CLASS –XII MATHEMATICS NCERT SOLUTIONS

Determinants
Miscellaneous Exercise
Answers
 x sin θ cos θ 
1. Let 
∆ =  − sin θ −x 1 
 cos θ 1 x 
Expanding along first row,
−x 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ −x
∆=x − sin θ + cos θ
1 x cos θ x cos θ 1
⇒ ∆ = x ( − x 2 − 1) − sin θ ( − x sin θ − cos θ ) + cos θ ( − sin θ + x cos θ )
⇒ ∆ = − x 3 − x + x sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ + x cos 2 θ
⇒ ∆ = − x3 − x + x ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) = − x 3 − x + x = − x 3 which is independent of θ .

a a 2 bc
2. L.H.S. = b b 2 ca
c c 2 ab

a 2 a 3 abc a 2 a3 1
abc 2 3
Multiplying R1 by a, R2 by b and R3 by c , b 2 b3 abc = b b 1
abc 2 3
c 2 c 3 abc c c 1

a 2 a3 1 1 a3 a 2
= b 2 b3 1 = − 1 b3 b 2 [Interchanging C1 and C3]
2 3 3 2
c c 1 1 c c

1 a 2 a3 1 a2 a3
= ( − )( − ) 1 b 2 b3 = 1 b 2 b3 [Interchanging C2 and C3] Proved.
2 3 2 3
1 c c 1 c c

cos α cos β cos α sin β − sin α

3. Let ∆= − sin β cos β 0
sin α cos β sin α sin β cos α
Expanding along first row,
= cos α cos β ( cos α cos β − 0 ) − cos α sin β ( − cos α sin β − 0 ) − sin α ( − sin α sin 2 β − sin α cos 2 β )

= cos 2 α cos 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β + sin 2 α ( sin 2 β + cos 2 β )

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 = cos 2 α ( cos 2 β + sin 2 β ) + sin 2 α ( sin 2 β + cos 2 β )
= cos 2 α + sin 2 α
=1

b+c c+a a+b

4. Given: ∆ = c+a a+b b+c = 0
a+b b+c c+a
2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c)
⇒ ∆= c+a a+b b+c =0 [ R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 ]
a+b b+c c+a

1 1 1
⇒ ∆ = 2 (a + b + c) c + a a+b b+c =0
a+b b+c c+a
Here, Either 2 ( a + b + c ) = 0 ⇒ a+b+c = 0 ……….(i)
1 1 1
Or c+a a+b b+c = 0
a+b b+c c+a
1 0 0
⇒ c+a a+b−c−a b+c−c−a = 0 [ C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 ]
a+b b + c − a −b c+a −a−b
b−c b−a
⇒ =0 [Expanding along first row]
c−a c −b
⇒ ( b − c )( c − b ) − ( b − a )( c − a ) = 0
⇒ bc − b 2 − c 2 + bc − bc + ab + ac − a 2 = 0
⇒ − a 2 − b 2 − c 2 + ab + bc + ca = 0
⇒ 2 a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca = 0
⇒ a 2 + a 2 + b 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c 2 − 2 ab − 2bc − 2ca = 0
⇒ (a 2
+ b 2 − 2ab ) + ( b 2 + c 2 − 2bc ) + ( a 2 + c 2 − 2ca ) = 0

( a − b ) + (b − c ) + (c − a ) =0
2 2 2
⇒
⇒ a − b = 0 and b − c = 0 and c − a = 0  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0, then x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 
⇒ a = b and b = c and c = a ……….(ii)
Therefore, from eq. (i) and (ii), either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c

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 x+a x x 3x + a 3x + a 3x + a
5. Given: x x+a x =0 ⇒ x x+a x =0 [ R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 ]
x x x+a x x x+a
1 1 1
⇒ ( 3x + a ) x x+a x =0
x x x+a
−a
Either 3x + a = 0 ⇒ x= ……….(i)
3
1 1 1
Or x x+a x =0
x x x+a
1 0 0
⇒ x a 0 =0 [ C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 ]
x 0 a
⇒ 1( a 2 − 0 ) = 0 ⇒ a2 = 0 ⇒ a=0
But this is contrary as given that a ≠ 0 .
−a
Therefore, from eq. (i), x = is only the solution.
3

a2 bc ac + c 2 a2 bc c (a + c)
6. L.H.S. = a 2 + ab b2 ac = a (a + b) b2 ac
b + bc b (b + c)
2 2
ab c ab c2

a c (a + c)
= abc ( a + b ) b a
b (b + c ) c
a−a −b−b c −b −b −c a+c−a−c
= abc a+b b a [ R1 → R1 − R 2 − R 3 ]
b b+c c
−2b − 2b 0 −2b 0 0
= abc a + b b a = abc a + b −a a [C2 → C2 − C1 ]
b b+c c b c c
= abc ( −2b )( −ac − ac ) = 4a 2b 2 c 2 = R.H.S. Proved.

