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INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1. If f(x) & g(x) are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x) then,
d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.

2. STANDARD FORMULAE

In all the formulae, given below, c and c ' are the constants of integration and a  0.

n 1
 ax  b dx 1
(i)  (ax + b) n
dx =
a  n  1
+ c, n  1 (ii)  = ln |ax + b| + c
ax  b a

1 ax+b 1 ap x  q
(iii)  e ax+b dx =
a
e + c (iv)  a px+q dx =
p na
+ c; a > 0

1 1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx = 
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi)  cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

1 1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx =
a
ln |sec (ax + b)| + c (viii)  cot(ax + b) dx =
a
ln |sin (ax + b)| + c

1
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c

(x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx =  1 cot(ax + b)+ c

a
1
(xi)  sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx =
a
sec (ax + b) + c

(xii)  cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx =  1 cosec (ax + b) + c

a

cos x  x  x
(xiii)  secx dx = ln |secx + tanx| + c = ln
1  sin x
 c = ln tan     c = ln cot     c
 4 2  4 2

x sin x
(xiv)  cosec x dx = ln |cosecx  cotx| + c = ln tan
2
+ c = ln
1  cos x
c

dx x x
(xv)  a x2 2
= sin 1
a
+ c   cos1  c '
a

dx 1 x 1 1 x
(xvi)  2
a x 2
= tan 1 + c =  cot
a a a a
c'

dx 1 x 1 1 x
(xvii)  x x a 2 2
=
a
sec 1 + c =  cosec
a a a
c'

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dx x
(xviii)  = ln  x  x 2  a2  = sinh1 + c
x a 2 2   a

dx x
(xix)  = ln  x  x 2  a2  = cosh 1 + c
x a 2 2   a

dx 1 a x
(xx)  = ln c + c
a2  x 2 2a ax

dx 1 xa
(xxi)  = ln c
2
x a 2 2a xa

x a2 x
(xxii)  a 2  x 2 dx =
2
a2  x 2 +
2
sin 1 + c
a

 x  x 2  a2 
x a2  
(xxiii)  2
x  a dx =
2
2 2
x a 2
+
2
ln 

a +c


 x  x 2  a2 
x a2  
(xxiv)  2
x  a dx = 2

2
2
x a 2

2
ln 

a  +c


eax eax  b
sin  bx  tan1   c
(xxv)  ax
e . sin bx dx = 2
a  b2
(a sin bx  b cos bx) + c = 2
a b 2
 a

eax eax  b
cos  bx  tan1   c
(xxvi)  e ax.
cos bx dx = 2
a  b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c =
a b 2
 2 a

Note :

(1) By simple trigonometric transformations, formulae of  sec x dx and  cosec x dx

can also be writtern as follows :

cos x
(i)  sec x dx   ln sec x  tan x  c   ln 1  sin x c

 x  x
  ln cot     c   ln tan     c
 4 2  4 2

x sin x
(ii)  cosec x dx   ln cosec x  cot x  c   ln cot 2  c   ln 1  cos x c


(2) In the formulae (xv),(xvi) and (xvii), c '  c
2

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3. THEOREMS ON INTEGRATION

(i) c f(x).dx = c  f(x).dx

(ii)  (f(x)  g(x))dx =  f(x)dx  g(x)dx
g(ax  b)
(iii)  f(x)dx  g(x)  c   f(ax  b)dx =
a
+c (where a  0 )

Note :
(1) Every continuous function is integrable.

(2) The integral of a function, represented by two different functions, differ

only by a constant.

i.e. If
 f(x).dx = g(x) + c = h(x) + c
then g(x) = f(x) & h(x) = f(x)
 g(x) – h(x) = 0
 g(x) – h(x) = c '

EXAMPLES :

5
Example 1 : Evaluate :  4x dx

5 4 6 2 6
Solution.  4x dx =
6
x +C=
3
x + C.

 3 7 2 
 5x 2  4 
Example 2 : Evaluate :   x x
  dx
x

 3 7 2 
 5x 2  4 
Solution.   x x
  dx
x

3 2 7 2
= x dx +  5x dx –  4dx +  x
dx +  x
dx

3 2 1 1 / 2
= x dx + 5   x dx – 4  1 dx + 7 .  x
dx + 2  x dx

x4 x3  1/ 2 
= +5  – 4x + 7 log | x | + 2  x  +C
4 3  1/ 2 
 

x4 5
= + x3 – 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 x +C
4 3

 e 
x ln a
Example 3 : Evaluate :  e a ln x  e a ln a dx
Solution. We have,

 e 
x ln a
 e a ln x  e a ln a dx

 e 
lna x a a
=  eln x  elna dx

ax x a 1
=  (a x  x a  aa ) dx =  a x dx +  x a dx +  aa dx = + + aa  x + C
lna a 1

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 2x  3x 
Example 4 : Evaluate :   x  dx
 5 

 2x  3x   2x 3 x 
Solution.   5x  dx =   
 5x 5x


 dx


 2
x
3 
x
(2 / 5)x (3 / 5)x
=  

      dx =
5  5   loge 2 / 5   +
loge  3 / 5  + C

3
Example 5 : Evaluate :  sin x cos3 x dx
1 3
Solution. =
8  (2 sin x cos x) dx
1 3
=  sin 2x dx
8
1 3 sin 2x  sin 6x
=
8  4
dx

1
=
32  (3 sin 2x  sin6x) dx
1  3 1 
=  cos 2 x  6 cos 6 x  + C
32  2 

x4
Example 6 : Evaluate : x 2
1
dx

x4
Solution. x 2
1
dx

x4  1 1  x4  1 1 
=  x2  1
dx =   x2  1  x2  1 dx
2 1 x3
=  (x  1) dx + x 2
1
dx =
3
– x + tan –1 x + C

1
Example 7 : Evaluate :  4  9x 2 dx

Solution. We have
1
 4  9x 2

1 1
=  4x dx
9 2
9

1 1
=
9  ( 2 / 3) 2
 x2
dx

1 1  x  1  3x 
=
9
 (2 / 3) tan–1  2 / 3  + C = 6
tan –1  2  + C
   

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Example 8 :  cos x cos 2x dx

Solution.  cos x cos 2x dx
1
2 
= 2 cos x cos 2x dx

1
2 
= (cos 3x  cos x ) dx

1  sin 3 x sin x 
=    +c
2 3 1 

4. INTEGRATION BY SUBSITUTIONS

If(t) can take all possible value that x can take, then we subsitute x = (t) in an integral.
In this case, in the integral

(i) x will be replaced in terms of t everywhere and

(ii) dx gets converted in terms of dt.

