Chapter 2

Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2.1 The Derivative 8. f ( x) = − x3
The difference quotient is
2. f(x) = −3
The difference quotient is f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) ( − ( x + h )3 ) − ( − x 3 )
=
f ( x + h) − f ( x) −3 − (−3) 0 h h
= = =0
h h h − x3 − 3x 2 h − 3xh 2 − h3 + x3
=
Then f ′( x) = lim 0 = 0. h
h →0
−3 x h − 3 xh − h3
2 2
The slope of the line tangent to the graph =
of f at x = 1 is f ′(1) = 0. h
= −3 x − 3 xh − h 2
2

4. f(x) = 2 − 7x
The difference quotient is Then
f ( x + h) − f ( x) (2 − 7( x + h)) − (2 − 7 x) f ′( x) = lim (−3 x 2 − 3xh − h 2 ) = −3x 2 .
= h →0
h h The slope of the line tangent to the graph
2 − 7 x − 7h − 2 + 7 x
= of f at x = 1 is f ′(1) = −3.
h
−7 h
= = −7 1
h 10. f ( x) =
Then f ′( x) = lim (−7) = −7. x2
h→0 The difference quotient is
The slope of the line tangent to the graph 1 − 1
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ( x + h ) 2 x2
of f at x = −1 is f ′(−1) = −7. =
h h
1 − 1
6. f ( x) = x 2 − 1 x 2 + 2 hx + h 2 x2
=
The difference quotient is h
x 2 −( x 2 + 2 hx + h 2 )
f ( x + h) − f ( x) (( x + h) 2 − 1) − ( x 2 − 1)
= ( x 2 + 2 hx + h 2 ) x 2
h h =
h
x + 2hx + h 2 − 1 − x 2 + 1
2
= −2hx − h 2
h =
h( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
2hx + h 2
= = 2x + h −2 x − h
h =
( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
Then f ′( x) = lim (2 x + h) = 2 x . −2 x − h
h →0 Then f ′( x) = lim
h →0 ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
The slope of the line tangent to the graph
of f at x = −1 is f ′( −1) = −2 . −2 x
=
x4
2
=− 3.
x

40
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 41

The slope of the line tangent to the graph point-slope formula the equation of the
1 tangent line is y − 3 = 3(x − 1) or y = 3x.
of f at x = 2 is f ′(2) = − .
4
18. For f ( x) = 2 − 3 x 2 ,
12. f ( x) = x f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
The difference quotient is h→0 h
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) (2 − 3( x + h) 2 ) − (2 − 3 x 2 )
= lim
h h→0 h
x+h − x = lim (−6 x − 3h)
= h→0
h = −6 x
x+h − x x+h + x for all x. At the point c = 1 , the slope of
= ⋅
h x+h + x the tangent line is m = f ′(1) = −6 . The
x+h−x point (1, −1) is on the tangent line so by
=
(
h x+h + x ) the point-slope formula the equation of
h the tangent line is y − ( −1) = −6( x − 1) or
=
h ( x+h + x ) y = −6 x + 5 .

1 3
= 20. For f ( x) = ,
x+h + x x2
1 1 f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Then f ′( x) = lim = f ′( x) = lim
h→0 x + h + x 2 x h→0 h
The slope of the line tangent to the graph 3 3
− 2
1 ( x + h) 2
of f at x = 9 is f ′(9) = . = lim
x
6 h→0 h
−6 x − 3h
14. For f ( x) = 3 , = lim
h→0 ( x + h) 2 x 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x) 3−3
f ′( x) = lim = lim =0 −6
h →0 h h →0 h = 3
x
for all x. So at the point c = −4 , the slope 1
At the point c = , the slope of the
of the tangent line is m = f ′(−4) = 0 . The 2
point (−4,3) is on the tangent line so by ⎛1⎞
tangent line is m = f ′ ⎜ ⎟ = −48 . The
the point-slope formula the equation of ⎝ 2⎠
the tangent line is y − 3 = 0[ x − (−4)] or ⎛1 ⎞
y =3. point ⎜ , 12 ⎟ is on the tangent line so by
⎝2 ⎠
the point-slope formula the equation of
16. For f(x) = 3x,
the tangent line is
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim ⎛ 1⎞
h→0 h y − 12 = −48 ⎜ x − ⎟ or y = −48 x + 36 .
3 x + 3h − 3 x ⎝ 2⎠
= lim
h→0 h
=3
for all x. So at the point c = 1, the slope of
the tangent line is m = f ′(1) = 3. The point
(1, 3) is on the tangent line so by the
42 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

1 dy
22. For f ( x) = , 28. For f ( x) = 6 − 2 x , at x0 = 3 is
x dx
f ( x + h) − f ( x) f (3 + h) − f (3)
f ′( x) = lim f ′(3) = lim
h →0 h h→0 h
1 − 1 (6 − 2(3 + h)) − (6 − 2(3))
= lim
= lim x+ h x
h→0 h
h →0 h −2h
x − x+h = lim
= lim h→0 h
h→0 h x 2 + xh = −2
x − ( x + h)
= lim dy
h→0 h x + xh
2
(
x + x+h ) 30. For f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x,
dx
at x0 = 1 is
−1 f (1 + h) − f (1)
= lim f ′(1) = lim
h →0 x 2 + xh ( x + x+h ) h →0 h
((1 + h)2 − 2(1 + h)) − (12 − 2(1))
−1 = lim
= h →0 h
x2 2 x( ) = lim
h 2

−1 h →0 h
=
2 x3/2 =0
So at the point c = 1, the slope of the
1
tangent line is f ′(1) = − . The point (1, 1 dy
2 32. For f ( x) = , at x0 = −3 is
2 − x dx
1) is on the tangent line so by the point-
f (−3 + h) − f (−3)
slope formula, the equation of the tangent f ′(−3) = lim
1 1 3 h →0 h
line is y − 1 = − ( x − 1) or y = − x + . 1 − 1
2 2 2 2−( −3+ h ) 2 −( −3)
= lim
h →0 h
24. From Exercise 7 of this section 1
= lim
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 . At the point c = 1 , the slope h →0 5(5 − h)
of the tangent line is m = f ′(1) = 3 . The 1
=
point (1,0) is on the tangent line so by the 25
point-slope formula the equation of the
tangent line is y − 0 = 3( x − 1) or
34. (a) m =
f ( 12 ) − f (0)
y = 3x − 3 . 1 −0
2
⎛ 2⎞
26. For f(x) = −17,
dy
at x0 = 14 is ⎜2 ( 12 ) − ( 12 ) 2
⎟ − (2(0) − 0 )
dx =⎝ ⎠
1
f (14 + h) − f (14) 2
f ′(14) = lim
h →0 h
3 −0
−17 − (−17) = 4
1
= lim 2
h →0 h 3
0 =
= lim 2
h →0 h
=0
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 43

f (0 + h) − f (0) f (0 + h) − f (0)
(b) f ′(0) = lim (b) f ′(0) = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
2
2h − h − 0 h(1 − 2h) − 0
= lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
= lim (2 − h) = lim (1 − 2h)
h →0 h →0
=2 =1
The answer is part (a) is a relatively The answer in part a is not a very
good approximation to the slope of good approximation to the average
the tangent line. rate of change.

( )
f − 12 − f ( −1)
40. (a) save =
s ( 14 ) − s(1)
36. (a) m =
− 12 − ( −1)
1
4
−1
1
−
1
4
− 1
− 12 − −−1−11 =
− −1 − 34
= 2
1
1 −1
2 = 2
1−1 − 34
= 3 2
2
1 =
2 3
1
=−
3 s (1 + h) − s (1)
(b) s′(1) = lim
h →0 h
f (−1 + h) − f (−1) 1+ h − 1
(b) f ′(−1) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
−1+ h − −1
= lim −1+ h−1 −1−1 1 + h −1 1 + h +1
= lim ⋅
h →0 h h →0 h 1+ h +1
1 1+ h −1
= lim = lim
h→0 2( h − 2)
1
(
h →0 h 1 + h + 1 )
=− 1
4 = lim
The answer in part (a) is a relatively 1+ h +1
h →0
good approximation to the slope of 1
=
the tangent line. 2
The answer in part a is a relatively

38. (a) f ave =

f ( 12 ) − f (0) good approximation to the
instantaneous rate of change.
1
2
−0

=
1
2 (1 − 2 ( 12 )) − 0(1 − 2(0)) 42. (a) ... the average rate of change of
revenue when the production level
1
2 changes from x0 to x0 + h units.
0−0 ... the instantaneous rate of change of
= 1 revenue when the production level
2
is x0 units.
=0
44 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

(b) ... the average rate of change in the (c) The rate the profit is changing at
fuel level, in lb/ft, as the rocket q = 20 is P′(20).
travels between x0 and x0 + h feet The difference quotient is
above the ground. P (q + h) − P (q)
... the instantaneous rate in fuel level h
when the rocket is x0 feet above the [70(q + h) − (q + h) 2 ] − [70q − q 2 ]
ground. =
h
(c) ... the average rate of change in 70q + 70h − q − 2qh − h 2 − 70q + q 2
2
=
volume of the growth as the drug h
dosage changes from x0 to x0 + h mg. 70h − 2qh − h 2
=
... the instantaneous rate in the h
growth’s volume when x0 mg of the = 70 − 2q − h
drug have been injected.
P ( q + h) − P ( q )
44. Answers will vary. Drawing a tangent line P′(q ) = lim = 70 − 2q
h →0 h
at each of the indicated points on the
curve shows the population is growing at P′(20) = 70 − 2(20) = $30 per
approximately 10/day after 20 days and recorder.
8/day after 36 days. The tangent line slope Since P′(20) is positive, profit is
is steepest between 24 and 30 days at increasing.
approximately 27 days.
Q (3,100) − Q(3,025)
46. (a) Profit = (number sold)(profit on each) 48. (a) Qave =
3,100 − 3,025
Profit on each
= selling price − cost to obtain 3,100 3,100 − 3,100 3,025
=
P ( p ) = (120 − p )( p − 50) 75
Since q = 120 − p, p = 120 − q.
=
(
3,100 10 31 − 55 )
P(q) = q[(120 − q) − 50] 75
or P (q ) = q (70 − q) = 70q − q 2 . ≈ 28.01
The average rate of change in output
(b) The average rate as q increases from is about 28 units per worker-hour.
q = 0 to q = 20 is
P (20) − P (0) [70(20) − (20)2 ] − 0
=
20 20
= $50 per recorder
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 45

Q (3,025 + h) − Q (3,025)
(b) Q′(3,025) = lim
h →0 h
3,100 3,025 + h − 3,100 3,025
= lim
h →0 h

= lim
(
3,100 3,025 + h − 55
⋅
)3,025 + h + 55
h →0 h 3,025 + h + 55
3,100(3,025 + h − 3,025)
= lim
h →0 (
h 3,025 + h + 55 )
3,100
= lim
h →0 3,025 + h + 55
3,100
=
110
≈ 28.2
The instantaneous rate of change is 28.2 units per worker-hour.

50. (a) E ( x) = x ⋅ D ( x)
= x(−35 x + 200)
= −35 x 2 + 200 x

E (5) − E (4)
(b) Eave =
5−4
= −35(5)2 + 200(5) − (−35(4)2 + 200(4))
= 125 − 240
= −115
The average change in consumer expenditures is −$115 per unit.

E (4 + h) − E (4)
(c) E ′(4) = lim
h →0 h
−35(4 + h) 2 + 200(4 + h) − (−35(4) 2 + 200(4))
= lim
h →0 h
2
−35h − 80h
= lim
h →0 h
= lim (−35h − 80)
h →0
= −80
The instantaneous rate of change is −$80 per unit when x = 4. The expenditure is decreasing
when x = 4.

