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Marrianne
Marrianne
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Practical Research 2
By:
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes a review of various literature and studies which were found
relevant to the present study. Both foreign and local literature and studies were given
This study is designed to determine the impact of time management of the student’s
academic performance. To give the comprehensive view of this research, review of related
commodity. It helps to infuse the concept of time through the institution. All the material
and human resources possessed by organizations can be enhanced in the course of time or be
transformed as time goes on; yet the only asset that cannot be changed or purchased or
stored is time itself. The secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this
resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning
(Macan, Shahani, Dipboye & Phillips, 2000). Though effective and efficient use of time
varies with respect to the tasks performed, the further increase in the level of knowledge
and skills expected from modern employees has further increased the necessity of time
planning. The road to success in social life passes through effective and efficient working
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which is only possible via time management. The competitive environment we live in today
encourages people from as early as their elementary education to plan and manage time
and directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control time (Alay & Koçak,
2003).
Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic performance and
every student should have time management ability which includes setting goals &
priorities, using time management mechanism and being organized in using time. Here
motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte, 2005). These are the few activities
performed by today’s university students, which act as a barrier between them and their
academic performance. Due to miss management of time they gap behind. This study will
performance of students. It will also help to make some decision about changes we would
like to make to use our time more effectively (Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is
no one right way to manage our time; however; it is important to get to know our self, so we
can make good decisions about how to use our time. Likewise, in the process of providing
educational services this issue has been a subject of interest discussed and emphasized in
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several platforms and an attempt has been initiated to assess and analyze time and the time
I n developing countries where students have a lot of issues during academic journey
have a new story for the researcher to dig out much more interesting results. Time
management practices have an impact on the results of students as empirical studies done by
past researchers. In spite of knowing about the impact of time on academic achievement, this
relationship is not given importance by the students (Sevari & Kandy, 2011). At higher
education level the study schedule must properly planned, implemented and controlled
for better results. Emphasizing time also helps to develop cost effective educational policies
by the authorities especially at higher education level (Kaushar, 2013). Ongoing problem
due to lack of easiness and of costly ways of collecting data. Driven by this fact, particular
emphasis has been paid in the modern education system to time management issues by
evaluating students’ attitudes and behaviors related to time and its management (Karim,
Sevari, Mitra & Kandy, 2015). Based on the necessity of effective time management
required from students during their academic and professional life, field research has
been conducted in the present paper towards the aim of designating their position with
respect to effective time management and determining the effect of their time management
Measurement of public sector performance, especially in provision of service in Universities is a complex issue.
It involves comparing public resources in terms of total amount of money expended, the personnel and other
resource with outputs such as students’ academic performance, graduation rate and quality of research
(Abdulkareen & Oyeniran, 2011). Universities are established to produce skilled manpower and good
Briton and Tesser (1991) highlight that university academic performance is dependent on the
quality of effort put in completion of various tasks. Thus, Grade Point Average (GPA) is
directly influenced by time management skills by the student. The authors further propose that
students' ability to effectively manage their greatly correlates to academic achievement. They
claim that students with good time management skills are better placed at achieving their
academic aspirations and experience less stress as far as their academic life is concerned
a huge difference between high school and university when it comes to managing
time and academic responsibilities. In high school, there was the kind of learning that
includes an explanation of everything, in other words, from A to Z. On the other hand, when
students enter university, they find out that what they learn is a lecture, that only includes
superficial information, and the rest is their job to know about and explore further. Time
management is a skill that every student should not only know, but also apply. A lot of
university students complain about running out of time when asked to do a certain task, they
get frustrated because they are not able to make it before the deadline. On the other hand,
others find enough time to meet their friends and complete their assignments with no
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struggle; those are whom we call excellent time managers, and who are spotted for our
students because it will boost their grades and enhance their productivity. However, most of
the time students face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so they start to
procrastinate because they lack organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to
organize duties according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up
procrastinating. As we can see, time management is quite essential to any university student,
Felton (2009) said that time management is the process of planning and exercising
act of various demands of study, social life, employment, family, and personal interests and
commitments with the finiteness of time. Using time effectively gives the person a "choice"
on spending/ managing activities at their own time and expediency. According to Bilbao
(2009), scheduling, goal setting, prioritizing tasks, managing paperwork, and managing
interruptions may be executed by the teachers to meet the demands of their job. These save
their time without compromising the quality of teaching and service. Further, Forsyth (2010)
suggested that keeping work–life balance is one of necessitates to efficiently and effectively
According to Orlikowsky and Yates (2002), the temporal dimension of work has
become more important because of expanding global competition and increased demands for
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immediate availability of products and services. Garhammer (2002) has pointed at the
increased pace of life shown in doing things faster (acceleration), contracting time
expenditure (e.g. eat faster, sleep less), and compressing actions (making a phone call while
having lunch). Other studies have examined the perception of time in organizational contexts
(e.g. Palmer and Schoorman, 1999) and the experience of time pressure among employees
(e.g. Jackson and Martin, 1996; Major et al., 2002; Teuchmann et al., 1999).
According to Carroll’s model (Ionescu, 1995), psychological time can act in a constructive
constructing temporal perspective through setting objectives (or aspiration level) becomes
necessary. Time is a major resource in learning, the way in which people perceive and invest
time reflects on learning results. The evolution of beliefs regarding time organization (Covey,
1998) recorded four distinct generations, characterized as follows: keeping records through
notes and lists; trying to look to the future through indexes, tables and agenda; setting
priorities and planning through objectives; moving interest center from time to maintaining
balance between production and production capacity (according to urgency and importance).
Time management is an ability that can be developed at any age, if the person desires to
improve the results of his actions (Dale, 1993). Previous research (Magher, 2005) shows that
students are much more motivated if they can solve the task in a personal rhythm. Students
should be aware of the hours of maximum effort and should adapt their personal rhythm to
circadian and ultradian rhythm (Clinciu et al., 2005). Circadian rhythm is a result of light-
dark alternation. Circadian rhythms repeat cyclic at every 24 hours, the duration of each
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component (light and dark) varies as a function of Earth position to the Sun. Most
physiological processes relates to these rhythms. Each day, at regular periods, the human
body needs food, sleep, activity, lack of activity, energy. Body temperature, heart beats,
blood pressure, hormonal levels, urine flux increase and decrease in a predictable rhythm
influenced by exposure to light or dark. In the absence of natural light, the circadian rhythms
(Montagner, 2002) varies, these variations becoming the effort curve. The ultradian rhythm
should be of no longer than 90 – 100 minutes (Clinciu et al., 2005). Active breaks are
recommended: if the learning activity requires left hemisphere, the 10 – 15 minutes breaks
will consists of an activity requiring right hemisphere. Food rhythm – dictated by body’s
need for food – influences learning, three meals a day are recommended in order to maintain
under control its influence. The concept of time management is generally defined in terms of
clusters of behavior that are deemed to facilitate productively and alleviate stress (lay and
(Campbell and Stevenson, 1992) and are frequently suggested by academic assistance
personnel as aids to enhance achievement for college students. Productive study methods are
1983). Time management was conceptualize in terms of setting goals and priorities in the use
of mathematics and perceived control of time. Time is the most valuable resource a student
has. It is also the most wasted resources. Successful students set priorities for themselves
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based on their goals in life; they plan, work and play around these priorities. Time
management is one of those skills that may help in any career beyond university. On the
other hand, study habits is a well planned and deliberate pattern of study which has attained a
form of consistency on the part of the student towards understanding academic and passing at