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On the space E := R[X]≤ of polynomial of degree ≤ , consider the following linear forms
Z
` : P 7→ P (), ` : P 7→ (P () − P 00 ()), ` : P 7→ tP (t) dt.
−
. Compute the decomposition of the linear form φ : P 7→ P 00 () and ψ : P 7→ − P 00 () in the basis
L.
f : E −→ E, P 7→ ( − X + X ) P 00 + ( − X)P 0 + P .
Compute its matrix in the canonical basis B = (, X, X ) and give the matrix of t f in the dual basis
B ∗.
. Show that im(t f ) has basis (` , ` ) and that ker(t f ) has basis ` .
. Show that
t
f (` ) = (P 00 () + P ()) = (` − ` )(P ),
t
f (` ) = (P 00 () + P () − P 00 (−/)) = ` (P ).
R
. Show that −
tf (P )(t) dt = for all P ∈ E.
Algebra MAA – Bachelor – Year
Solution.
. Suppose that a` + b` + c` = for some a, b, c ∈ R. Evaluation on respeively , X and X give
a + b =
a + b + c = ⇐⇒ a = b = c = .
a − b =
Thus ` , ` , ` are linearly independent. Since the dimension of E (and thus of E ∗ ) is , this proves
that L is a basis of E ∗ .
. Let us write Q = a + bX + cX . From the equations `i (Q ) = δi we get the linear sy
em
a + b + c =
⇐⇒ (a, b, c) = (, , )
a + b + c − c =
b =
so Q = + X .
For Q , we get the linear sy
em
a+b+c =
⇐⇒ (a, b, c) = (, , −)
a + b + c − c =
b =
so Q = − X .
Finally, for Q we get the sy
em
a+b+c =
⇐⇒ (a, b, c) = (− , , )
a + b + c − c =
b =
so Q = (X − ).
Thus :
Q = + X , Q = − X , Q = (X − ).
. We have
φ = φ(Q )` + φ(Q )` + φ(Q )` = ` − `
Algebra MAA – Bachelor – Year
MB (f ) = M =
and
MB ∗ (t f ) = t M = .
. One sees that ker f is generated by −X and thus by Q and that im f is generated by X and +X
and thus by Q and Q .
. Let us compute :
(im(t f )) = {P ∈ E | (∀φ ∈ im(t f )), φ(P ) = } = {P ∈ E | (∀ψ ∈ E ∗ ), t f (ψ)(P ) = (ψ(f (P )) = }
= {P ∈ E | f (P ) = } = ker f .
We have used the fa that an element in E kills all linear form on E if and only if it is .
Similarly, we show easily that im f ⊂ (ker(t f )) and we conclude im f = (ker(t f )) by equality of
dimension :
using the rank-nullity theorem, the identity proved ju
before and the formula for the dimension
of the annihilitor of a subspace.
. From the previous que
ion, im(t f ) = (ker f ) = {Q } = Span(` , ` ) and ker(t f ) = (im f ) = {Q , Q } =
Span(` ).
. Let us compute :
t
f (` )(P ) = ` (f (P )) = ` (( − X + X ) P 00 +(−X)P 0 +P ) = (P 00 ()+P ()) = (` −` +` )(P ) = (` −` )(P )
t
f (` )(P ) = ` (f (P )) = ` (( − X + X ) P 00 + ( − X)P 0 + P ) = (P 00 () + P ()) − P 00 ()
= (` − ` − ` + ` )(P ) = ` (P )
R
. t f (` )(P ) = = −
tP (t) dt.