52. (a) If P(t) represents the blood pressure function then P (0.7) ≈ 80 , P (0.75) ≈ 77 , and
77 − 80
P (0.8) ≈ 85 . The average rate of change on [0.7,0.75] is approximately = −6 mm/sec
0.5
85 − 77
while on [0.75, 0.8] the average rate of change is about = 16 mm/sec. The rate of
0.5
change is greater in magnitude in the period following the burst of blood.

(b) Writing exercise⎯answers will vary.

45
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 46

54. (a) The rocket is While for h( x) = 3 x , the derivative is

h(40) = −800 + 1200 = 400 feet above 3( x + h) − 3 x 3h
ground. h′( x) = lim = lim =3
h →0 h h→0 h

(b) The average velocity between 0 and (c) The derivative of the sum is the sum
40 seconds is given by of the derivatives.
h(40) − h(0) 400
= = 10 feet/second. (d) The derivative of f ( x) is the sum of
40 40
the derivative of g ( x) and h( x) .
(c) h′(0) = 30 ft/sec and
h′(40) = −10 ft/sec. The negative sign 60. If y = mx + b then
in the second velocity indicates the dy [m( x + h) + b] − (mx + b)
= lim
rocket is falling. dx h→0 h
mx + mh + b − mx − b
= lim
(3( x + h) − 2) − (3 x − 2) h →0 h
56. (a) f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h mh
= lim
3h h →0 h
= lim
h→0 h = lim m
=3 h →0
= m, a constant.
(b) At x = −1 , y = 3(−1) − 2 = −5 and
62. (a) Write any number x as x = c + h . If
(−1, −5) is a point on the tangent line. the value of x is approaching c, then h
Using the point-slope formula with is approaching 0 and vice versa. Thus
m = 3 gives y − (−5) = 3( x − (−1)) or the indicated limit is the same as the
y = 3x − 2 . limit in the definition of the
derivative. Less formally, note that if
(c) The line tangent to a straight line at f ( x ) − f (c )
any point is the line itself. x ≠ c then is the slope of
x−c
a secant line. s x approaches c the
58. (a) For f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x , the derivative is slopes of the secant lines approach the
f ′( x) slope of the tangent at c.
[( x + h)2 + 3( x + h)] − ( x 2 + 3x) (b) lim[ f ( x) − f (c)]
= lim x →c
h →0 h
x + 2hx + h + 3x + 3h − x 2 − 3 x
2 2 ⎡ f ( x ) − f (c ) ⎤
= lim ⎢ ( x − c) ⎥
= lim x →c ⎣ x−c ⎦
h →0 h
= lim (2 x + h + 3) = 2 x + 3 lim[ f ( x) − f (c)]
h →0 x →c
⎡ f ( x ) − f (c ) ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⎥ xlim ( x − c)
x →c ⎣ x−c ⎦ →c
(b) For g ( x) = x 2 , the derivative is = f ′(c) ⋅ 0
=0
( x + h) 2 − x 2
g ′( x) = lim using part (a) for the first limit on the
h →0 h right.
x + 2hx + h 2 − x 2
2
= lim (c) Using the properties of limits and the
h →0 h
= lim (2 x + h) result of part (b)
h →0
= 2x
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 47

0 = lim[ f ( x) − f (c)] 16. y = 3 x5 − 4 x3 + 9 x − 6

x →c
= lim f ( x) − lim f (c) dy
x →c x →c = 3(5 x 4 ) − 4(3 x 2 ) + 9(1) − 0
dx
= lim f ( x) − f (c)
x →c = 15 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 9
so lim f ( x) = f (c) meaning f(x) is
x →c 1 8 1 6
continuous at x = c . 18. f ( x) = x − x −x+2
4 2
64. Using the TRACE feature of a calculator 1 7 1
f ′( x) = 8 ⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x5 − 1 + 0
with the graph of y = 2 x3 − 0.8 x 2 + 4 4 2
7 5
shows a peak at x = 0 and a valley at = 2 x − 3x − 1
x = 0.2667 . Note the peaks and valleys
are hard to see on the graph unless a small 20. f (u ) = 0.07u 4 − 1.21u 3 + 3u − 5.2
rectangle such as [−0.3, 0.5] × [3.8, 4.1] is
used. f ′(u ) = 4(0.07u 3 ) − 3(1.21u 2 ) + 3 − 0
= 0.28u 3 − 3.63u 2 + 3
2.2 Techniques of Differentiation
3 2 2 2
2. y = 3 22. y = − 2 + 3 = 3 x −1 − 2 x −2 + x −3
dy x x 3x 3
=0 dy ⎛2 ⎞
dx = (−1)(3x −2 ) − (−2)(2 x −3 ) + (−3) ⎜ x −4 ⎟
dx ⎝ 3 ⎠
4. y = −2x + 7
= −3 x −2 + 4 x −3 − 2 x −4
dy
= −2(1) + 0 = −2 3 4 2
dx =− + −
2 3
x x x4
6. y = x 7 / 3
4
dy 7 7 / 3−1 7 4 / 3 24. f (t ) = 2 t 3 + − 2
= x = x t
dx 3 3
= 2t 3/ 2 + 4t −1/ 2 − 2
8. y = 4 − x −1.2 3 −1
f ′(t ) = (2t 3 / 2−1 ) + (4t −1/ 2−1 ) − 0
dy 2 2
= 0 − (−1.2) x −1.2−1 = 1.2 x −2.2
dx = 3t1/ 2 − 2t −3 / 2
2
4 =3 t −
10. y = πr 3 t3
3
dy 4
= π(3r 2 ) = 4 πr 2 −7 5
dr 3 26. y = 1.2
+ −2.1
= −7 x −1.2 + 5 x 2.1
x x
4 3 dy
= −1.2(−7 x −1.2−1 ) + 2.1(5 x 2.1−1 )
3/ 4
12. y = 2 x = 2 x
dx
dy ⎛3⎞ 3 3
= 2 ⎜ ⎟ x3/ 4−1 = x −1/ 4 = 4 = 8.4 x −2.2 + 10.5 x1.1
dx ⎝4⎠ 2 2 x 8.4
= + 10.5 x1.1
2.2
33 x
14. y = = t −2
2
2t 2
dy 3 −3 28. y = x 2 ( x3 − 6 x + 7) = x5 − 6 x3 + 7 x 2
= (−2t −3 ) = 3 dy
dt 2 t = 5 x 4 − 18 x 2 + 14 x
dx
48 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

30. Given y = x5 − 3x3 − 5 x + 2 and the point m = f '(2) = 48 +

1 193
= . The equation of
dy 4 4
(1, −5) , then = 5 x 4 − 9 x 2 − 5 and the 193
dx the tangent line is y − 66 = ( x − 4) or
slope of the tangent line at x = 1 is 4
193
m = 5(14 ) − 9(12 ) − 5 = −9 . The equation y= x − 127 .
of the tangent line is then 4
y − ( −5) = −9( x − 1) or y = −9 x + 4 .
40. f ( x) = x( x − 1) = x3/ 2 − x; x = 4
16 3
32. Given y = x3 − x 2 + and the point f ′( x) = x −1
x2 2
dy 3 32 f (4) = 8 − 4 = 4 so (4, 4)is a point on the
(4, −7) , then = x − 2 x − 3 and the tangent line. The slope is
dx 2 x
m = f ′(4) = 3 − 1 = 2. The equation of the
slope of the tangent line at x = 4 is
3 32 11 tangent line is y − 4 = 2( x − 4) or
m= 4 − 2(4) − 3 = − . The equation y = 2x − 4 .
2 4 2
of the tangent line is then
11 11 42. f ( x) = x3 − 3x + 5; x = 2
y − (−7) = − ( x − 4) or y = − x + 15 .
2 2 f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 3
f ′(2) = 3(4) − 3 = 9
3
34. Given y = 2 x 4 − x + and the point
x 44. f ( x) = x + 5 x; x = 4
dy 1 3
(1, 4) , then = 8 x3 − − 2 and the f ′( x) =
1
+5
dx 2 x x 2 x
slope of the tangent line at x = 1 is 1 21
1 3 9 f ′(4) = +5=
m = 8(13 ) − − 2 = . The equation 2(2) 4
2( 1) 1 2
9 2
of the tangent line is then y − 4 = ( x − 1) 46. f ( x) = − x x; x = 1
2 x
9 1 −2 3
or y = x − . f ′( x) = − x
2 2 x2 2
3 7
f ′(1) = −2 − = −
36. f ( x) = x 4 − 3 x3 + 2 x 2 − 6; x = 2 2 2
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 9 x 2 + 4 x
1
f (2) = 16 − 24 + 8 − 6 = −6 so (2, −6) is a 48. f ( x) = x + = x + x −1; f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
x
point on the tangent line. The slope is 1
m = f ′(2) = 32 − 36 + 8 = 4 . The equation f ′( x) = 1 − x −2 = 1 − 2 ; f ′(1) = 1 − 1 = 0
x
of the tangent line is y − ( −6) = 4( x − 2) or
At c = 1, the relative rate of change is
y = 4 x − 14 . f ′(1) 0
= =0
f (1) 2
38. f ( x) = x3 + x ; x = 4

f ′( x) = 3 x 2 +
1 50. f ( x) = (4 − x) x −1 = 4 x −1 − 1;
2 x 4 1
f (4) = 64 + 2 = 66 so (4, 66) is a point on f (3) = −1 =
3 3
the tangent line. The slope is
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 49

4
f ′( x) = −4 x −2 ; f ′(3) = − 58. (a) P (t ) = t 2 + 200t + 10,000 = (t + 100)2
9 P′(t ) = 2t + 200 = 2(t + 100)
At c = 3, the relative rate of change is
The percentage rate of change is
f ′(3) − 9
4
= =− .
4 P′(t ) 200(t + 100) 200
1 100 = = .
f (3) 3
3 P (t ) (t + 100) 2 t + 100
3
3 2
52. (a) Since f ( x) = − x + 6 x + 15 x is the
number of radios assembled x hours 2
after 8:00 A.M., the rate of assembly
after x hours is
1
f ′( x) = −3x 2 + 12 x + 15 radios per
hour.
100 200 300 400 500 600
(b) The rate of assembly at 9:00 A.M.
( x = 1 ) is (b) The percentage rate of changes
f ′(1) = −3 + 12 + 15 = 24 radios per 200
hour. approaches 0 since lim = 0.
t →∞ t + 100

(c) The actual number of radios

assembled between 9:00 A.M. and 60. (a) N (t ) = 5,175 − t 3 (t − 8)
10:00 A.M. is = 5,175 − t 4 + 8t 3
f (2) − f (1) = 46 − 20 = 26 radios.
N ′(3) = −4(33 ) + 8 ⋅ 3(32 ) = 108 people
per week.
54. (a) Since N ( x) = 6 x3 + 500 x + 8,000 is
the number of people using rapid (b) The percentage rate of change of N is
transit after x weeks, the rate at which given by
system use is changing after x weeks N ′(t ) 100(−4t 3 + 24t 2 )
is 100 = .
N (t ) 5,175 − t 4 + 8t 3
N ′( x) = 18 x 2 + 500 commuters per
A graph of this function shows that it
week. After 8 weeks this rate is never exceeds 25%.
N ′(8) = 18(82 ) + 500 = 1652 users per
week. (c) Writing exercise⎯answers will vary.