EXAMPLES :
3
Example 1 : Evaluate : x sin x 4 dx
Solution. We have
3
= x sin x 4 dx
Let x4 = t  d(x4) = dt  4x3 dx = dt
1
 x 3 dx  dt
4
1 1 1 4
 given integral =  sin t  4 dt   4 cos t  c   4 cos x c

( n x )2
Example 2 :  x
dx

( n x )2
Solution.  x
dx

1
Let nx = t  dx = dt
x
2
 given integral =  t dt
t3 ( n x )3
= +c= +c
3 3

2
Example 3 : Evaluate  (1 sin x ) cos x dx
Solution. Put sinx = t
 cosx dx = dt
2 t3 sin3 x
 given integral =  (1  t ) dt = t +
3
+ c = sin x +
3
+c

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x
Example 4 : Evaluate : x 4
 x2  1
dx
Solution. We have,
x x
= x 4
 x2  1
dx =  (x 2 2
)  x2  1
dx

1
Let x2 = t, then, d (x2) = dt  2x dx = dt  xdx  dt
2
1 1 1 1
 I=
2  2
t  t 1
dt =
2  2 2
dt
 1   3 
 t    
 2   2 

 
t 1 1  2t  1 
1 1  2 +C =
= . tan –1  3 
tan –1   +C

2 3 3  3 
 
2  2 

1  2x 2  1 
= tan –1  
 + C.
3  3 

sec x
Example 5 :  cos(2x   )  cos  dx
sec x
 dx = 1 sec x
dx
Solution. I=
2cos(x   )cos x 2
 (cos x cos   sin x sin )cos x
1 sec 2 x 1 sec 2 x
=  dx =  dx
2 cos   tan x sin  2 sin  cot   tan x
put cot  – tan x = t2  – sec2x dx = 2t dt
1 2t 2
I=  dt =  dt
2 sin  t 2 sin 

2
=– cot   tan x + C
sin 

2(cot   tan x)
= – +C
sin 

x  e x (sin x  cos x)  sin x cos x

Example 6 :  (x 2  2e x sin x  cos2 x)2 dx
1 2x  2e x (sin x  cos x)  2sin x cos x
dx ;
2
Solution. I=
(x 2  2e x sin x  cos 2 x)2
put x2 + 2ex sin x – cos2x = t
[2x + 2(ex cos x + ex sin x) + 2 sin x cos x]dx = dt
[2x + 2ex(cos x + sin x) + 2 sin x cos x] dx = dt
1 dt 1 1 1
= – · +C= –
2  t2
I= +C
2 t 2(x 2  2e x sin x  cos2 x)

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NOTE:

(f(x))n1
(i)  [ f(x)]n f (x) dx =
n1
+C (where n  1 )

f  (x) (f(x))1n
(ii)   f (x) n dx =
1 n
+C (where n  1 )

1
(iii)  x (x n
dx , n  N Take xn common & put 1 + xn = t.
 1)

 
 1 
  2 n (n1)n  dx , n  N, take x common & put 1+x = t ,  n  0 
n n n
(iv)
 
 x x 1  


 
1
(v)   xn 1  xn 1/ n
 dx , take xn common and put 1 + xn = t,  n  0 

   

IN - CHAPTER EXERCISE - 1

Find the antiderivative/primitive/integrals of the following by simple manipulation/simplifying

and converting them into loving integrands .
1  cos 2 x 1  tan 2 x
Q.1  2x . ex dx Q.2  1  cos 2x
dx Q.3  1  tan 2 x
dx

1  tan 2 x e 5 n x  e 4 n x
Q.4  1  cot 2 x dx Q.5  e 3 n x  e 2 n x
dx Q.6  (ea ln x + ex ln a)dx(a > 0)

cos 2 x 1  2x2 x 21
Q.7  cos 2 x sin 2 x
dx Q.8  x2
1  x 
2
dx Q.9  4 cos 2 · cos x · sin 2
x dx

cos x  sin x
Q.10  cos x  sin x
(2 + 2 sin 2x) dx Q.11  (3 sin x cos2 x  sin3 x) dx

(1  x)2 x
Q.12  cos xº dx Q.13 x dx Q.14  2x  1 dx
1  x 
2

sec 2x  1 2x  1 e 2x  1
Q.15  dx Q.16  dx Q.17  dx
sec 2x  1 x2 ex
sin x  cos x cos 2x  cos 2
Q.18  1  sin 2x
dx (cosx + sinx > 0) Q.19  cos x  cos 
dx

x6  1 sin 3 x  cos 3 x x 4  x2  1
Q.20  dx Q.21  dx Q.22  dx
x2  1 sin 2 x cos2 x 
2 1  x2 
sin 6 x  cos 6 x  
x  1 x2  x 
Q.23  1  sin 2x dx Q.24  sin 2 x . cos 2 x
dx Q.25  x x x x
dx

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 2  9 x  7 x cos 4x  1
Q.26  sin     sin 2     dx Q.27  dx
 8 4   8 4  cot x  tan x

Q.28 A function g defined for all positive real numbers, satisfies g'(x 2) = x3 for all x > 0 and g (1) = 1.
Compute g (4).

