• Neutron • Filtration
• Element • Sedimentation
• Compound • Distillation
• Periodic table
• Chromatography
6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

MATTER consists of small and discrete

particles which are known as atoms
Size of atom is too small, only can be seen using an
electron microscope by enlarging the atom to a
million times
ATOM Atom and Molecule
Consists of
three
subatomic
particles,
which
are protons, neutrons and electrons
THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

@
 Electron Neutron
+ Proton (negative) (no charge)
(positive)

-
Number of proton = Number of electron
 So that,
an atom is
NEUTRAL
ATOM Na
He He

He Al
He Atom
Natrium
Helium gas Atom Aluminium
MOLECULE Neutral particles up of
two or more atomsmade

Oxygen Carbon Water

dioxide
Glucose
 ATOMS MOLECULES
Made up of 2 or more atoms
Smallest (same type)
particle
Sulphur
Gold Oxygen (O2)
• Atom
Element
Compound
 •
•
• The simplest form of substance.

ELEMENT • Only one type of atom in an

element
COMPOUND Fe Fe

Al
Oxygen Hydrogen Al

Iron
Sulphur Aluminium
• Two or more elements combined chemically

Aluminium
oxide
Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose
ammonia
• Produced from chemical reaction
SUMMARIZE…

1. What is elements in the:-

 Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose

2. How can the components of

a compound be separated?
What is elements in the:-

Carbon Water
dioxide • Hydrogen
Glucose • oxygen
• Carbon • Carbon
• oxygen • Hydrogen
• oxygen
2. How can the components of
a compound be separated?

electrolysis
PERIODIC TABLE
METAL NON-
METAL
AND
METAL
NON-METAL
CARBON

SULPHUR

PHOSPHORUS
Differences Between Metal and Non-Me
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Shiny APPEARANCE Dull
Ductile DUCTILITY (able to be Brittle
pulled into wire)
Malleable MALLEABILITY (able Non-malleable
to be shape)
High TENSILE STRENGTH Low (break easily)

METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL

Good conductor ELECTRICITY Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
Good conductor HEAT Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY
High DENSITY Low

High MELTING/BOILING Low

POINT

METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL

 Shiny surface APPEARANCE Dull surface

METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL

Ductile (can be pulled DUCTILITY Brittle
into wire)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Malleable MALLEABILITY (ABLE Non- malleable
TO BE SHAPE)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
High (except mercury) TENSILE STRENGTH Low (breaks easily)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Good conductor ELECTRICAL Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
HEAT
Good Poor
CONDUCTIVITY

METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL

 High DENSITY Low

6.2 MIXTURES
- Two or more elements/compounds mixed physically.
MIXTURE is formed physically. So,
it can be separated physically too.
 METHODS
Filtration
TO
chromatography Distillation
SEPARATE
MIXTURES SEPARATION
METHOD
depends on :
Using
• physical properties of the Floatation
substance present in the mixture
magnet
• substances to be obtained from the sedimentation
mixture
1. FILTRATION- separate an insoluble
solid from mixture of solid and liquid
2.DISTILLATION- separate a completely
miscible
liquid-liquid mixture that have different boiling point
3. SEPARATION USING MAGNET-
separate two solid mixtures in which one
of the substances is magnetic and the
other is not
4. SEDIMENTATION- separate a
liquid and insoluble solid mixture
5. FLOATATION- separate soluble and
insoluble materials in water
6. CHROMATOGRAPHY- separate small
amount of mixture
6.3 COMPOUNDS
- Two or more elements mixed CHEMICALLY.

Carbon + hydrogen

BUILDING BLOCKS Polythene

- Newly formed product has its own
characteristics
 TILES
Calcium + Carbon + hydrogen

Marble
 hydrogen
+
WATER oxygen
CAKE
Other examples…
Magnesium + oxygen  Magnesium oxide

Aluminium + oxygen  Aluminium oxide

Zinc + oxygen  Zinc oxide

Iron + oxygen  Iron oxide

Copper + oxygen  Copper oxide

 Other examples…
Lithium + water Lithium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Sodium + water Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Potassium + water Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Other examples…
Iron + sulphur  Iron sulphide
As a conclusion…
A + OXYGEN  A OXIDE
A + WATER  A HYDROXIDE + HYDROGEN GAS
 A + SULPHUR  A SULPHIDE
METHODS TO
SEPARATE
COMPOUNDS
electrolysis
oxygen hydrogen
• Hydrogen gas released at the
cathode.
• Oxygen gas released at the
anode.
2H + O H2O
+ 2-

PHYSICAL CHANGE and CHEMICAL

CHANGE

Does not Form a new form a

substance
new
substance
e.g
 e.g
• Rusting of iron
• ice melting
• Decaying of leaf •
Water boiling
Differences between
mixtures
and
compounds
Iron powder +
sulphur powder
Mixed
physically
MIXTURE
THEREFORE, magnetic
attraction can be used to separate iron
powder and sulphur powder
Iron powder +
sulphur powder
Mixed
chemically
 COMPOUND
(iron sulphide)
THEREFORE, magnetic attraction
cannot be
used
to separate iron
powder and
sulphur powder
MIXTU COMPOU
RE CHARACTERISTICS ND
No Formation of new Yes
substances
No Chemical bond Yes
Physic Separation method
al Chemical
Same Different
Properties of new substances
compared to the original
CHECK YOUR ANSWER..

Summative practice
6
1) a

a, b, e, f, g, h, m, n, p
1) b
1) c

c, i, j, o
1) d
1) e

d, k, l
1) f
2) a P – Metal
R – Non-metal
2) b- Differences Between Metal and Non-Metal
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Shiny APPEARANCE Dull
Ductile DUCTILITY (able to be Brittle
pulled into wire)
Malleable MALLEABILITY (able Non-malleable
to be shape)
 High TENSILE STRENGTH Low (break easily)

METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL

Good conductor ELECTRICITY Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
Good conductor HEAT Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY
High DENSITY Low
 High MELTING/BOILING Low
POINT

2) c Iron oxidises or reacts with oxygen to form a layer of

iron oxide on the surface of the iron
2) d Graphite is black, soft and easy to shape
3) a filtration
3) b Step 3
4) a A: Iron fillings
B: Sawdust
C: Sand
D: Salt
b • B less dense than C
• B less dense than
water
• B floats on the
surface of water
• B can be separated
easily
4) c Yes

d • Use distillation method

• Boiling salt and water
• At 100oC, water vapour formed
condenses and form a liquid
• Water is collected in a beaker
• Salt crystal will be left
in the flask
5) No, by stirring, filter paper will tear when it is wet
6) • Use filtration method (soluble and insoluble solid)
• Dissolve sand and salt in water (salt dissolve in
water)
• Filter the solution using filter paper
• Insoluble sand will left on the filter paper
• Dissolved salt will go through the filter paper
• Let the salt solution evaporate to produce salt crystals