(b) The actual change in usage during the 62. (a) Since C (t ) = 100t 2 + 400t + 5,000 is
8th week is the circulation t years from now, the
N (8) − N (7) = 15,072 − 13,558 rate of change of the circulation in t
= 1,514 riders. years is
C ′(t ) = 200t + 400 newspapers per
125 517
56. M ( x) = 2,300 + − 2 year.
x x
125 1034 (b) The rate of change of the circulation
M ′( x) = − 2 + 3 5 years from now is
x x C ′(5) = 200(5) + 400 = 1,400 newspap
125 1034
M ′(9) = − 2 + 3 ≈ −0.125 . Sales are ers per year. The circulation is
9 9 increasing.
decreasing at a rate of approximately
1/8 motorcycle per $1,000 of advertising.
50 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

(c) The actual change in the circulation H (t ) = −16t 2 + 144 = 0 , that is when
during the 6th year is
C (6) − C (5) = 11,000 − 9,500 t 2 = 9 or after t = 3 seconds.
= 1,500 newspapers.
(b) The velocity at time t is given by
H (t ) = −32t . When the stone hits the
64. Let G(t) be the GDP in billions of dollars
where t is years and t = 0 represents ground, its velocity is H ′(3) = −96
1995. Since the GDP is growing at a feet per second.
constant rate, G(t) is a linear function
74. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity for
passing through the points (0,125) and
the planet our spy is on. Since he throws
(8,155) . Then the rock from ground level, H 0 = 0 , and
155 − 125 15 the equation describing the rock’s height
G (t ) = t + 125 = t + 125 .
8−0 4 is
In 2010, t = 15 and the model predicts a 1
GDP of G (15) = 181.25 billion dollars. H (t ) = − gt 2 + V0t
2
When t = 5 the height is 0 so
4 ⎛ µ2⎞ ⎛ 4πN µ 2 ⎞ −1 25
66. P = πN ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟T − g + 5V0 = 0
3 ⎜ 3kT
⎟ ⎜ 9k ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
The rock reaches its maximum height
dP ⎛ 4 πN µ ⎞ −2
2
4 πN µ 2
= −⎜ ⎟ T = − 5
⎜ 9k ⎟ halfway through its trip at t = .
dt ⎝ ⎠ 9kT 2 2
⎛5⎞ 25 5
Therefore H ⎜ ⎟ = − g + V0 = 37.5 .
68. (a) s (t ) = t 2 − 2t + 6 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 ⎝2⎠ 8 2
v(t ) = 2t − 2 Solving these two equations in V0 and g
a (t ) = 2 gives g = 12 feet per second per second.
The spy concludes he is on Mars.
(b) The particle is stationary when
v(t ) = 2t − 2 = 0 which is at time t = 1 . 76. Let (x, y) be a point on the curve where
the tangent line goes through (0, 0). Then
the slope of the tangent line is equal to
70. (a) s(t ) = t 3 − 9t 2 + 15t + 25 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
y−0 y
v(t ) = 3t 2 − 18t + 15 = 3(t − 1)(t − 5) = . The slope is also given by
x−0 x
a (t ) = 6t − 18 = 6(t − 3) y
f ′( x) = 2 x − 4 . Thus = 2 x − 4 or
x
(b) The particle is stationary when 2
v(t ) = 3(t − 1)(t − 5) = 0 which is at y = 2x − 4x .
times Since (x, y) is a point on the curve, we
t = 1 and t = 5 . must have y = x 2 − 4 x + 25 . Setting the
two expressions for y equal to each other
72. (a) Since the initial velocity is V0 = 0 gives
feet per second, the initial height is
x 2 − 4 x + 25 = 2 x 2 − 4 x
H 0 = 144 feet and g = 32 feet per
second per second, the height of the x 2 = 25
stone at time t is x = ±5
1 If x = −5 , then y = 70 , the slope is
H (t ) = − gt 2 + V0t + H 0 −14 and the tangent line is y = −14 x .
2
= −16t 2 + 144. If x = 5 , then y = 30 , the slope is 6 and
The stone hits the ground when the tangent line is y = 6 x .
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 51

78. (a) If f ( x) = x 4 then

f ( x + h) = ( x + h)4
= x 4 + 4 x3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
f ( x + h) − f ( x) = 4 x3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
and
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
= 4 x3 + 6 x 2 h + 4 xh 2 + h3
h

(b) If f ( x) = x n then
n(n − 1) n− 2 2
f ( x + h) = ( x + h)n = x n + nx n−1h + x h + ... + nxh n−1 + h n
2
n(n − 1) n− 2 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x) = nx n−1h + x h + ... + nxh n−1 + h n
2
and
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) n(n − 1) n −2
= nx n −1 + x h + ... + nxh n− 2 + h n −1
h 2

(c) From part (b)

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ⎡ n(n − 1) n −2 ⎤
= nx n−1 + h ⎢ x + ... + h n −2 ⎥
h ⎣ 2 ⎦
The first term on the right does not involve h while the second term approaches 0 as h → 0 .
d n f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Thus [ x ] = lim = nx n−1.
dx h →0 h

2.3 Product and Quotient Rules; Higher-Order Derivatives

2. f ( x) = ( x − 5)(1 − 2 x)
d d
f ( x) = ( x − 5) (1 − 2 x) + (1 − 2 x) ( x − 5)
dx dx
= −2( x − 5) + 1(1 − 2 x)
= 11 − 4 x

4. y = 400(15 − x 2 )(3 x − 2)
dy d
= 400 ⎡ (15 − x 2 )(3 x − 2) ⎤
dx dx ⎣ ⎦
⎡ d d ⎤
= 400 ⎢ (15 − x 2 ) (3 x − 2) + (3 x − 2) (15 − x 2 ) ⎥
⎣ dx dx ⎦
= 400 ⎡ (15 − x )(3) + (3x − 2)(−2 x) ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
2
= 400(−9 x + 4 x + 45)
52 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

6. f ( x) = −3(5 x3 − 2 x + 5)( x + 2 x)
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
f ′( x) = −3 ⎢(5 x3 − 2 x + 5) ⎜
⎣ ⎝2 x ⎠
( )
+ 2 ⎟ + x + 2 x (15 x 2 − 2) ⎥
⎦
105 5 / 2 15
=− x − 120 x3 + 9 x1/ 2 + 24 x − 1/ 2 − 30
2 2x

2x − 3
8. y =
5x + 4
d d
(5 x + 4) (2 x − 3) − (2 x − 3) (5 x + 4)
dy dx dx
=
dx (5 x + 4) 2
2(5 x + 4) − 5(2 x − 3)
=
(5 x + 4)2
23
=
(5 x + 4)2

1
10. f ( x) =
x−2
( x − 2)(0) − 1(1) −1
f ′( x) = 2
=
( x − 2) ( x − 2) 2

t2 +1
12. y =
1− t2
dy (1 − t 2 )(2t ) − (t 2 + 1)(−2t ) 4t
= 2 2
=
dt (1 − t ) (1 − t 2 ) 2

t 2 + 2t + 1
14. f (t ) =
t 2 + 3t − 1
f ′(t )
(t 2 + 3t − 1)(2t + 2) − (t 2 + 2t + 1)(2t + 3)
=
(t 2 + 3t − 1) 2
t 2 − 4t − 5
=
(t 2 + 3t − 1)2

( x 2 + x + 1)(4 − x)
16. g ( x) =
2x −1
⎡ (2 x − 1)[−1( x 2 + x + 1) + (4 − x)(2 x + 1)] − ( x 2 + x + 1)(4 − x)(2) ⎤
g ( x) = ⎣
′
2
⎦
(2 x − 1)
−4 x3 + 9 x 2 − 6 x − 11
=
(2 x − 1) 2
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 53

2
⎛ 1⎞ 1
18. f ( x) = ⎜ x + ⎟ = x 2 + 2 + 2
⎝ x⎠ x
2
f ′( x) = 2 x − 3
x
x 4− x
20. h( x) = 2
+
x −1 x2 + 1
( x 2 − 1)(1) − x(2 x) ( x 2 + 1)(−1) − (4 − x)(2 x)
h′( x) = +
( x 2 − 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2
− x2 − 1 x2 − 8x − 1
= +
( x 2 − 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)2

22. y = ( x 2 + 3 x − 1)(2 − x)
y′ = ( x 2 + 3 x − 1)(−1) + (2 x + 3)(2 − x)
At x0 = 1 , y = (3)(1) = 3 and y′ = (3)(−1) + (5)(1) = 2 . The equation of the tangent line is then
y − 3 = 2( x − 1) or y = 2 x + 1 .

x+7
24. y =
5 − 2x
(5 − 2 x)(1) − ( x + 7)(−2)
y′ =
(5 − 2 x)2
7 5 + 14 19
At x0 = 0 , y = and y ′ = 2 = .
5 5 25
7 19 19 7
The equation of the tangent line is then y− = ( x − 0) or y = x+ .
5 25 25 5
2x − 1
26. y =
1 − x3
(1 − x3 )(2) − (2 x − 1)(−3x 2 )
y′ =
(1 − x3 )2
2−0
At x0 = 0, y = −1 and y ′ = = 2.
1
The equation of the tangent line is then y − (−1) = 2(x − 0) or y = 2x − 1.

28. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 − 8 x + 7)
f ′( x) = 1 ⋅ ( x 2 − 8 x + 7) + ( x − 1)(2 x − 8)
= 3x 2 − 18 x + 15
= 3( x − 1)( x − 5)
′
f ( x) = 0 when x = 1 and x = 5.
f (1) = (1 − 1)(12 − 8 ⋅ 1 + 7) = 0
f (5) = (5 − 1)(52 − 8 ⋅ 5 + 7) = −32
The tangent lines at (1, 0) and (5, −32) are horizontal.
54 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

30. f ( x) =
x2 + x − 1 (
38. y = ( x + 3) 1 − x )
2
x − x +1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
f ′( x) y′ = ( x + 3) ⎜ −
⎝ 2 x⎠
⎟ + 1− x( )
2 2
(2 x + 1)( x − x + 1) − ( x + x − 1)(2 x − 1) At x = 1, y′ = −2 so the slope of the
=
( x 2 − x + 1) 2 1
perpendicular line is m = . The
−2 x 2 + 4 x 2
=
( x 2 − x + 1)2 perpendicular line passes through the
−2 x( x − 2) point (1,0) and so has equation
=
( x 2 − x + 1)2 1 1
y= x− .
f ′( x) = 0 when x = 0 and x = 2 2 2

02 + 0 − 1 40. (a) y = 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3
f (0) = 2
= −1
0 − 0 +1 y′ = 4 x − 5
22 + 2 − 1 5
f (2) = 2
= (b) y = (2 x + 1)( x − 3)
2 − 2 +1 3
y′ = (2 x + 1)(1) + (2)( x − 3) = 4 x − 5
⎛ 5⎞
The tangent lines at (0, −1) and ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
42. f ( x) = 5 x10 − 6 x5 − 27 x + 4
are horizontal.
f ′( x) = 50 x9 − 30 x 4 − 27
32. y = ( x 2 + 2)( x + x ) f ′′( x) = 450 x8 − 120 x3
⎛ 1 ⎞
dy
dx
= ( x 2 + 2) ⎜1 +
⎝ 2 x⎠
⎟ + 2x x + x ( ) 44. y = 5 x +
3
+
1
1
+
2
3 x 2
At x0 = 4 , x
dy 5 −1/ 2 1
dy ⎛ 1⎞ = x − 6 x −3 − x −3/ 2
= (18) ⎜1 + ⎟ + 8(6) = 70.5 dx 2 6
dx ⎝ 4⎠ 2
d y 5 1
= − x −3/ 2 + 18 x −4 + x −5 / 2
2x −1 dx 2 4 4
34. y =
3x + 5 5 18
= − 3/ 2 + 4 + 5 / 2
1
dy 2(3 x + 5) − 3(2 x − 1) 13 4x x 4x
= 2
=
dx (3x + 5) (3 x + 5)2
⎛ 1⎞
dy 13 13 46. y = ( x 2 − x) ⎜ 2 x − ⎟
At x0 = 1 , = = ⎝ x⎠
dx 82 64
dy ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ( x 2 − x) ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ + (2 x − 1) ⎜ 2 x − ⎟
36. y = x 2 + 3 x − 5 dx ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x⎠
y′ = 2 x + 3 = 6x2 − 4x − 1
At x = 0, y′ = 3 so the slope of the d2y
= 12 x − 4
1
perpendicular line is m = − . The dx 2
3
perpendicular line passes through the
point (0, −5) and so has equation
1
y = − x−5.
3
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 55

1,000
48. (a) p( x) =
0.3x 2 + 8
(0.3 x 2 + 8)(0) − 1,000(0.6 x)
p′( x) =
(0.3 x 2 + 8) 2
−600 x
=
(0.3 x 2 + 8)2
when the level of production is 3,000 ( x = 3 ) calculators, demand is changing at the rate of
p′(3) = −15.72 dollars per thousand calculators.