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  3 −1 1 1 2 − 2
7. Given: A =  −15
−1
6 − 5 and B =  −1 3
 0 
 5 − 2 2   0 − 2 1 

( AB )
−1
Since, = B−1A −1 [Reversal law] ……….(i)
1 2 −2
Now B = −1 3 0 = 1( 3 − 0 ) − 2 ( −1 − 0 ) + ( −2 )( 2 − 0 ) = 3 + 2 − 4 = 1 ≠ 0
0 −2 1
Therefore, B−1 exists.
∴ B11 = 3, B12 = 1, B13 = 2 and B21 = 2, B22 = 1, B23 = 2 and B31 = 6, B32 = 2, B33 = 5
'
3 1 2   3 2 6 
∴ adj. B =  2 1 2  = 1 1 2 
6 2 5   2 2 5
3 2 6 
B = ( adj. B ) = 1 1 2 
−11 1
∴
B 1
 2 2 5
3 2 6   3 −1 1
( AB) = 1 1 2   −15 6 − 5
−1
From eq. (i),
 2 2 5  5 − 2 2 
9 − 30 + 30 − 3 + 12 − 12 3 − 10 + 12   9 − 3 5
( AB) = 3 − 15 + 10 1 − 5 + 4  =  −2 1 
−1
⇒ −1 + 6 − 4 3
6 − 30 + 25 − 2 + 12 − 10 2 − 10 + 10   1 0 2

 1 −2 1 1 −2 1
8. Given: Matrix A =  −2 3 1  ∴ A = −2 3 1
 1 1 5 1 1 5
⇒ A = 1(15 − 1) − ( −2 )( −10 − 1) + 1( −2 − 3) = 14 − 22 − 5 = −13 ≠ 0
Therefore, A −1 exists.
∴ A11 = 14, A12 = 11, A13 = −5 and A 21 = 11, A 22 = 4, A 23 = −3
and A 31 = −5, A32 = −3, A 33 = −1
 14 11 − 5
∴ adj. A =  11 4 − 3  = B (say)
 −5 −3 − 1

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  14 11 − 5
−1 
− 3 
1
∴ A = ( adj. A ) =  11
−1
4 ………(i)
A 13
 −5 −3 − 1
14 11 −5
⇒ B = 11 4 − 3 = 14 ( −4 − 9 ) − 11( −11 − 15) − 5 ( −33 + 20 ) = 169 ≠ 0
−5 −3 −1
Therefore, B−1 exists.
∴ B11 = −13, B12 = 26, B13 = −13 and B21 = 26, B22 = −39, B23 = −13
and B31 = −13, B32 = −13, B33 = −65
 −13 26 − 13  1 −2 1
∴ adj. B =  26 − 39 − 13 = −13  −2
 3 1
 −13 − 13 − 65  1 1 5 
1 −2 1 1 −2 1
−1 
( −13)  −2 1 1 ….(ii)
1 1
⇒ B−1 = ( adj. A ) = ( adj. B ) =
−1
3 = −2 3
B 169 13 
 1 1 5   1 1 5 
Now to find adj. A −1 = adj. C (say), where
 −14 −11 5 
 14 11 − 5  13 13 13
−
C = A −1 =  11 − 3  =  −11
1 −4 3 
4
13  13 11 13 
 −5 −3 − 1  5 3 1 
 13 11 13 
−14  −4 9   −11   −11 15  5  −33 20 
C = A −1 =  − −  − +  + 
13  169 169   13   169 169  13  169 169 
−14  −13  11  −26  5  −13  14 22 5 −13 −1
C = A −1 =  +  +   = − − = = ≠0
13  169  13  169  13  169  169 169 169 169 13
Therefore, C −1 exists.
−1 2 −1 2 −3 −1
∴ C11 = , C12 = , C13 = and C21 = , C 22 = , C 23 =
13 13 13 13 13 13
−1 −1 −5
and C31 = , C32 = , C33 =
13 13 13
−1 2 −1
13 13 13 1 −2 1
−
adj. A = adj. ( A ) = 2  −2 1 
−1 −3 −1 1
∴ = 3 ……….(iii)
13 13 13 13 
−1 −1 −5  1 1 5
13 13 13

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 1 −2 1  1 −2 1
1  −1  
Again (A )−1 −1 −11
= C = ( adj. C ) =
C −1  13  
−2 3 1  =  −2 3 1  = A (given)
13  1 1 5  1 1 5

( adj. A ) = adj. ( A −1 )
−1
(i)

1 −2 1 1 −2 1
−1   −1 
⇒ −2 3 1 = −2 3 1  [From eq. (ii) and (iii)]
13  13 
 1 1 5   1 1 5