 2x  sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x

Q.29  sin  sin (x   )  sin      dx
2
Q.30  cos x  1  2 sin 2 2x
dx
 

 cot 2 2x  1  cos 4 x  sin 4 x

Q.31    cos 8x cot 4x  dx Q.32  dx (cos2x>0)
 2 cot 2x  1  cos 4 x

Q.33
2 x 3  3x 2  4 x  5
dx Q.34
x 2

 sin 2 x sec2 x
dx
 2x  1  1  x2

dx dx 1  1  cos x

Q.35  Q.36  Q.37  tan   dx
9  16 x 2
25  4 x 2  sin x 
dx cos 8x  cos 7 x 2  3x2
Q.38  1  sin x
Q.39  1  2 cos 5x dx Q.40 

x2 1  x 2 
dx

sin 2 x  sin 2k x2  3
Q.41  sin x  sin k  cos x  cos k dx Q.42  x 6 ( x 2  1)
dx

x
Q.43  sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx Q.44 x ln (ex )dx
Integration by subsitutions
sec 2 x sin(nx)
Q.45  1  tan x
dx Q.46  x
dx

2 sin(x 2  1)  sin 2(x 2  1)

Q.47  x· 2 sin(x 2  1)  sin 2(x 2  1)
dx Q.48  (tan3x – x tan2x)dx

x dx
Q.49
9x 12x 1/ 3
 (27e  e ) dx Q.50  (1  x 2
)  (1  x 2 )3

ANSWER KEY
2x . ex 1 1
Q.1 +C Q.2 (tan x + x) + C Q.3 sin 2x + C Q.4 tan x  x + C
1  n 2 2 2

x3 x a 1 ax
Q.5 +C Q.6  +c Q.7  (cot x + tan x) + C
3 a  1 n a

1 1 1 1 1 
Q.8  + tan 1 x + C Q.9   cos 9x  cos 10 x  cos 11x  cos 12 x  + C
x  9 10 11 12 
cos3x 180
Q.10 sin 2x + C Q.11  +C Q.12 sin xº + C Q.13 ln x + 2 tan 1 x +C
3 

1 x  n (2x  1) 
Q.14   +C Q.15 tan x  x + C Q.16 2x + 3 ln (x  2) +C
2  2 

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Q.17 ex + ex + C Q.18 x+C Q.19 2 (sin x + x cos ) +C

x5 x3 1  x3 1 
Q.20  + x  2 tan 1 x + C Q.21 sec x  cosec x + C Q.22   tan x  +C
5 3 2 3 
Q.23 (sin x + cos x) sgn (cos x - sin x) + C Q.24 tan x  cot x  3x + C
x2 x cos 4x
Q.25 x+C Q.26  2 cos +C Q.27  +C
2 2 8
67 1
Q.28 Q.29 (x  sin x) + C Q.30  2 cos x + C
5 2
cos8x x
Q.31  +C Q.32 +C
8 2

x 3 x 2 3x 7 1 4
Q.33    ln(2x+1) Q.34 tan x  tan 1 x + c Q.35 sin 1 x + C
3 2 2 4 4 3

1 2x x x 2
Q.36 tan 1 +C Q.37  Q.38 tan x  sec x + C
10 5 2 4
sin 3x sin 2 x 2
Q.39  C Q.40  + tan 1 x + C
3 2 x
Q.41 (sin x – cos x) + (sin k + cos k)x + C
2 2 1 3 1 1
Q.42 C– +  – – 2tan–1x Q.43  cos 8x + C Q.44 xx + C
x 3x 5 x5 64
Q.45 n |1 + tan x| + C Q.46 – cos (n x) + C
(tan x  x)2
Q.47 put x2 + 1 = t and proceed Q.48 +C
2
(27  e 3x )4 3 1 x2
Q.49 C Q.50 ln C
4 1  1 x2 

5. INTEGRATION BY PART

 d 
 f ( x) g( x) dx = f(x)  g(x ) dx –   dx f( x )  g(x ) dx  dx
(i) when you find integral  g(x ) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.
(ii)  g(x ) dx should be taken as same both terms.
(iii) the choice of f(x) and g(x) is decided by ILATE rule.
the function will come later is taken an integral function.
  Inverse function
L  Logrithimic function
A  Algeberic function
T  Trigonometric function
E  Exponential function
EXAMPLES :

1
Example 1 : Evaluate :  x tan x dx

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1
Solution.  x tan x dx

x2 1 x2
= (tan –1 x)
2
–  1 x 2 .
2
dx

x2 1 x 2  1 1 x2 1  1 
=
2
tan –1 x –
2  x 12 dx =
2
tan –1 x –
2  1  x 2
 1 
dx

x2 1
= tan –1 x – [x – tan –1 x] + C.
2 2

Example 2 : Evaluate :  x log(1 x ) dx

Solution.  x ln(1 x) dx
x2 1 x2
= ln (x + 1) .
2
–  x 1 . 2
dx

x2 1 x2 x2 1 x 2  1 1
=
2
ln (x + 1) –
2  x  1 dx = 2
ln (x + 1) –
2  x 1
dx

x2 1 x2  1 1
=
2
ln (x + 1) –
2  x 1
+
x 1
dx

x2 1   ( x  1)  1  dx 
=
2
ln (x + 1) – 
2   x  1 

2
x2 1  x  x  ln | x  1|
= ln (x + 1) –   +C
2 2 2 

2x
Example 3 : Evaluate : sin 3x dx
e
2x
Solution. Let  = e sin 3x dx, then

2x
= e sin 3x dx

 cos 3 x  2x  cos 3 x 
  = e 2x   3 
 –
 2e 
3 
 dx
 

1 2x 2 2x
 =–
3
e cos 3x +
3 e cos 3x dx

1 2x 2  2 x sin 3 x sin 3 x 
 =– e cos 3x + e  2e 2 x dx  
3 3  3 3 

1 2x 2 4 2x
 =–
3
e cos 3x + e 2x sin 3x –
9 9 e sin 3x dx

1 2x 2 4
 =– e cos 3x + e 2x sin 3x – 
3 9 9

4 e 2x
 + = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x)
9 9

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13 e 2x
 = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x)
9 9

e 2x
 = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x) + C
13

NOTE :