(b) R ( x) = xp ( x)
R′( x) = xp′( x) + p ( x)(1)
⎛ −600 x ⎞ 1,000
= x⎜ +
⎜ (0.3 x 2 + 8)2 ⎟⎟ 0.3 x 2 + 8
⎝ ⎠
2
−300 x + 8,000
=
(0.3 x 2 + 8)2
R′(3) = 46.29 so revenue is increasing at the rate of $46.29 per thousand calculators.

50. (a) Since profit equals revenue minus cost and revenue equals price times the quantity sold, the
profit function P(p) is given by
P ( p ) = pB( p) − C ( p)
500 p
= − (0.2 p 2 + 3 p + 200)
p+3

( p + 3)500 − 500 p (1)

(b) P′( p ) = − 0.4 p − 3
( p + 3)2
1500
= − 0.4 p − 3
( p + 3) 2
When the price is $12 per bottle, P′(12) = −1.133 . The profit is decreasing.

24t + 10
52. (a) P (t ) =
t2 +1
(t 2 + 1)(24) − (24t + 10)(2t )
P′(t ) =
(t 2 + 1)2
−24t 2 − 20t + 24
=
(t 2 + 1)2
−4(2t + 3)(3t − 2)
=
(t 2 + 1)2
P′(1) = −5 so the population is decreasing at t = 1 .

2 2 2
(b) The population rate of change is 0 at t = , positive for t < and negative for t > . The
3 3 3
2
population begins to decline after t = or 40 minutes after the introduction of the toxin.
3
56 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2t
54. (a) C (t ) = 2
3t + 16
(3t 2 + 16)2 − 2t (6t ) 32 − 6t 2
R (t ) = C ′(t ) = =
(3t 2 + 16) 2 (3t 2 + 16) 2
R(t) is changing at the rate
(3t 2 + 16)2 (−12t ) − (32 − 6t 2 )(2)(3t 2 + 16)(6t ) 36t (t 2 − 16)
R′(t ) = =
(3t 2 + 16)4 (3t 2 + 16)3

26
(b) C ′(1) = , the concentration is increasing at this time.
361

(c) R(t) is positive and the concentration is increasing until R (t ) = 0 or when 32 − 6t 2 = 0 . This
4
occurs when t = ≈ 2.3 hours (ignoring the negative solution.) The concentration begins to
3
decline after roughly 2.3 hours.

36t (t 2 − 16)
(d) The concentration is changing at a declining rate when R′(t ) = <0
(3t 2 + 16)3
or when 36t (t 2 − 16) < 0 (assuming t > 0 ). This occurs when 0 < t < 4 .

6
56. (a) P (t ) = 20 −
t +1
6
P′(t ) = thousand per year.
(t + 1)2

3
(b) P′(1) = so the rate of change in 1 year will be 1,500 people per year.
2

(c) During the second year, the population will increase by P (2) − P(1) = 1 thousand people.

(d) P′(9) = 0.06 or 60 people per year.

6
(e) lim P′(t ) = lim = 0 so the rate of population growth approaches 0.
t →∞ t →∞ (t + 1) 2

58. (a) s (t ) = 2t 4 − 5t 3 + t − 3
v(t ) = s′(t ) = 8t 3 − 15t 2 + 1
a (t ) = v′(t ) = s′′(t ) = 24t 2 − 30t
= 6t (4t − 5)

5
(b) a (t ) = 0 at t = 0 and t = .
4
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 57

60. (a) s(t ) = 4t 5 / 2 − 15t 2 + t − 3

v(t ) = s′(t ) = 10t 3 / 2 − 30t + 1
a (t ) = v′(t ) = s′′(t ) = 15t1/ 2 − 30

(b) a (t ) = 0 when t = 4 .

10 2 2 3
62. (a) D (t ) = 64t + t − t
3 9
20 2 2
v(t ) = D′(t ) = 64 + t − t
3 3
20 4
a(t ) = v′(t ) = D′′(t ) = − t
3 3

20 24 4
(b) a (6) = − = − indicating the velocity is decreasing at a rate of approximately
3 3 3
1.33 kilometers per hour.

(c) During the seventh hour, the velocity changes by v(7) − v(6) = 78 − 80 = −2 km/hr.

Ax
64. (a) p( x) =
B + xm
( B + x m )( A) − ( Ax)( mx m −1 )
p′( x) =
( B + x m )2
A( B + (1 − m) x m )
=
( B + x m )2

Amx m−1 ⎡ (m − 1) x m − B (1 + m) ⎤
(b) p′′( x) = ⎣ ⎦
m 3
(B + x )
B(1 + m)
p′′( x) = 0 when x = m
1− m

66. f ( x) = x5 − 2 x 4 + x3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x − 6
f ′( x) = 5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 3x 2 − 6 x + 5
f ′′( x) = 20 x3 − 24 x 2 + 6 x − 6
f ′′′( x) = 60 x 2 − 48 x + 6
f (4) ( x) = 120 x − 48
58 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

d d
68. (a) [ fgh] = [( fg )h]
dx dx
dh d
= ( fg ) + h ( fg )
dx dx
dh ⎡ dg df ⎤
= fg + h⎢ f +g ⎥
dx ⎣ dx dx ⎦
dh dg df
= fg + fh + gh
dx dx dx

(b) y = (2 x + 1)( x − 3)(1 − 4 x)

y′ = (2 x + 1)( x − 3)(−4) + (2 x + 1)(1)(1 − 4 x) + (2)( x − 3)(1 − 4 x)
= −24 x 2 + 44 x + 7

d df d
70. [cf ] = c + f c
dx dx dx
df
= c + f (0)
dx
df
=c
dx

d p
72. Suppose n is a negative integer so that n = − p where p is a positive integer. Then x = px p −1
dx
since the power rule applies to positive integer powers. Now note
d n d d ⎡ 1 ⎤
[ x ] = [ x− p ] = ⎢ p ⎥
dx dx dx ⎣ x ⎦
x p (0) − 1( px p −1 )
=
x2 p
= − p( x p −1 )( x −2 p )
= − px − p −1 = nx n−1
proving the power rule for negative integer powers.

74. 10

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 2 2 3 4 5

–10

–20

–30
f ′( x) = 0 when x = 0.633 and x = −2.633 .
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 59

76. f ( x) = x3 ( x − 2)2 8. y =
1
; u = x2 − 9
u
f ′( x) = x3 (2( x − 2)) + 3x 2 ( x − 2)2
dy dy du
= x 2 (5 x − 6)( x − 2) =
dx du dx
The x intercepts of the graph of f ′( x) ⎛ 1 ⎞
6 = ⎜ − 3/2 ⎟ (2 x)
occur at x = 0 , x = , and x = 2 . The ⎝ 2u ⎠
5 x
6 =−
function f(x) has a maximum at x = and ( x − 9)3/2
2
5
a minimum at x = 2 . The maximum and 1
minimum of f(x) correspond to points 10. y = u 3 + u; u =
where the tangent line is horizontal, that x
is, where f ′( x) = 0 . dy dy du
=
dx du dx
2.4 The Chain Rule ⎛ 1 ⎞
= (3u 2 + 1) ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 x3/2 ⎠
2. y = 1 − 3u 2 ; u = 3 − 2x ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ + 1⎟⎜ − ⎟
dy dy du
= ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ 2 x3/2 ⎠
dx du dx 3 1
= (−6u )(−2) = − 5/2 − 3/2
2x 2x
= 12(3 − 2 x)
= −24 x + 36 1
12. y = u 2 ; u =
x −1
4. y = 2u 2 − u + 5; u = 1 − x 2 dy dy du
dy dy du =
= dx du dx
dx du dx ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
= 2u ⎜ =
= (4u − 1)(−2 x 2 ) ⎜ ( x − 1) 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ x − 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ ( x − 1) 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= (4 − 4 x 2 − 1)(−2 x) 2
=−
= −2 x(−4 x 2 + 3) ( x − 1)3
= 8 x3 − 6 x
1
1 14. y = u + = u + u −1; u = 5 − 2x
6. y = ; u = 3 x 2 + 5 u
u dy dy du
dy dy du = = (1 − u −2 )(−2)
= dx du dx
dx du dx At x = 0, u = 5 − 2(0) = 5.
−1
= ( 6x ) dy
=
dy du
u2 dx x =0 du u =5 dx x =0
−6 x
= ⎛ 1 ⎞
(3 x 2 + 5)2 = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ (−2)
⎝ 25 ⎠
48
=−
25
60 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

16. y = u 5 − 3u 2 + 6u − 5; u = x 2 − 1
dy dy du
= = (5u 4 − 6u + 6)(2 x)
dx du dx
At x = 1 , u = 12 − 1 = 0 .
dy dy du
= = (6)(2) = 12
dx x =1 du u =0 dx x =1

1
18. y = 3u 2 − 6u + 2; u =
x2
dy dy du ⎛ −2 ⎞
= = (6u − 6) ⎜ ⎟
dx du dx ⎝ x3 ⎠
1
At x = , u = 9 .
3
dy dy du
=
dx x =1/ 3 du u =9 dx x =1/ 3
= (48)(−54)
= −2,592

1
20. y = ; u = x3 − 2 x + 5
u +1
dy dy du −1
= = 2
(3 x 2 − 2)
dx du dx (u + 1)
At x = 0 , u = 5 .
dy dy du −1 1
= = (−2) =
dx x =0 du u =5 dx x =0 36 18

−1
22. f ( x) =
1
5 − 3x
= ( 5 − 3x )
−2
f ′( x) = −1 ( 5 − 3x ) (−3) =
3

( )
2
5 − 3x

24. f ( x) = 5 x 6 − 12 = (5 x 6 − 12)1/ 2
1
f ′( x) = (5 x 6 − 12)−1/ 2 (30 x5 )
2
15 x5
=
5 x 6 − 12

26. f (t ) = (3t 4 − 7t 2 + 9)5

f ′(t ) = 5(3t 4 − 7t 2 + 9)4 (12t 3 − 14t )
= 10t (6t 2 − 7)(3t 4 − 7t 2 + 9) 4
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 61

2
28. f ( x) = 2 2
= 2(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1) −2
(6 x + 5 x + 1)
48 x + 20
f ′( x) = −4(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1)−3 (12 x + 5) = −
(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1)3

1
30. f ( s ) = = (5s 3 + 2) −1/ 2
3
5s + 2
2
⎛ −1 ⎞ −15s
f ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ (5s3 + 2)−3/ 2 (15s 2 ) =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2(5s3 + 2)3/ 2

2 2
32. f ( x) = 4
= (5 x 4 + 1)−2
2
3(5 x + 1) 3
−4 −80 x3
f ′( x) = (5 x 4 + 1) −3 (20 x3 ) =
3 3(5 x 4 + 1)3