(ii) (A ) −1 −1
=A

1 −2 1  1 −2 1
−1 
⇒ −2 3 1  =  −2 3 1 
13 
 1 1 5  1 1 5

x y x+ y 2( x + y) 2( x + y) 2( x + y)
9. Let ∆= y x+ y x = y x+ y x [ R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 ]
x+ y x y x+ y x y

1 1 1
= 2( x + y) y x+ y x
x+ y x y
1 0 0
= 2( x + y) y x+ y− y x− y [ C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 ]
x+ y x−x− y y−x− y
1 0 0
x x− y
= 2( x + y) y x x − y = 2 ( x + y ) .1
−y −x
x+ y −y −x
= 2 ( x + y ) {− x 2 + y ( x − y )} = 2 ( x + y ) ( − x 2 + xy − y 2 )
= −2 ( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) = −2 ( x 3 + y 3 )

1 x y
10. Let ∆=1 x+ y y
1 x x+ y
1 x y
= 0 x+ y−x 0 [ R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]
0 0 x+ y− y

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 1 x y
y 0
= 0 y 0 =1 = xy
0 x
0 0 x

α α2 β +γ α α2 α +β + γ
11. L.H.S. = β β2 γ +α = β β2 α + β +γ [C3 → C3 + C1 ]
γ γ 2
α +β γ γ 2
α + β +γ
α α2 1 α α2 1
= (α + β + γ ) β β2 1 = (α + β + γ ) β − α β 2 −α 2 0 [ R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]
γ γ 2
1 γ −α γ −α
2 2
0

β −α β 2 −α 2
Expanding along third column, (α + β + γ )
γ −α γ 2 −α 2
β −α ( β − α )( β + α ) 1 (β +α )
= (α + β + γ ) = (α + β + γ )( β − α )( γ − α )
γ −α ( γ − α )( γ + α ) 1 (γ + α )
= (α + β + γ )( β − α )( γ − α )( γ + α − β − α ) = (α + β + γ )( β − α )( γ − α )( γ − β )
= (α + β + γ )  − (α − β )  ( γ − α )  − ( β − γ )  = (α + β + γ )(α − β )( β − γ )( γ − α ) = R.H.S.

x x2 1 + px 3 x x2 1 x x2 px 3
12. L.H.S. = y y2 1 + py 3 = y y2 1+ y y2 py 3 = ∆1 + ∆ 2 (say) ……….(i)
z z2 1 + pz 3 z z2 1 z z2 pz 3

x x2 px 3 1 x x2 x2 x 1 x x2 1
Now ∆2 = y y2 py 3 = pxyz ∆ 2 = 1 y y 2 = − pxyz y 2 y 1 = pxyz y y2 1
z z2 pz 3 1 z z2 z2 z 1 z z2 1
⇒ From eq. (i), L.H.S. = ∆1 + pxyz ∆1 ……….(ii)
x x2 1 x x2 1
Now ∆1 = y y2 1 = y−x y 2 − x2 0 [ R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]
z z2 1 z−x z 2 − x2 1

y−x y2 − x2 y−x ( y − x )( y + x )
Expanding along third column, ∆1 = =
z−x z 2 − x2 z−x ( z − x )( z + x )
1 y+x
= ( y − x )( z − x ) = ( y − x )( z − x )( z + x − y − x ) = ( y − x )( z − x )( z − y )
1 z+x
= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )

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 ∴ From eq. (i), L.H.S. = ( y − x )( z − x )( z − y ) + pxyz ( y − x )( z − x )( z − y )
= (1 + pxyz )( y − x )( z − x )( z − y ) = R.H.S.

3a −a+b −a+c a+b+c −a+b −a+c

13. L.H.S. = −b + a 3b −b + c = a +b + c 3b −b+c [ C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
−c + a −c+b 3c a+b+c −c+b 3c
1 −a+b −a+c
= (a + b + c) 1 3b −b+c
1 −c+b 3c
1 −a+b −a+c
= (a + b + c) 0 2b + a −b+a [ R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 ]
1 −c+a 2c + a
2b + a a−b
= ( a + b + c ) .1 = ( a + b + c ) ( 2b + a )( 2c + a ) − ( a − b )( a − c ) 
a−c 2c + a
= ( a + b + c )  4bc + 2ab + a 2 − a 2 + ac + ab − bc  = ( a + b + c )( 3ab + 3bc + 3ac )
= 3 ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ac ) = R.H.S.