(i)  e x [f(x) + f (x)] dx = e x. f(x) + c

(ii)  [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c

EXAMPLES :

x x
Example 1 : e ( x  1)2
dx

x x  1 1
Solution. e ( x  1)2
dx

x  1 1 
 e  
 ( x  1) ( x  1)2

 dx


ex
= +c
( x  1)

x  1  sin x 
Example 2 : e   dx
 1  cos x 

 x x
 1  2 sin cos 
x  2 2 
Solution. e 
 2 sin 2 x  dx

 2 

x 1 2 x  x 
 e  cos ec    cot    dx
2 2  2 
x
= – e x cot +c
2
 1 
Example 3 :  n (nx )  (nx ) 2  dx

Solution. put x = et
t  1
 e  nt  2  dt
 t 

t  1 1 1
 e  nt    2  dt
 t t t 

 1
= e t  nt   + c
 t

 1 
 x n (nx )  +c
 nx 

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6. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS BY USING PARTIAL

FRACTIONS

PARTIAL FRACTIONS :

f(x)
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then g( x ) defines a rational algebraic function of a
rational function of x.
f(x)
If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then g( x ) is called a proper rational function.
f(x)
If degree of f(x)  degree of g(x) then g( x ) is called an improper rational function.
f(x)
If g( x ) is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function
f(x) ( x)
g( x )
is expressed in the form (x) + g( x )
where (x) and (x) are polynomials such that the
degree of (x) is less than that of g(x).
f(x)
Thus, g( x ) is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function.

f(x)
Any proper rational function g( x ) can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each

having a simple factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process
f(x)
of obtaining them is called the resolution or decomposition of g( x ) into partial fractions.

f(x)
The resolution of g( x ) into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of

g(x) as discussed below.

CASE I - When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors :

Let g(x) = (x – a 1) (x – a 2) .....(x – a n ), then, we assume that

f(x) A1 A2 An
g( x )
= x  a + x  a + ..... + x  a , where A1, A2 , ...... An are constants and can be
1 2 n

determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the numerator on L.H.S. and then
substituting x = a 1, a 2, ........,a n .
3x  2
Example 1 : Resolve into partial fractions.
x  6x 2  11x  6
3

3x  2 3x  2
Solution. We have, =
x 3  6x 2  11x  6 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

3x  2 A B B
Let = + + , then,
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x 1 x2 x3

3x  2 A( x  2)( x  3)  B( x  1)( x  3)  C( x  1)( x  2)

 =
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

 3x + 2 = A(x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 1) (x – 3) + C(x – 1) (x – 2) ...........(i)

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Putting, x – 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get

5
5 = A(1 – 2) (1 – 3)  A = ,
2
Putting, x – 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i), we obtain
8 = B (2 – 1) (2 – 3)  B = –8.
Putting, x – 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (i), we obtain
11
11 = C (3 – 1) (3 – 2)  C = .
2

3x  2 3x  2 5 8 11
 = = – +
x 3  6x 2  11x  6 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) 2( x  1) x2 2( x  3)

NOTE :
In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction
corresponding to the non-repeated linear factor px + q in the denominator of a rational
expression, we may proceed as follows :
q
Replace x = – (obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression
p

except in the factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is

3x  2
obtained by replacing x by 1 in all factors of except (x – 1)
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

3  1 2 5
i.e. A= =
(1  2)(1  3) 2
Similarly, we have

321 33  2 11
B= = –8 and, C = =
(1  2)(2  3) (3  1)(3  2) 2

x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2
Example 2 : Resolve into partial fractions.
x 2  5x  6
Solution. Here the given function is an improper rational function. On dividing we get

x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 (  x  4)
=x–1+ ...........(i)
x 2  5x  6 ( x 2  5x  6)

x  4 x  4
we have, =
x 2  5x  6 ( x  2)( x  3)

x  4 A B
So, let = + – x + 4 = A(x – 3) + B(x – 2) ...........(ii)
( x  2)( x  3) x2 x3
Putting x – 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (ii), we get
1 = B(1)  B = 1.
Putting x – 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (ii), we get
2 = A (2 – 3)  A = – 2
x  4 2 1
 = +
( x  2)( x  3) x2 x3

x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 2 2
Hence = x–1– +
x 2  5x  6 x2 x 3

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CASE II - When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors
such that some of them are repeating :
1 1
Example : g( x ) = ( x  a )k ( x  a )( x  a ).......( x  a ) this can be expressed as
1 2 r

A1 A2 A3 Ak B1 B2 Br
+ 2 + 3 + ....+ k + ( x  a ) + ( x  a ) + ...... + ( x  a )
xa ( x  a ) ( x  a ) ( x  a ) 1 2 r

Now, to determine constants, we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants
are determined by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by comparing the
coefficients of like powers of x on both sides.

The following example illustrate the procedure.

3x  2 (3 x  2)
Example 3 : Resolve into partial fractions, and evaluate  ( x  1) dx
( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  2)
2
( x  1)(x  2)

3x  2 A1 A2 A3 A4
Solution. Let = + + +
( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  2) x 1 ( x  1) 2 x 1 x2
 3x – 2 = A1 (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A2 (x + 1) (x + 2)
+ A3 (x – 1) 2 (x + 2) + A4 (x – 1) 2 (x + 1) .......(i)
Putting, x – 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
1
1 = A2 (1 + 1) (1 + 2)  A2 =
6
Putting, x + 1 = 0 or, x = –1 in (i) we get
5
– 5 = A3 (–2) 2 (–1 + 2)  A3 = –
4
Putting, x + 2 = 0 or, x = –2 in (i) we get
8
– 8 = A4 (–3) 2 (–1)  A4 =
9
Now equating coefficient of x3 on both sides, we get 0 = A1 + A3 + A4
5 8 13
 A1 = –A3 – A4 = – =
4 9 36