1/ 2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
34. g ( x) = 1 + = ⎜1 + ⎟
3x ⎝ 3x ⎠
−1/ 2
1⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ − 3x
g ′( x) = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟= 2
2 ⎝ 3x ⎠ ⎝ 3x ⎠ 6 x 3 x + 1

36. f ( x) = 2(3x + 1) 4 (5 x − 3)2

f ′( x) = 2(3 x + 1)4 (2)(5 x − 3)(5) + 2(4)(3 x + 1)3 (3)(5 x − 3)2
= 4(3 x + 1)3 (5 x − 3)(45 x − 13)

3
⎛ y+2⎞
38. f ( y ) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝2− y ⎠
2
⎛ y + 2 ⎞ (2 − y )(1) − ( y + 2)(−1)
f ′( y ) = 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2− y ⎠ (2 − y )2
12( y + 2)2
=
(2 − y ) 4

(1 − 2 x) 2
40. F ( x) =
(3 x + 1)3
(3x + 1)3 2(1 − 2 x)(−2) − (1 − 2 x) 2 3(3 x + 1)2 (3)
F ′( x) = 2
⎡ (3 x + 1)3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
(1 − 2 x)(6 x − 13)
=
(3x + 1) 4
62 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

1 − 5x2 1 − 5 x2
42. f ( x) = 3
=
3 + 2x (3 + 2 x)1/ 3
1
(3 + 2 x)1/ 3 (−10 x) − (1 − 5 x 2 ) (3 + 2 x) −2 / 3 (2)
f ′( x) = 3
2/3
(3 + 2 x)
−2(25 x 2 + 45 x + 1)
=
3(3 + 2 x) 4 / 3

44. f ( x) = (9 x − 1) −1/3
1
f ′( x) = − (9 x − 1)−4/3 (9) = −3(9 x − 1)−4/3
3
1 3 1 3
At x = 1, y = f (1) = , f ′(1) = − and the equation of the tangent line is y − = − ( x − 1) or
2 16 2 16
3 11
y=− x+ .
16 16

46. f ( x) = ( x 2 − 3)5 (2 x − 1)3

f ′( x) = ( x 2 − 3)5 (3)(2 x − 1) 2 (2) + (2 x − 1)3 (5)( x 2 − 3)4 (2 x)
At x = 2 , y = f (2) = 27, f '(2) = 594 and the equation of the tangent line is
y − 27 = 594( x − 2) or y = 594 x − 1161 .

3
⎛ x +1⎞
48. f ( x) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x −1⎠
2⎛
⎛ x +1⎞ ( x − 1)(1) − ( x + 1)(1) ⎞
f ′( x) = 3 ⎜ ⎜⎜
⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ x −1 ⎠⎝ ( x − 1) 2 ⎠
At x = 3 , y = f (3) = 8, f ′(3) = −6 and the equation of the tangent line is
y − 8 = −6( x − 3) or y = −6 x + 26 .

50. f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 3
1
f ′( x) = 2 x 2 x + 3 + x 2 ⋅ (2 x + 3)−1/ 2 (2)
2
x2
= 2x 2x + 3 +
2x + 3
(−1)2
At x = −1, y = f (−1) = (−1)2 2(−1) + 3 = 1, f ′(−1) = 2(−1) 2(−1) + 3 + = −1, and the
2(−1) + 3
equation of the tangent line is y − 1 = −[x − (−1)] or y = −x.
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 63

52. f ( x) = x3 (2 x 2 + x − 3)2
f ′( x) = x3 (2)(2 x 2 + x − 3)(4 x + 1) + 3x 2 (2 x 2 + x − 3)2
= x 2 ( x − 1)(14 x − 9)(3 + 2 x)( x + 1)
9 3
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f '( x) = 0 or when x = 0, 1, , − , −1.
14 2

2x + 5
54. f ( x) =
(1 − 2 x)3
(1 − 2 x)3 (2) − (2 x + 5)(3)(1 − 2 x)2 (−2)
f ′( x) =
(1 − 2 x)6
8(4 + x)
=
(1 − 2 x)4
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f '( x) = 0 or when x = −4 .

56. f ( x) = ( x − 1)2 (2 x + 3)3

f ′( x) = ( x − 1) 2 (3)(2 x + 3)2 (2) + (2 x + 3)3 (2)( x − 1)
= 10 x( x − 1)(2 x + 3) 2
3
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f ′( x) = 0 or when x = 0, 1, − .
2

58. f ( x) = (7 − 4 x) 2 = (7 − 4 x)(7 − 4 x)
By the general power rule
f ′( x) = 2(7 − 4 x)(−4) = 32 x − 56
By the product rule
f ′( x) = (7 − 4 x)(−4) + (7 − 4 x)(−4)
= −28 + 16 x − 28 + 16 x = 32 x − 56 .

2
60. f (t ) = = 2(5t + 1)−1
5t + 1
−10
f ′(t ) = −2(5t + 1)−2 (5) =
(5t + 1)2
100
f ′′(t ) = (−2)(−10)(5t + 1)−3 (5) =
(5t + 1)3

62. y = (1 − 2 x3 )4
y ′ = 4(1 − 2 x3 )3 (−6 x 2 ) = −24 x 2 (1 − 2 x3 )3
y′′ = −24 x 2 (3)(1 − 2 x3 )2 (−6 x 2 ) − 48 x(1 − 2 x3 )3
= 48 x(1 − 2 x3 )2 (11x3 − 1)
64 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

1
64. f (u ) = 2 2
= (3u 2 − 1)−2
(3u − 1)
−12u
f ′(u ) = −2(3u 2 − 1) −3 (6u ) =
(3u 2 − 1)3
(3u 2 − 1)3 (−12) − (−12u )(3)(3u 2 − 1)2 (6u )
f ′′(u ) =
(3u 2 − 1)6
12(15u 2 + 1)
=
(3u 2 − 1) 4

66. C (q ) = 0.2q 2 + q + 900

q (t ) = t 2 + 100t
dC dC dq
= = (0.4q + 1)(2t + 100)
dt dq dt
At t = 1 , q = 101 .
dC dC dq
=
dt t =1 dq q =101 dt t =1
= (41.4)(102)
= 4222.8
After 1 hour the manufacturing cost is changing at the rate of $4,222.80 per hour.

40,000
68. D ( p ) =
p
p(t ) = 0.4t 3/2 + 6.8
dD
Need 100 dt when t = 4.
d (t )
When t = 4, p(4) = 0.4(4)3/2 + 6.8 = 10.
40,000
D (10) = = 4,000
10
dD dD dp
= ⋅
dt dp dt
40,000 dD −40,000 dp
Since D ( p ) = = 40,000 p −1 , = −40,000 p −2 = 2
and = 0.6t1/2 = 0.6 t .
p dp p dt
dD −40,000
= ⋅ 0.6 t
dt p2
When t = 4,
dD −40,000
= ⋅ 0.6 4 = −480
dt (10)2
dD
dt −480
100 = 100 = −12%
D (t ) 4,000
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 65

1
70. E = [0.074(v − 35)2 + 32]
v
1 −1
E ′ = (2)(0.074)(v − 35) + 2 [0.074(v − 35) 2 + 32]
v v
0.074v 2 − 122.65
=
v2

42 + 2(4) + 3 27
72. (a) Q(4) = = =3
2(4) + 1 9
p(3) = 3(3)2 + 4(3) + 200 = 239
In 4 years the quality-of-life index is expected to be 3, and the population is expected to be
239,000.

(2t + 1)(2t + 2) − (t 2 + 2t + 3)(2)

(b) Q′(t ) =
(2t + 1)2
2t 2 + 2t − 4
=
(2t + 1) 2
2(4)2 + 2(4) − 4 36 4
Q′(4) = 2
= =
(2(4) + 1) 81 9
p′(Q ) = 6Q + 4
p′(3) = 6(3) + 4 = 22
dp dp dQ
=
dt t = 4 dQ Q =3 dt t =4
⎛4⎞
= 22 ⎜ ⎟
⎝9⎠
≈ 9.778
In 4 years, the population is expected to be increasing at a rate of about 9,778 people per year.

74. (a) L(5) = 739 + 3(5) − 52 = 729 = 27

Q(27) = 300(27)1/ 3 = 300(3) = 900
In 5 months, 27 worker-hours will be employed and 900 units will be produced.

1 1 −1 100
(b) Q′( L) = (300) L3 = 2 / 3
3 L
1 1 −1
L′(t ) = (739 + 3t − t 2 ) 2 (3 − 2t )
2
3 − 2t
=
2 739 + 3t − t 2
66 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

3 − 2(5)
L′(5) =
2 739 + 3(5) − 52
7
=−
2(27)
7
=−
54
When t = 5, L = 27.
100 100
Q′(27) = 2 / 3 =
27 9
dQ dQ dL
=
dt t =5 dL L = 27 dt t =5
⎛ 100 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠⎝ 54 ⎠
≈ −1.44
Production will be decreasing at a rate of about 1.44 units per month.
2/3
⎛ 3 N + 430 ⎞
76. V ( N ) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ N +1 ⎠
N (t ) = t 2 − 10t + 45 = (t 2 − 10t + 45)1/2

(a) N (9) = (9)2 − 10(9) + 45

= 6 hours per day
2/3
⎡ 3(6) + 430 ⎤
V (6) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6 +1 ⎦
= 16 or $16,000.

dV dV dN
(b) = ⋅
dt dN dt
−1/3
dV 2 ⎛ 3 N + 430 ⎞ ( N + 1)(3) − (3 N + 430)(1)
= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅
dN 3 ⎝ N + 1 ⎠ ( N + 1)2
2( N + 1)1/3 −427
= ⋅
3(3 N + 430)1/3 ( N + 1)2
854
=−
3(3N + 430)1/3 ( N + 1)5/3
dN 1 2
= (t − 10t + 45) −1/2 (2t − 10)
dt 2
t −5
= 2
(t − 10t + 45)1/2
Using t = 9 and N = 6.
dV 854 9−5
= ⋅
dt 3[3(6) + 430]1/3 (6 + 1)5/3 [(9)2 − 10(9) + 45]1/2
≈ −0.968 thousand
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 67

or −968 dollars per month

dV
Since is negative when t = 9, the value will be decreasing.
dt
519
dA ⎛ r ⎞ 1
78. (a) = (520)(10,000) ⎜ 1 + ⎟
dr ⎝ 52 ⎠ 52
519
⎛ r ⎞
= 100,000 ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ 52 ⎠
(b) % rate of change
dA / dr
= 100
A
( )
519
100,000 1 + 52
r
= 100
10,000 (1 + 52 )
520
r

1,000
=
r
1+
52
1,000
When r = 0.05 the percent rate of change with respect to A is ≈ 999.039 .
1 + 0.05
52

80. (a) v(t ) = (2t + 9)2 (8 − t )3 0≤t ≤5

a (t ) = (2t + 9) 2 (3)(8 − t ) 2 (−1) + (8 − t )3 (2)(2t + 9)(2)
= 5(2t + 9)(8 − t ) 2 (1 − 2t )

−9
(b) The object is stationary when v(t ) = 0 . The function (2t + 9) 2 (8 − t )3 is 0 when t = and
2
t = 8 . Since neither value falls in the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 , the object is never stationary.