1 1+ p 1+ p + q
14. L.H.S. = 2 3+ 2p 4 + 3 p + 2q
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6 p + 3q
1 1+ p 1+ p + q
= 0 1 2+ p [ R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 and R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 ]
0 3 7 + 3p
1 2+ p
=1 − 0 + 0 = 7 + 3 p − 3 ( 2 + p ) = 7 + 3 p − 6 − 3 p = 1 = R.H.S.
3 7 + 3p

sin α cos α cos (α + δ ) sin α cos α cos α cos δ − sin α sin δ

15. L.H.S. = sin β cos β cos ( β + δ ) = sin β cos β cos β cos δ − sin β sin δ
sin γ cos γ cos ( γ + δ ) sin γ cos γ cos γ cos δ − sin γ sin δ

sin α cos α cos α cos δ − sin α sin δ + sin α sin δ

= sin β cos β cos β cos δ − sin β sin δ + sin β sin δ C3 → C3 + ( sin δ ) C1 
sin γ cos γ cos γ cos δ − sin γ sin δ + sin γ sin δ

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 sin α cos α cos α cos δ sin α cos α cos α
= sin β cos β cos β cos δ = cos δ sin β cos β cos β
sin γ cos γ cos γ cos δ sin γ cos γ cos γ
= cos δ ( 0 ) [∵ C2 and C3 have become identical]
= 0 = R.H.S.

1 1 1
16. Putting = u, = v and = w in the given equations,
x y z
2u + 3v + 10 w = 4; 4u − 6v + 5w = 1; 6u + 9v − 20w = 2
 2 3 10  u   4 
∴ the matrix form of given equations is  4 − 6 5  v  = 1  [AX= B]
6 9 − 20   w   2 
 2 3 10  u  4
Here, A =  4 − 6 5  , X = v  and B =
 
1 
 
6 9 − 20   w   2 
2 3 10
∴ A = 4 − 6 5 = 2 (120 − 45 ) − 3 ( −80 − 30 ) + 10 ( 36 + 36 ) = 150 + 330 + 750 = 1200 ≠ 0
6 9 − 20
∴ A −1 exists and unique solution is X = A −1B ……….(i)
Now A11 = 75, A12 = 110, A13 = 72 and A 21 = 150, A 22 = −100, A 23 = 0
and A 31 = 75, A32 = 30, A33 = −24
'
 75 110 72   75 150 75
∴ adj. A = 150 − 100 0  = 110 − 100 30 
 75 30 − 24   72 0 − 24 
 75 150 75
1 
30 
adj.A
−1
And A = = 110 − 100
A 1200 
 72 0 − 24 
u   75 150 75  4
∴ From eq. (i), v  = 1 110 − 100 30  1 
  1200 
 w  72 0 − 24   2
u  300 + 150 + 150  600  1 
⇒  v  = 1  440 − 100 + 60  = 1   =  2 
  1200   1200  400   1 3 
 w  288 + 0 − 48   240  1 
 5 
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ u = ,v = ,w = ⇒ x= = 2, y = = 3, z = = 5
2 3 5 u v w

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17. According to question, b−a = c −b ……….(i)
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
Let ∆ = x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b = 1 1 2 (b − a ) [ R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R 2 ]
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c 1 1 2 (c − b)

x+2 x+3 x + 2a
= 1 1 2 ( b − a ) [From eq. (i)] = 0 [∵ R2 and R3 have become identical]
1 1 2 (b − a )
Therefore, option (A) is correct.

 x 0 0 x 0 0
18. Given: Matrix A = 0 y 0  ∴ A=0 y 0
 
0 0 z  0 0 z
⇒ A = x ( yz − 0 ) − 0 + 0 = xyz ≠ 0
∴ A −1 exists and unique solution is X = A −1B ……….(i)
Now A11 = yz, A12 = 0, A13 = 0 and A 21 = 0, A 22 = xz, A 23 = 0 and A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A 33 = xy
'
yz 0 0 yz 0 0
∴ adj. A = 0 xz 0 = 0 xz 0
0 0 xy 0 0 xy
yz
yz 0 0 0 0 1
xyz
x
0 0 x −1 0 0
−1adj.A 1
And A = = 0 xz 0 = xz = 1 = 0 y −1
0
A xyz 0 0 0 0
0 0 xy xyz y 0 0 z −1
xy 1
0 0 0 0
xyz z
Therefore, option (A) is correct.

 1 sin θ 1 1 sin θ 1
19. Given: Matrix A =  − sin θ 1 sin θ  ∴ A = − sin θ 1 sin θ

 −1 − sin θ 1  −1 − sin θ 1

⇒ A = 1(1 + sin 2 θ ) − sin θ ( − sin θ + sin θ ) + 1( sin 2 θ + 1)

⇒ A = 1 + sin 2 θ + 1 + sin 2 θ = 2 + 2sin 2 θ ……….(i)
Since −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1 [∵ sin 2 θ cannot be negative]
⇒ 0 ≤ 2 sin θ ≤ 2
2
⇒ 2 ≤ 2 + 2 sin 2 θ ≤ 4 ⇒ 2 ≤ Det. A ≤ 4
Therefore, option (D) is correct.

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