3x  2 13 1 5 8
 2 = + – +
( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2) 36( x  1) 6( x  1)2 4( x  1) 9( x  2)

(3x  2)dx
and hence  ( x  1) (x  1)(x  2)
2

13 1 5 8
= n |x – 1| – – n |x + 1| + n |x + 2| + c
36 6( x  1) 4 9

CASE III - When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating :
Corresponding to each quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c, which is non reduciable to two linear
Ax  B
factors, we assume partial fraction of the type 2 , where A and B are constants to
ax  bx  c
be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of both
sides.
A(2ax  b) B
In practice, it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type +
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
The following example illustrates the procedure

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2x  1 2x  1
Example 4 : Resolve
( x  1)( x 2  2)
into partial fractions and evaluate  ( x  1)(x 2
 2)
dx

2x  1 A Bx  C
Solution. Let = + 2 , then
( x  1)( x 2  2) x 1 x 2

2x  1 A( x 2  2)  (Bx  C)( x  1)
2 =
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x 2  2)
 2x – 1 = A (x2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(i)
Putting, x + 1 = 0 or x = –1 in (i), we get – 3 = A(3)  A = –1.
Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get
A + B = 0, C + 2A = –1 and C + B = 2
 –1 + B = 0, C – 2 = –1 (Putting A = –1)
 B = 1, C = 1
2x  1 1 x 1
 =– + 2
( x  1)( x 2  2) x 1 x 2

2x  1 1 1 x
Hence  ( x  1)(x 2
 2)
dx = – n |x + 1| +
2
n |x2 + 1| +
2
tan –1
2
+c

CASE IV - When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions
 A ( 2ax  b) A2 
 A 0 (2ax  b ) A1  1

of the form    +  2 
2
 ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c  
 ax  bx  c
2 2
 
ax  bx  c  2


 A 
2k 1(2ax  b ) A 2k
+ .......+   

 ax 2  bx  c  
k
ax 2  bx  c  k

The following example illustrates the procedure.

2x  3
Example 5 : Resolve into partial fractions.
( x  1)( x 2  1)2

2x  3 A Bx  C Dx  E
Solution. Let = + 2 + 2 , then
( x  1)( x 2  1)2 x 1 x 1 ( x  1) 2

2x – 3 = A(x2 + 1) 2 + (Bx + C) (x – 1) (x2 + 1) + (Dx + E) (x – 1) ......(i)

1
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get – 1 = A (1 + 1) 2  A = –
4
Equating coefficients of like powers of x, we have
A + B = 0, C – B = 0, 2A + B – C + D = 0, C + E – B – D = 2 and A – C – E = –3.
1
Putting, A = – and solving these equations, we get
4
1 1 5
B= = C, D = and E =
4 2 2
2x  3
 ( x  1)( x 2  1)2

1 x 1 x5
= + +
4( x  1) 4( x 2  1) 2( x 2  1)2

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2x
Example 6 : Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x 1

2x 2x
Solution. We have, =
x 13 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)

2x A Bx  C
So, let = + 2 , then
( x  1)( x 2  x  1) x 1 x  x 1

2x = A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1) .......(i)

2
Putting, x – 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = 3 A  A =
3
2
Putting, x = 0 in (i), we get A – C = 0  C = A =
3
Putting, x = – 1 in (i), we get –2 = A + 2B – 2 C.

2 4 2
 –2= + 2B – B=–
3 3 3

2 2
 x
2x 2 1 3 3 2x 2 1 2 1 x
 = . + 2 or,, 3 = +
x3  1 3 x 1 x  x 1 x 1 3 x 1 3 x2  x  1

IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 2

2 x
1.  x sin x dx 2. x e dx

x ex
3.  (1  x)2 dx 4.  [ sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)dx

e2 x (sin 4 x  2) x  sin x
5.  1  cos 4 x dx 6.  1  cos x dx

cos1 x (x  1)  1  x 2 ex
7. e ·
(x  1)2 1  x 2
dx 8.  x (1  x·ln x)dx
e x (1  sin x) x  sin x
9.  1 cos x dx 10.  1  cos x dx
1
etan x
(1  x  x 2 ) n x
11.  1 x 2
dx 12.  (1   n x) 2 dx

e x ( x 2  5 x  7) x2 ex
13.  (x  3)2 dx 14.  (x  2)2 dx
e x (1  x  x 3 ) e x (x  1)
15.  (1  x2 )3 / 2 dx 16.  (x  1)3 dx

1  sin2x e x (x 2  1)
17.  (1  cos 2x)e x dx 18.  (x  1)2 dx

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PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 1
19.  ( x  2)(x  3) dx 20.  (x  1)(x 2
dx
 1)

ANSWER KEY
ex
1. – x cosx + sin x + C 2. x2 e x – 2xe x + 2e x + C 3. +C
1 x
1 2x x
4. x sin(ln x) + C 5. e cot 2x + C 6. x tan +C
2 2
1
ecos x x x
7. C– +C 8. ex ln x + C 9. – e cot +C
1 x 2
x 1 x
10.  x cot + C 11. x e tan x
+C 12. +C
2 1  ln x

ex (x  2) x2 ex x
13. +C 14. ex + C 15. +C
x3 x2 x2  1

ex ex sec x e x (x  1)
16. +C 17. +C 18. + C
(1  x)2 2 x 1

x2 1 1 1
19. n x  3 + C 20. n |x + 1| – n (x2 + 1)+ tan –1(x) + C
2 4 2

7. INTEGRATION OF TYPE

dx dx
7.1  2 , 2
ax  bx  c
, ax 2  b x  c dx
ax  bx  c
Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.