1 ⎛1⎞
(c) a (t ) = 0 when t = . At this time v ⎜ ⎟ = 42,187.5 .
2 ⎝2⎠

(d) 45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
–5,000 1 2 3 4 5
–10,000

1
(e) The object is speeding up for 0 ≤ t ≤ .
2
68 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

82. (a) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) = x 2 84.

d
[h( x)]3
f ′( x) = L′(u ( x))u '( x) dx
d
=
1
(2 x) = h( x)[h( x)]2
u ( x) dx
1 = h( x)2(h( x)) h′( x) + [h( x)]2 h′( x)
= 2 (2 x)
x = 2[h( x)]2 h′( x) + [h( x)]2 h′( x)
=
2 = 3[h( x)]2 h′( x)
x
86. f ′ (0 ) does not exist while
1 f ′(4.3) ≈ 16.63 . The graph of f(x) has one
(b) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) =
x horizontal tangent when x ≈ 0.50938 .
′ ′ ′
f ( x) = L (u ( x))u ( x)
1 ⎛ −1 ⎞ 2.5 Marginal Analysis and
=
u ( x) ⎜⎝ x 2 ⎟⎠ Approximations Using
⎛ −1 ⎞ Increments
= x⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝x ⎠
−1 1 2
= 2. (a) C ( x) = x + 3x + 67
x 4
1
C ′( x) = x + 3
2 2
(c) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) = 2
3 x R′( x) = 9 − x
f ′( x) = L′(u ( x))u ′( x) 5
1 ⎛ −1 ⎞
= 1
u ( x) ⎜⎝ 3x3/ 2 ⎟⎠ (b) C ′(3) = (3) + 3 = 4.50
2
3 x ⎛ −1 ⎞
=
2 ⎜⎝ 3 x3/ 2 ⎟⎠ (c) C (4) − C (3)
−1 ⎛9 ⎞
= = (4 + 12 + 67) − ⎜ + 9 + 67 ⎟ = 4.75
2x ⎝4 ⎠

2x + 1 2
(d) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) = (d) R′(3) = 9 − (3) = 7.80
1− x 5
f ′( x) = L′(u ( x))u ′( x)
(e) R (4) − R (3)
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
u ( x) ⎜⎝ (1 − x) 2 ⎟⎠ = ⎜ 36 − ⎟ − ⎜ 27 − ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
= 7.60
1− x ⎛ 3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
2 x + 1 ⎜⎝ (1 − x)2 ⎟⎠
3
=
(2 x + 1)(1 − x)
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 69

5 x
4. (a) C ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 73 8. f ( x) = −3
9 x +1
R ( x) = xp ( x) 1
f ′( x) =
= x ⎡ − x 2 − 2 x + 33⎤ ( x + 1)2
⎣ ⎦
3 2
= − x − 2 x + 33 x 1
f ′(4) = and ∆x = 3.8 − 4 = −0.2 so
10 25
C ′( x) = x + 5 1
9 ∆f ≈ (−0.2) = −0.008
R′( x) = −3 x 2 − 4 x + 33 25
Thus f(x) will decrease by about 0.008.
10
(b) C ′(3) = (3) + 5 = 8.33 2
9 10. f ( x) = 3 x +
x
(c) C (4) − C (3) 2
f ′( x) = 3 −
⎛ 80 ⎞ x2
= ⎜ + 20 + 73 ⎟ − ( 5 + 15 + 73) = 8.89 2
⎝ 9 ⎠ f ′(5) = 3 − = 2.92 and
25
(d) R′(3) = −27 − 12 + 33 = −6.00 ∆x = 5 − 4.6 = −0.4 so
∆f ≈ 2.92(−0.4) = −1.168
(e) R (4) − R (3) Thus f(x) will decrease by about 1.168.
= ( −64 − 32 + 132 ) − ( −27 − 18 + 99 )
= −18.00 12. (a) R (q ) = 240q − 0.05q 2
R′(q ) = 240 − 0.1q
2 2 At a production level of 80 units per
6. (a) C ( x) = x + 65
7 month the marginal revenue is
⎡12 + 2 x ⎤ 12 x + 2 x
2 R′(80) = 232 so the additional
R ( x) = xp ( x) = x ⎢ ⎥ = 3+ x revenue if production is increased by
⎣ 3+ x ⎦
one unit is approximately $232 .
4
C ′( x) = x
7 (b) R (81) − R (80)
2( x 2 + 6 x + 18) = $19,111.95 − $18,880.00
R′( x) =
( x + 3)2 = $231.95

4 14. Q(t ) = 0.05t 2 + 0.1t + 3.4

(b) C ′(3) = (3) = 1.71
7 Q′(t ) = 0.1t + 0.1
Q′(0) = 0.1, ∆t = 0.5 (6 months)
(c) C (4) − C (3) The approximate change in carbon
⎛ 32 ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞ monoxide level will be
= ⎜ + 65 ⎟ − ⎜ + 65 ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝7 ⎠ ∆Q = Q′(0)∆t = 0.05 ppm.
= 2.00
16. C (q ) = 0.1q3 − 0.5q 2 + 500q + 200
⎛ 45 ⎞
(d) R '(3) = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 2.50 C ′(q ) = 0.3q 2 − q + 500
⎝ 36 ⎠
C ′(4) = 500.8, ∆q = 4.1 − 4 = 0.1
⎛ 80 ⎞ The approximate change in cost will be
(e) R (4) − R (3) = ⎜ ⎟ − 9 = 2.43 ∆C ≈ C ′(4)∆q = $50.08 .
⎝ 7 ⎠
70 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

18. f ( x) = − x3 + 6 x 2 + 15 x ∆S ≈
dS
∆r = 8πr ∆r
dr
f ′( x) = −3x 2 + 12 x + 15 = 8πr (0.01)r
At 9:00 A.M., x = 1
= 0.08πr 2
f ′(1) = 24
Further, ∆x = 0.25 (one quarter hour) so = 0.02(4 πr 2 )
the approximate change in radio = 0.02 S
production from 9:00 to 9:15 A.M. will be So the surface area increases by
∆f ≈ f ′(1)∆x = 6 radios. approximately 2%.

28. The inner volume of the balloon is given

20. Q( L) = 60,000 L1/ 3 4
20,000 by V = π(0.01)3 = 4.189 × 10−6 cubic
Q′( L) = 2 / 3 3
L millimeters. The volume of the balloon
Q′(1,000) = 200, ∆L = 940 − 1,000 = −60 skin can be approximated as
The approximate effect on output will be ∆V = V '(r )∆r = 4π (0.01)2 (0.0005)
∆Q ≈ Q′(1,000)∆L = −12,000 ,
= 6.283 × 10−7 cubic
that is, a decrease of about 12,000 units. millimeters.
The total volume inserted is
22. (a) P (t ) = −t 3 + 9t 2 + 48t + 200
V + ∆V = 4.817 × 10−6 mm3.
P′(t ) = −3t 2 + 18t + 48
∆V V ' ∆R 4kR3∆R ∆R
(b) R′(t ) = −6t + 18 30. (a) ≈ = 4
=4
V V kR R
∆R
1 If = 0.05 then
(c) R′(3) = 0 and ∆x = (one month) R
12
∆V
so ∆R ≈ 0 . There is no expected ≈ 4(0.05) = 0.20 or the volume
change in the population growth rate V
during the first month of the fourth increases by about 20%.
year.
(b) Writing exercise⎯answers will vary.
2/3
24. Q( L) = 300 L
∆R R′∆T 4kT 3∆T
200 32. 100 ≈ 100 = 100
Q′( L) = 1/ 3 , Q '(512) = 25 R R kT 4
L ∆T
We seek ∆L so that = 400
T
12.5 = ∆Q ≈ Q′(512)∆L = 25∆L,
∆T
so ∆L = 0.5 more worker-hours are If = 0.02 then the percentage
T
needed. change in R is approximately 8%.
26. A 1% increase in r means ∆r = 0.01r or
∆r
= 0.01 . For the surface area,
r
S = 4 πr 2 ,
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 71

34. (a) 10 2.6 Implicit Differentiation and

Related Rates
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
2. (a) Differentiating both sides of
5x − 7y = 3 with respect to x yields
–10 dy dy
5 − 7 = 0. Solving for gives
dx dx
–20 dy 5
= .
The root is approximately 1.465571. dx 7

(b) For f ( x) = x3 − x 2 − 1 , the iterative 5 3

(b) Solving for y gives y = x − so
formula for Newton’s method is 7 7
f ( xn−1 ) dy 5
xn = xn−1 − = .
f '( xn −1 ) dx 7
xn3−1 − xn2−1 − 1
= xn−1 − 4. (a) Differentiating both sides of
3 xn2−1 − 2 xn−1 x 2 + y 3 = 12 with respect to x yields
Beginning with x0 = 1 , the sequence dy
of approximations to the root are 2x + 3y2 = 0.
dx
x0 = 1 x1 = 2 x2 = 1.625 dy dy 2x
x3 = 1.485786 x4 = 1.465956 Solving for gives =− 2 .
dx dx 3y
x5 = 1.465571 x6 = 1.465571
The sixth estimate agrees with the
(b) Solving for y gives y = (12 − x 2 )1/ 3 so
fifth to at least four decimal places.
dy −2 x 2x
(c) Answers will vary based on the = = − .
dx 3(12 − x 2 )2/3 3 y2
accuracy of the estimate in part (a).

36. (a) Suppose N is a fixed number and let 6. (a) Differentiating both sides of
1
f ( x) = x 2 − N . Then f ′( x) = 2 x and x + = 5 with respect to x yields
y
Newton’s method becomes
1 dy
f ( xn ) x2 − N 1− 2 =0.
xn+1 = xn − = xn − n y dx
f '( xn ) 2 xn
dy dy
x N 1⎛ N⎞ Solving for gives = y2 .
= xn − n + = ⎜ xn + ⎟ dx dx
2 2 xn 2 ⎝ xn ⎠
1
(b) Writing exercise⎯answers will vary. (b) Solving for y gives y = so
5− x
dy 1
= 2
= y2.
dx (5 − x)

8. (a) Differentiating both sides of

xy + 2 y = x 2 with respect to x yields
dy dy dy
y + x + 2 = 2 x. Solving for
dx dx dx
dy 2 x − y
gives = .
dx x+2
72 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

x2
(b) Solving for y gives y = so
x+2
dy 2 x( x + 2) − x 2 (1)
=
dx ( x + 2)2
2x − x2
= x+2
x+2
2x − y
= .
x+2

10. x 2 + y = x3 + y 2
dy dy
2x + = 3x 2 + 2 y
dx dx
dy 2
(1 − 2 y ) = 3 x − 2 x
dx
dy 3x 2 − 2 x
=
dx 1− 2y

12. 5 x − x 2 y3 = 2 y
dy dy
5 − x 2 (3 y 2 ) − 2 xy 3 = 2
dx dx
2 2 dy
(2 + 3x y ) = 5 − 2 xy 3
dx
dy 5 − 2 xy 3
=
dx 2 + 3 x 2 y 2

1 1
14. + =1
x y
1 1 dy
− 2− 2 =0
x y dx
dy y2
=− 2
dx x

16. 2x + y2 = 4
2 dy
+ 2y =0
2 x dx
dy 1
=−
dx 2 y 2x
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 73

18. y 2 + 3 xy − 4 x 2 = 9
dy dy
2 y + 3x + 3 y − 8 x = 0
dx dx
dy
(2 y + 3 x) = 8 x − 3 y
dx
dy 8 x − 3 y
=
dx 2 y + 3x

20. ( x − 2 y )2 = y
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
2( x − 2 y ) ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ =
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
dy dy
2( x − 2 y ) = + 4( x − 2 y )
dx dx
dy 2( x − 2 y )
=
dx 1 + 4( x − 2 y )
2x − 4 y
=
1 + 4x − 8 y

22. (3xy 2 + 1)4 = 2 x − 3 y

⎛ dy ⎞ dy
4(3 xy 2 + 1)3 ⎜ 6 xy + 3 y 2 ⎟ = 2 − 3
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
2 3 dy dy
24 xy (3 xy + 1) + 3 = 2 − 12 y 2 (3xy 2 + 1)3
dx dx
dy 2 − 12 y 2 (3 xy 2 + 1)3
=
dx 24 xy (3 xy 2 + 1)3 + 3