EXAMPLES :

Example 1 : Evaluate :  x 2  2 x  5 dx

Solution. We have,

 x 2  2x  5

=  x 2  2 x  1  4 dx

2
  x  1  22 dx

1 1
=
2
(x + 1) ( x  1)2  2 2 +
2
. (2) 2 ln   x  1  
( x  1) 2  2 2 + C

1
=
2
(x + 1) x 2  2 x  5 + 2 ln  x  1  x 2  2x  5  +C

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1
Example 2 : Evaluate : x 2
 x 1
dx
1
Solution. x 2
 x 1
dx

1
= x dx
2 1 1
 x   1
4 4
1
=  ( x  1/ 2) 2
 3/4
dx

1 1  x  1/ 2 
=  ( x  1 / 2)   2
3 /2 
2 dx =
3 /2
tan –1 
 3 /2 
 +C


2  2x  1 
= tan –1   + C.

3  3 
1
Example 3 : Evaluate :  9  8x  x 2
dx
1
Solution.  9  8x  x 2
dx

1
=  2
 { x  8 x  9}
dx

1
=  2
 { x  8 x  16  25}
dx

1 1 x4
=  2 2
dx =  5  ( x  4 )2
2 dx = sin –1  5  + C
 
 {(x  4)  5 }

px + q px + q
7.2  ax 2
+ bx + c
dx,  ax 2 + bx + c
dx,  (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx

Express px + q = A(2ax + b) + B.
(where 2ax + b = differential coefficient of denominator)

EXAMPLES :
2x  3
Example 1 : Evaluate :  2
x  4x  1
dx

2x  3
Solution.  2
x  4x  1
dx

( 2 x  4)  1
=  x 2  4x  1
dx

2x  4 1
=  2
x  4x  1
dx –  2
x  4x  1
dx

1 1
=
 dt –  dx, where t = x2 + 4x + 1
t ( x  2) 2   3 2

=2 t – ln | (x + 2) + x 2  4x  1 | + C

= 2 x 2  4 x  1 – ln | (x + 2) + x 2  4x  1 | + C

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Example 2 : Evaluate :  ( x  5) x 2  x dx

d
Solution. Let (x – 5) =   (x2 + x) + , then,
dx
x – 5 = (2x + 1) + .
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
1 11
1 = 2 and  +  = – 5   = and  = –
2 2

 ( x  5) x 2  x dx

1 11 
=   2 (2x  1)  2  x 2  x dx

1 11
=  2 (2x  1) x 2  x dx –  x 2  x dx
2
1 11
=  (2x  1) x 2  x dx –  x 2  x dx
2 2

2 2
1 11  1  1
=
2  t dt –
2  x     
 2  2
dx where t = x2 + x

 2 2
1 t3 / 2 11  1  x  1   x  1    1  
= . –  2 2 
2 3/2 2  2  2 


2
 2 2 
1  1  x  1    x  1    1  
– .   log  
2 2 2  2   2   + C
 

1 3/2 11  2x  1 x 2  x  1 n  x  1   x 2  x 
= t –   +C
3 2  4 8  2 

1 2 11  2x  1 x 2  x  1 n  x  1   x 2  x 
= (x + x) 3/2 –   +C
3 2  4 8  2 

7.3 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1 1 1
(i)  a + b sin x dx 2 OR  a + b cos x dx 2 OR  a sin x
2
+ b sinx cos x + c cos2 x
dx

Multiply Nr & Dr by sec² x & put tan x = t.

1 1 1
(ii)  a + b sinx dx OR  a + b cosx dx OR a + b sin x + c cos x
dx

Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then
x
put, tan =t
2

a cos x + b sin x + c d
(iii)   cos x + m sin x + n dx , express Nr  A(Dr) + B dx (Dr) + C & proceed.

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EXAMPLES :
1
Example 1 : Evaluate :  1  sin x  cos x dx

1
Solution. =  1  sin x  cos x dx

1
=  2 tan x / 2 1  tan2 x / 2 dx
1 
1  tan2 x / 2 1  tan2 x / 2

1  tan 2 x / 2 sec 2 x / 2
=  1  tan 2 2
x / 2  2 tan x / 2  1  tan x / 2
dx =  2  2 tan x / 2 dx

x 1 x
Putting, tan = t and sec 2 dx = dt, we get
2 2 2

1 x
=  t 1 dt = ln | t + 1| + C = log tan 2  1 + C

3 sin x  2 cos x
Example 2 : Evaluate :  3 cos x  2 sin x dx

3 sin x  2 cos x
Solution. =  3 cos x  2 sin x dx

d
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = . (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) +  (3 cos x + 2 sin x)
dx
 3 sin x + 2 cos x =  (–3 sin x + 2 cos x) +  (3 cos x + 2 sin x )
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
12 5
– 3 + 2 = 3 and 2 + 3 = 2  = and  = –
13 13

( 3 sin x  2 cos x )  (3 cos x  2 sin x )

 =  3 cos x  2 sin x
dx

3 sin x  2 cos x
=  1. dx +  3 cos x  2 sin x dx

dt
=x+ t , where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x

5 12
=  x +  n | t | + C = x+ n | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
13 13

3 cos x  2
Example 3 : Evaluate :  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

Solution. We have,
3 cos x  2
=  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

Let 3 cos x + 2 =  (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) +  (cos x – 2 sin x) + 

Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get
 – 2 = 0, 2 +  = 3, 3 +  = 2
6 3 8
 = ,= and  = –
5 5 5

(sin x  2 cos x  3 )  (cos x  2 sin x )  

 =  sin x  2 cos x  3
dx

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cos x  2 sin x 1
 =  dx    sin x  2 cos x  3 dx +   sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

  =  x +  ln | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | +   1, where

1
1 =  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Putting, sin x = , cos x = we get
1  tan2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2

1
1 =  2 tan x / 2 2(1  tan2 x / 2)
dx
 3
1  tan2 x / 2 1  tan2 x / 2

1  tan2 x / 2
=  2 tan x / 2  2  2 tan 2
x / 2  3(1  tan2 x / 2)
dx

sec 2 x / 2
=  tan 2
x / 2  2 tan x / 2  5
dx

x 1 x x
Putting tan = t and sec 2 = dt or sec 2 dx = 2 dt, we get
2 2 2 2
2dt
1 = t 2
 2t  5

 x 
dt 2  t  1  tan  1 
2
=2  (t  1) 2
 22
=
2
tan –1 
 2 
 = tan –1 
 2


 
 

 x 
 tan  1 
–1  2  +C
Hence,  = x +  ln | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | +  tan
 2 
 
 

6 3 8
where  = ,= and  = –
5 5 5

dx
Example 4 :  1 3 cos 2
x

sec 2 x dx 1  tan x 
Solution. =  2
tan x  4
=
2
tan –1  2  + C
 

m
7.4 INTEGRATION OF TYPE  sin x.cos n x dx

Case - 
If m and n are even natural number, then convert higher power into higher angles.