24. x 2 − y3 = 2 x
dy
2x − 3 y2 =2
dx
dy 2 − 2 x
=
dx −3 y 2
2 − 2(1)
At (1, −1) the slope is = 0 and the equation of the tangent line is y = −1.
−3(−1)2

1 1
26. − =2
x y
1 1 dy
− 2+ 2 =0
x y dx
dy y 2
=
dx x 2

( 12 ) = 4 and the equation of the tangent line is

2
⎛1 1⎞ 1
At ⎜ , ⎟ the slope is y = 4x − .
⎝4 2⎠ ( 14 )
2 2
74 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

28. x 2 y 3 − 2 xy = 6 x + y + 1
dy dy dy
3x 2 y 2 + 2 xy 3 − 2 x − 2 y = 6 +
dx dx dx
dy 2 y − 2 xy 3 + 6
=
dx 3 x 2 y 2 − 2 x − 1
−2 − 0 + 6
At ( 0, − 1) the slope is = −4 and the equation of the tangent line is y = −4 x − 1 .
0 − 0 −1

30. ( x 2 + 2 y )3 = 2 xy 2 + 64
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
3( x 2 + 2 y )2 ⎜ 2 x + 2 ⎟ = 4 xy + 2 y 2
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
dy 1
At (0, 2) this equation becomes 96 = 8 so the slope at (0, 2) is and the equation of the
dx 12
1
tangent line is y = x + 2 .
12

32. (a) x 2 + xy + y = 3
dy dy
2 x + x + y ⋅1 + =0
dx dx
dy −2 x − y
=
dx x +1
−2 x − y
= 0 when −2x − y = 0, or y = −2x.
x +1
Substituting in the original equation,
x2 − 2 x2 − 2 x = 3
0 = x2 + 2 x + 3
Since there are no real solutions, there are no horizontal tangents.

(b) x + 1 = 0 when x = −1.

When x = −1, 1 − y + y = 3
So no such y exists and there are no vertical tangents.

y x
34. − =5
x y
dy dy
x −y y−x
dx − dx = 0 which simplifies to dy = y .
2 2 dx x
x y
From the equation of the curve, there can be no points on the curve having either x = 0 or y = 0 .
Thus there are no points where the numerator or denominator of the derivative is 0. There are no
horizontal or vertical tangents to this curve.
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 75

36. (a) x 2 − xy + y 2 = 3
dy dy
2x − x − y + 2 y =0
dx dx
dy y − 2 x
=
dx 2 y − x
dy
For the tangent line to be horizontal we must have = 0 and y = 2 x at such a point.
dx
Substituting this expression into the equation of the curve gives x 2 − x(2 x) + (2 x)2 = 3 x 2 = 3
so x = ±1 . Since y = 2 x , the points where the tangent is horizontal are (1, 2) and (−1, −2).

(b) The tangent line will be vertical when the denominator in the derivative is 0 while the
numerator is not 0. The denominator is 0 at points where x = 2 y . Substitution into the original
equation gives 3 y 2 = 3 and the points where the tangent line is vertical are (2, 1) and (−2, −1).

38. xy + y 2 = 1
dy dy
x + y + 2y =0
dx dx
dy −y
=
dx x + 2 y
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
( x + 2 y ) ⎜ − ⎟ − (− y ) ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
d2y ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠
2
= 2
dx ( x + 2 y)
⎛ y ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ −y ⎞⎞
( x + 2 y) ⎜ ⎟ − (− y ) ⎜1 + 2 ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ x + 2y ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ x + 2y ⎠⎠
=
( x + 2 y)2
2 y( x + y )
=
( x + 2 y )3

40. Q = 0.06 x 2 + 0.14 xy + 0.05 y 2

The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating
dQ dy dy dy −0.12 x − 0.14 y −6 x − 7 y
0= = 0.12 x + 0.14 x + 0.14 y + 0.10 y or = = .
dx dx dx dx 0.14 x + 0.10 y 7x + 5y
dy
Use the approximation formula ∆y ≈ ∆x with x = 60, y = 300 and ∆x = 1 .
dx
−6(60) − 7(300)
∆y ≈ (1) = −1.28125 .
7(60) + 5(300)
To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 1.28125 hours.
76 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

42. x 2 + 3 px + p 2 = 79
dx dx dp dp dx −3 x − 2 p dp
2 x + 3 p + 3x + 2 p = 0 or =
dt dt dt dt dt 2 x + 3 p dt
When p = 5, the demand x satisfies p = 5
dp
x 2 + 3(5) x + 52 = 79 or x 2 + 15 x − 54 = ( x + 18)( x − 3) = 0 so x = 3 . Give = 0.30.
dt
dx −19
= (0.30) = −0.27143 or demand is decreasing at the rate 27.143 units per month.
dt 21

44. (a) Since V = s 3 , s3 = 125,000 and s = 50.

Differentiating with respect to t V ′ = 3s 2 s′
V′ −1,000 2
At the present time V ′ = −1,000 and s = 50 so s′ = 2
= 2
=− cm per hour.
3s 3(50) 15

(b) S = 6s 2
⎛ 2⎞
S ′ = 12 ss′ = 12(50) ⎜ − ⎟ = −80 cm 2 per hour
⎝ 15 ⎠

46. Q( p) = p 2 + 4 p + 900
Q′ = (2 p + 4) p′ where the derivatives are with respect to t. At the time in question p = 50 and
p′ = 1.5 so the pollution level is changing at the rate of Q′ = (2(50) + 4)(1.5) = 156 units per year.

48. PV = C
PV ′
PV ′ + VP ′ = 0 or P′ = − where prime denotes differentiation with respect to t. At the time in
V
70(12)
question P′ = − = −21 . The pressure is decreasing at the rate of 21 lb/in.2/sec.
40

50. s = 1.1w0.2
ds dw
= 0.22 w−0.8
dt dt
dw
When w = 11 and = 0.02,
dt
ds
= 0.22(11) −0.8 (0.02)
dt
= 0.000646 meters per second per day

52. A = πr 2
dA dr
= 2 πr
dt dt
dr
When r = 200 and = 20
dt
dA
= 2 π(200)20=8,000π or roughly 25,133 square feet per hour.
dt
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 77

54. PV 1.4 = C
Differentiating with respect to t yields
P (1.4V −0.4 )V '+ P 'V 1.4 = 0 so
− P′V 1.8
V′ =
1.4 P
Given V = 5 , P = 0.6 and P′ = 0.23
−0.23(51.8 )
V′ = = −4.961 .
1.4(0.6)
V is decreasing at roughly 4.96 m3 per sec.

π
56. V = H ( R 2 + rR + r 2 )
3
dV π ⎡ ⎛ dR dR dr dr ⎞ dH 2 ⎤
= ⎢ H ⎜ 2R +r + R + 2r ⎟ + ( R + rR + r 2 ) ⎥
dt 3 ⎣ ⎝ dt dt dt dt ⎠ dt ⎦
dr 4 dR 5 dH 9
Substituting r = 2, R = 3, H = 15 and = , = , = yields
dt 12 dt 12 dt 12
dV 397
= π ≈ 103.93 cubic feet per year.
dt 12

2u + 3v
58. Q = 3u 2 +
(u + v) 2
The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating
⎡ ⎡ dv ⎤ ⎡ dv ⎤ ⎤
⎢ (u + v) 2 ⎢ 2 + 3 ⎥ − 2(2u + 3v)(u + v) ⎢1 + ⎥ ⎥
⎣ du ⎦ ⎣ du ⎦ ⎦
= 6u + ⎣
dQ
0= 4
du (u + v )
dv dv 514476
When u = 10 and v = 25 , solving the above for gives = .
du du 17
dv
Use the approximation formula ∆v ≈ ∆u with ∆u = −0.7 .
du
514476
∆v ≈ (−0.7) = 21,184.3 .
17
To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 21,184 units.

60. (a) x 2 + y 2 = 6 y − 10
x 2 + y 2 − 6 y + 9 = −10 + 9
x 2 + ( y − 3)2 = −1
Since the sum of two squares cannot be negative, there are no points (x, y) that satisfy this
equation.
78 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

dy dy
(b) 2 x + 2 y =6
dx dx
dy
2(3 − y ) = 2 x
dx
dy x
=
dx 3 − y

62. 1.2

–1.2 1.2

–1.2

5 x − 2 xy + 5 y 2 = 8
2

dy dy
10 x − 2 x − 2 y + 10 y = 0
dx dx
dy y − 5 x
=
dx 5 y − x
1− 5
At (1, 1) the slope is = −1 and the tangent line is y = − x + 2 .
5 −1
dy
For the tangent line to be horizontal at a point, we must have y = 5 x so that = 0 . Substituting
dx
1
y = 5 x in 5 x 2 − 2 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 gives 5 x 2 − 2 x(5 x) + 5(5 x)2 = 120 x 2 = 8 yielding x = ± and
15
5 5 1
y=± . There are two horizontal tangents with equations y = and y = − .
15 15 15

64. (a) x3 + y 3 = 3 xy
dy dy
3x 2 + 3 y 2 = 3x + 3 y
dx dx
dy y − x 2
=
dx y 2 − x
dy
A point where the tangent is horizontal must satisfy = 0 or y = x 2 . Substituting into the
dx
equation of the curve gives
x 3 + ( x 2 )3 = 3 x ( x 2 )
x 6 − 2 x3 = x3 ( x3 − 2) = 0
yielding x = 0 and x = 3 2 . If x = 0, then y = 0 and the derivative is undefined. When x = 3 2 ,
then y = 3 4 and so the equation of the horizontal tangent is y = 3 4 .
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 79

(b) Substituting y = x into the equation of the curve gives

x3 + x 3 = 3 x 2
2 x3 − 3x 2 = x 2 (2 x − 3)
3 3
so x = and y = . The slope at this point is
2 2

( )
2
3
2
− 32
= −1
( 32 )
2
− 32
and the equation of the tangent line is y = − x + 3 .

2
(c)

–2 –1 1 2

–1

–2

Review Exercises
1
2. f ( x) =
x−2
−1 −1
As h → 0 this difference quotient approaches 2
, so f ′( x) =
( x − 2) ( x − 2)2

1 3 1 − 2x
4. f ( x) = x3 − 5
+2 x − + 3
3x x x
1 −5
= x − x + 2 x1 2 − 3x −1 + x −3 − 2 x −2
3
3
5
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + x −6 + x −1 2 + 3 x −2 − 3x −4 + 4 x −3
3
2 5 1 3 3 4
= 3x + 6 + + 2− 4+ 3
3x x x x x

6. y = ( x3 + 2 x − 7)(3 + x − x 2 )
dy
= ( x3 + 2 x − 7)(1 − 2 x) + (3 + x − x 2 )(3 x 2 + 2)
dx
= −5 x 4 + 4 x3 + 3 x 2 + 18 x − 1

( )
12
8. f ( x) = x 2 + 1 = x 2 + 1

f ′( x) = ( x 2 + 1)
1 −1 2 x
( 2x ) =
2 x2 + 1
80 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2
⎛ x +1⎞
10. y = ⎜ ⎟
⎝1− x ⎠
dy ⎛ x +1⎞ d ⎛ x +1⎞
= 2⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝ 1 − x ⎠ dx ⎝ 1 − x ⎠
x + 1 (1 − x) − ( x + 1)(−1)
=2
1− x (1 − x)2
x +1 2
=2
1 − x (1 − x)2
4( x + 1)
=
(1 − x)3