Case - 
If at least m or n is odd natural number, then if m is odd, put cosx = t and if n is odd,
put sin x = t

Case - 
When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t or cot x = t

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EXAMPLES :
5
Example 1 :  sin x cos 4 x dx

Solution. put cos x = t  – sinx dx = dt

2 2
=–  (1 t ) . t4 . dt

4
=–  (t  2t 2  1) t4 dt

8
=–  (t  2t 6  t 4 ) dt

t9 2t 7 t5
=– + – +c
9 7 5

cos 9 x cos7 x cos 5 x

=– +2 – + c Ans.
9 7 5
1/ 3
Example 2 :  (sin x ) (cos x) 7 / 3 dx

1/ 3
Solution.  (sin x ) (cos x) 7 / 3 dx

1/ 3 1
=  (tan x) cos2 x
dx

put tanx = t  sec 2x dx = dt

1/ 3
= t dt

3 4/3 3
= t +c= (tanx) 4/3 + c Ans.
4 4
2
Example 3 :  sin x cos 4 x dx

1 2 1 2 1 2
Solution.
8  sin 2x(1  cos 2x)dx =
8  sin 2x dx +
8  sin 2x cos 2x dx

1 1  sin3 2x  x sin 4 x sin3 2x

 
=
16  (1  cos 4 x ) dx 
16  3  +C=
  16
–
64
+
48
+c

7.5 INTEGRATION OF TYPE

x2 ± 
 x 4 + k x2 + 2
dx where k is any constant.


Divide Nr & Dr by x² & put x  = t.
x

EXAMPLES :
1 x 2
Example 1 :  1 x 2  x 4
dx

1
 1 1 
 x 2  1
Solution.  dx x+ =t
1 x
x2  1
x2

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dt
 –  t2  1

1 t 1
 – n t 1
+C
2

1
x 1
1 x
 – n 1 +C
2 x  1
x

1
Example 2 : Evaluate : x 4
1
dx
Solution. We have,
1
= x 4
1
dx

 1 
 x2 
  =   dx
 x 2  12 
 x 

 2 
 2 
 =
1
2
 2 x 1  dx
x  2 
 x 

 1 1 
1  1 x2 1 2
x 
 =  2 1  2 1  dx
2 x  2 x  2 
 x x 

 1   1 
1  1  x2  1  1 x2 
 =  2 1  dx –  2 1  dx
2 x  2  2 x  2 
 x   x 

1 1
1 1
1 x2 1 x2
 =
2  1
2 dx –
2   1
2 dx
x    2 x    2
 x  x

1 1
Putting x – = u in 1st integral and x + =  in 2nd integral, we get
x x

1 du 1 d
=
2
 u   2
2 2 –
2
    2
2 2

1  u  1  2
= tan –1   – 1 ln +C
2 2  2 2 2 2  2

1  x  1/ x  1 x  1/ x  2
= tan –1   – ln +C
2 2  2  4 2 x  1/ x  2

1  x 2  1 1 x2  2 x  1
= tan –1  
 – ln +C
2 2  2x 4 2 x2  x 2  1

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7.6 INTEGRATION OF TYPE

1 1
 (ax + b) dx OR   ax dx ; put px + q = t2.
px + q 2
+ bx + c  px + q

EXAMPLES :
1
Example 1 : Evaluate :  ( x  3) x 1
dx

1
 ( x  3)
x  1 dx
Solution. Let  =
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t 2 i.e. x + 1 = t2 and dx = 2t dt
1 2t
 =  (t 2
 1  3) t 2
dt

dt 1 t2 1 x 1 2
 =2 t 2
2 2 =2.
2(2)
ln t  2 + C   =
2
ln
x 1  2
+ C.

x2
Example 2 : Evaluate :  (x 2
 3x  3) x  1
dx

x2
Solution. Let  =  (x 2
 3x  3) x  1
dx

( t 2  1) 2t dt
2
Putting x + 1 = t , and dx = 2t dt, we get  =  {(t 2
 1)2  3( t 2  1)  3} t 2

1
1
( t 2  1) t2
 =2 t 4
 t2  1
dt = 2 t 2

1
1
dt
2
t

du 1
 =2  u   3
2 2 where t –
t
= u.

 1
 u   t  t 
2 2   +C
= tan –1   tan –1
  3 +C =  3 
3   3
 

2  t 2  1 2  x 
 = tan –1  
 +C= tan –1   +C
3 t 3 3  3 ( x  1) 

7.7 INTEGRATION OF TYPE

1 1
 (ax + b) dx , put ax + b = ;
2
px + qx + r t

1 1
 (ax dx , put x =
2
+ b) px 2 + q t

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EXAMPLES :
dx
Example 1 : 

︶
1 x2  x  1

x
1
Solution Put x  1  ,
t

 dt
The given integral =   1 1 
2
1
t2     1 
t t  t

 dt  dt  dt
=  1 1 =  2
t  t 1
=   1 3
t  1 t   
t2 t  2 4

 2 
 1  1 3
= – n  t    t     + C
 2  2 4
 

dx
Example 2 :  (1  x 2
) 1 x2

1 dt
Solution. Put x =
t
 =  (t 2
 1) t 2  1

put t2 – 1 = y2

y dy 1  y   1 x2 
1  
 =–  (y 2
 2) y
=–
2
tan –1 
 2
 + C = –
2
tan –1 
2x  +C
 

7.8 INTEGRATION OF TYPE

x α
(i)  β x
dx or   x  α  β  x  dx ; put x =  cos 2
 +  sin2 

x α
(ii)  x β
dx or  x  α x  β dx ; put x =  sec2   tan2 

1
(iii)   x - α   x - β  dx ; put x  = t2 or x  = t2.

8. REDUCTION FORMULAE OF

n n n n
 tan x dx ,  cot x dx ,
 sec x dx ,  cos ec x dx n  2,n  N
n 2
1. n =  tan x dx =  tan x tann 2 x dx

2
=  (sec x  1) tan n – 2x dx

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2
 n =  sec x tann  2 x dx –  n – 2

tann1 x
 n = – n – 2
n 1

n 2
2. n =  cot x dx =
 cot x.cot n  2 x dx

2
=  (cos ec x  1) cot n 2 x dx

cot n 1 x
 n =  cos ec 2 x cotn 2 x dx –  n – 2  n = – – n – 2
n 1

n 2
3. n =  sec x dx =  sec x sec n 2 x dx

  n = tanx sec n – 2x –  (tan x )(n  2) sec n – 3

x. secx tanx dx.

  n = tanx sec n – 2 x – (n – 2)  (sec 2

x – 1) sec n – 2x dx
 (n – 1)  n = tanx sec n – 2x + (n – 2)  n – 2

tanx secn2 x n2

n = + 
n 1 n 1 n – 2

n 2
4. n =  cos ec dx =  cos ec x cosec n – 2 x dx

  n = – cotx cosec n – 2x +  (cot x)(n  2) (– cosec n – 3

x cosec x cot x) dx

2
 – cotx cosec n – 2x – (n – 2)  cot x cos ec n 2 x dx

2
  n = – cotx cosec n – 2x – (n – 2)  (cos ec x  1) cosec n – 2 x dx

 (n – 1)  n = – cotx cosec n – 2 x + (n – 2) 2 n – 2

cot x cosecn2x n2

n = + 
n 1 n 1 n–2

Example 1 : Obtain reducation formula for  n =  sin x dx. Hence evaluate  sin x dx
n 4

Solution. n =  (sin x) (sin x) n –1

dx


= – cos x (sin x) n–1 + (n – 1)  (sin x) n–2

cos2x dx

= – cos x (sin x) n–1 + (n – 1)  (sin x) n –2

(1 – sin 2x) dx
 n = – cos x (sin x) n–1 + (n – 1)  n–2 – (n – 1)  n
cos x(sin x )n1 (n  1)
 n = – +  n–2 (n  2)
n n

cos x(sin x)3 3   cos x(sin x )  1 x 

  +C
Hence  4 = – + 2 2 
4 4 

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 I I T -ian’s PA CE Edu.Pvt.Ltd INTEGRATION Rg- INT -12

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - 3

1 1
1.  2x 2
 x 1
dx 2.  2
2x  3 x  2
dx

x 1 6x  5
3. x 2
x3
dx 4.  3x 2  5 x  1
dx

4 sin x  5 cos x
5.  ( x  1) 1  x  x 2 dx 6.  5 sin x  4 cos x dx

x2  1
7.  x 4  7x 2  1
dx 8.  tan x dx

1 1
9.  dx 10.  2
dx
(x  2) x  1 (x  5x  6) x  1

1 1
11.  dx 12.  dx
2
(x  1) 1  x  x (2x  1) 1  x 2
2

1
13.  dx
(x  2x  2) x 2  2x  4
2

Reduction formulae
x3 1
 [(x  1)(2  x)] dx
14.  x4
dx 15. 3/2

1
16.  [(x  2) (x  1) ]
8 6 1/ 7
dx

1 1
17. Deduce the reduction formula for  n =  (1  x 4 n
dx and Hence evaluate  =  (1  x 4 2
dx
) 2 )

18. If  m,n =  (sin x) m

(cos x) n dx then prove that

(sin x )m1(cos x)n 1 n 1

 m,n = + .  m,n–2
mn mn

ANSWER KEY

1 2x  1 1  3
2 3
1. ln 2x  2
+C 2. ln  x    x  x  1 + C
3 2  4 2

1 1  2x  1 
3. ln |x2 + x + 3| + tan –1   + C 4. 2 3 x 2  5x  1 + C
2 11  11 

1 3 9
5. (x2 + x + 1) 3/2 – (2x + 1) 2
1  x  x 2 – 16 ln (2x +1 + 2 x  x  1 ) + C
3 8

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 I I T -ian’s PA CE Edu.Pvt.Ltd INTEGRATION Rg- INT -12

1
x 3
40 9 1 x
6. x+ ln |5sinx + 4cosx| + C 7. ln 1 +C
41 41 6 x 3
x

1  y  1 y 2 1
8. tan –1   + n + C where y = tan x –
2  2 2 2 y 2 tan x

 x 1
9. 2 tan –1  
x 1 + C 10. 2 tan –1  x 1  –1 
2 tan 


2 
+C

3 
  1  1 
1 x  2 
11. sin –1  2 x 1
  +C 12. – tan –1  2  + C

5

3  3x 
 2 

 x 2  2x  4  6 ( x  1) 
1  
13. –
2 6
n  2  +C
 x  2x  4  6 ( x  1) 
14. ( x  3 )( x  4) + ln  
x3  x 4 + C

 x 1 1/ 7
2x   x 1 
15. 8  2  x  x  1  + C 16. 7   +C
  x2

x 4n  5
17. n = + 
4(n  1)(1  x 4 )n1 4(n  1) n–1

  1  1 
x 3  1 x  x  2 
 2 = 4 (1  x 4 ) + tan 1  x   1 n  x  + C
4 2 2  2  4 2 x 1 
     2  
    x 

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