(3 x + 1)3
12. f ( x) =
(1 − 3 x)4
1
f ′( x ) =
(1 − 3 x)8
⎡ 4 d 3 3 d 4⎤
⎢⎣ (1 − 3 x ) dx (3 x + 1) − (3 x + 1) dx (1 − 3 x ) ⎥⎦
1
=
8
{(1 − 3 x ) 4 [3(3 x + 1) 2 (3)] − (3 x + 1)3[4(1 − 3 x )3 ( −3)]}
(1 − 3 x)
2
3(3 x + 1) (3 x + 7)
=
(1 − 3 x )5

14. f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 2
f ′( x) = 2 x − 3
f (1) = 0. The slope of the tangent line at (1,0) is m = f ′(1) = −1. The equation of the tangent line
is y − 0 = −( x − 1) or y = − x + 1

x
16. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
( x 2 + 1)(1) − x(2 x) 1 − x2
f ′( x) = =
( x 2 + 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)2
f (0) = 0. The slope of the tangent line at (0,0) is m = f ′(0) = 1. The equation of the tangent line
is y − 0 = x − 0 or y = x

18. (a) The rate of change of

f (t ) = t 3 − 4t 2 + 5t t − 5
= t 3 − 4t 2 + 5t 3 2 − 5
15
is f ′(t ) = 3t 2 − 8t + t1 2
2
15
at any value of t ≥ 0 and when t = 4, f ′(4) = 48 − 32 + (2) = 31.
2
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 81

2t 2 − 5 1 dy −2 du
(b) The rate of change of f (t ) = (b) y = 2
, u = 2 x + 3, = , =2
1 − 3t u du u 3 dx
2 dy dy du −4
(1 − 3t )4t − (2t − 5)( −3) = =
is f ′(t ) = dx du dx (2 x + 3)3
(1 − 3t )2
−6t 2 + 4t − 15
= 24. (a) y = u − u 2 ; u = x − 3
2
(1 − 3t ) When x = 0, u = −3.
1 dy dy du
at any value of t ≠ . When t = −1 , =
3 dx x =0 du u =−3 dx x =0
−6 − 4 − 15 25 = (1 − 2u ) u =−3 (1) x =0
f ′(−1) = 2
=− .
4 16
= 1 − 2(−3)
=7
20. (a) f (t ) = t 2 − 3t + t ; f(4) = 16 − 12 + 2
=6 ⎛ u −1⎞
1/2
1 (b) y = ⎜ ⎟ ; u = x − 1 = ( x − 1)1/2
f ′(t ) = 2t − 3 + ; ⎝ u +1⎠
2 t −1/2 ⎛
1 21 dy 1 ⎛ u − 1 ⎞ u + 1 − (u − 1) ⎞
f ′(4) = 8 − 3 + = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎟
4 4 du 2 ⎝ u + 1 ⎠ (u + 1)2 ⎟⎠ ⎝
1 ⎛ u +1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
21 1/2
f ′(t )
100 = 100 4 = 87.5 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
f (t ) 6 2 ⎝ u − 1 ⎠ ⎜⎝ (u + 1)2 ⎟⎠
The percentage rate of change is 1
87.5%. =
(u − 1) (u + 1)3/2
1/2

du 1 1
= ( x − 1)−1/2 (1) =
t 4
(b) f (t ) = ; f (4) = =4
t −3 4−3 dx 2 2 x −1
(t − 3) − t 3 34 25 5
f ′(t ) = = − ; When x = , u = = .
(t − 3) 2 (t − 3)2 9 9 3
3 dy
f ′(4) = − = −3
(4 − 3)2 dx x = 34
9
f ′(t ) −3 dy du
100 = 100 = −75 =
f (t ) 4 du u = 5 dx
3
x = 34
9
The percentage rate of change is 1 1
−75%. = ⋅
( 53 − 1) ( )
1/2 5 3/2
+1 2 34
9
−1
2 3
22. (a) y = 5u + u − 1, u = 3 x + 1 1 1
= ⋅
()
dy du 3/2 25
= 10u + 1, = 3, 2 8 2 9
du dx 3 3
1/2
dy dy du (3 )(3)3/2 (3)
= = (10u + 1)(3) =
dx du dx (21/2 )(83/2 )(2)(5)
= 3(30 x + 11) 27
=
320
82 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

1
26. (a) f ( x) = 6 x5 − 4 x3 + 5 x 2 − 2 x +
x
1
f ′( x) = 30 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 10 x − 2 −
x2
2
f ′′( x) = 120 x3 − 24 x + 10 +
x3

2
(b) z = 2
= 2(1 + x 2 )−1
1+ x
dz 4x
= −2(1 + x 2 )−2 (2 x) = −
dx (1 + x 2 )2
d 2z (1 + x 2 )2 (4) − 4 x[2(1 + x 2 )(2 x)]
=−
dx 2 (1 + x 2 ) 4
4(1 + x 2 )[(1 + x 2 ) − 4 x 2 ]
=−
(1 + x 2 )4
4(1 − 3x 2 )
=−
(1 + x 2 )3
4(3x 2 − 1)
=
(1 + x 2 )3

( )
4
(c) y = 3 x 2 + 2

( ) ( 6 x ) = 24x (3x2 + 2)
dy 3 3
= 4 3x 2 + 2
dx
d2y ⎡
( ) ( 6 x ) (3)⎤⎥⎦ + (3x2 + 2) ( 24)
2 3
2
= 24 x ⎢ 3x 2 + 2
dx ⎣
= 24 ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 21x 2 + 2 )
2

dy dy 5
28. (a) 5x + 3y = 12, 5 + 3 = 0, or =− .
dx dx 3

(b) (2 x + 3 y )5 = x + 1,
⎛ dy ⎞
592 x + 3 y )4 ⎜ 2 + 3 ⎟ = 1
⎝ dx ⎠
dy
10(2 x + 3 y ) 4 + 15(2 x + 3 y )4 =1
dx
dy 1 − 10(2 x + 3 y )4
=
dx 15(2 x + 3 y )4
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 83

30. (a) xy 3 = 8
⎛ dy ⎞
x ⎜ 3 y 2 ⎟ + y3 = 0
⎝ dx ⎠
dy − y 3 y
or = 2
=−
dx 3 xy 3x
To find the slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 2), substitute x = 1 and y = 2 into the
dy dy 2
equation for to get m = =− .
dx dx 3

(b) x 2 y − 2 xy 3 + 6 = 2 x + 2 y
dy ⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎤ dy
x2 + y (2 x) − 2 ⎢ x ⎜ 3 y 2 ⎟ + y 3 (1) ⎥ = 2 + 2
dx ⎣ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦ dx
dy dy dy
x2 + 2 xy − 6 xy 2 − 2 y3 = 2 + 2
dx dx dx
To find the slope of the tangent line at (0,3), substitute x = 0 and y = 3 into the derivative
dy
equation and solve for to get
dx
dy
−2(3)3 = 2 + 2
dx
dy
−54 = 2 + 2
dx
dy
or the slope is m = = −28.
dx

32. 4x2 + y2 = 1
dy
8x + 2 y =0
dx
dy −8 x −4 x
= =
dx 2 y y
dy
−4 y + 4 x
d2y dx
=
2 2
dx y

=
−4 y + 4 x ( )
−4 x
y
y2
−4 y 2 − 16 x 2
=
y3

34. (a) s (t ) = −16t 2 + 160t = 0 when t = 0 and t = 10. The projectile leaves the ground at t = 0 and
returns 10 seconds later.
84 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

ds
(b) = −32t + 160, thus
dt
ds
= −160 ft/sec at t = 10.
dt

ds
(c) = 0 at t = 5 and the maximum height is s (5) = −16(25) + 160(5) = 400 ft .
dt

36. (a) s (t ) = 2t 3 − 21t 2 + 60t − 25 for 1 ≤ t ≤ 6.

v(t ) = 6(t 2 − 7t + 10) = 6(t − 2)(t − 5)
The positive roots are t = 2, t = 5. v(t ) > 0 for 1 < t < 2, 5 < t < 6, so the object advances.
For 2 < t < 5, v(t ) < 0 so the object retreats.
7
a (t ) = 6(2t − 7) = 0 if t = .
2
7 7
a (t ) > 0 for < t < 6 so the object accelerates. For 1 < t < it decelerates.
2 2

(b) s (1) = 2 − 21 + 60 − 25 = 16,

s (2) = 16 − 84 + 120 − 25 = 27,
s (5) = 250 − 21(25) + 300 − 25 = 0,
s (6) = 432 − 21(36) + 360 − 25 = 11
∆s = (27 − 16) + (27 − 0) + (11 − 0) = 49

38. (a) Since N ( x) = 6 x3 + 500 x + 8,000

is the number of people using the system after x weeks, the rate at which use of the system is
changing after x weeks is
N ′( x) = 18 x 2 + 500 people per week and the rate after 8 weeks is
N ′(8) = 1,652 people per week.

(b) The actual increase in the use of the system during the 8th week is N (8) − N (7) = 1,514 people.

40. Since the population in t months will be P (t ) = 3t + 5t 3 2 + 6,000, the rate of change of the
15
population will be P′(t ) = 3 + t1 2 , and the percentage rate of change 4 months from now will be
2
P′(4) 18
100 = 100
P (4) 6,052
≈ 0.30% per month.

42. The gross domestic product t years after 2000 is N (t ) = t 2 + 6t + 300 billion dollars.
The derivative is N ′(t ) = 2t + 6
At the beginning of the second quarter of 2008, t = 8.25.
The change in t during this quarter is h = 0.25. Hence the percentage change in N is

100
N ′(8.25)h
= 100
[ 2(8.25) + 6] (0.25) ≈ 1.347 %
N (8.25) 8.252 + 6(8.25) + 300
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 85

44. C (t ) = −170.36t 3 + 1,707.5t 2 + 1,998.4t + 4, 404.8

(a) C ′(t ) = −511.08t 2 + 3, 415t + 1,998.4

C ′(t ) represents the rate of change in the number of cases of AIDS at time t in units of reported
cases per year.
(b) C ′(0) = 1,998.4 . The epidemic was spreading at the rate of approximately 1,998 cases per year
in 1984.
C ′(0) ⎛ 1,998.4 ⎞
(c) The percentage rate of change in 1984 ( t = 0 ) was 100 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 45.4% .
C (0) ⎝ 4, 404.8 ⎠
C ′(6) ⎛ 4,089.52 ⎞
The percentage rate of change in 1990 ( t = 6 ) was 100 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 9.96% .
C (6) ⎝ 41,067.44 ⎠

46. P (t ) = 1.035t 3 + 103.5t 2 + 6,900t + 230,000

(a) P′(t ) = 3.105t 2 + 207t + 6,900 . P′(t ) represents the rate of change of the population, in
bacteria per day, after t days.
(b) After 1 day the population is changing at P′(1) = 7,110.105 or about 7,110 bacteria per day.
After 10 days the population is changing at P′(10) = 9, 280.5 or about 9,281 bacteria per day.

(c) The initial bacterial population is P (0) = 230,000 bacteria. The population has doubled when
P (t ) = 2(230,000) = 460,000 or 1.035t 3 + 103.5t 2 + 6,900t − 230,000 = 0 .
Using the solving features of a graphing calculator yields t ≈ 23.3 days as the approximate time
until the population doubles. At that time the rate of change is P '(23.3) = 13,409 bacteria per
day.
dy
48. By the approximation formula, ∆y ≈ ∆x
dx
dy
To find differentiate the equation Q = x3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y 3 implicitly with respect to x. Since Q is
dx
dQ
to be held constant in this analysis, = 0 . Thus
dx
dy dy
0 = 3 x 2 + 4 xy + 2 y 2 + 6 y 2
dx dx
2 2
dy 3x + 2 y
or =−
dx 4 xy + 6 y 2
At x = 10 and y = 20
dy 3(10)2 + 2(20)2
=− ≈ −0.344
dx 4(10)(20) + 6(20)2
Use the approximation formula with
dy
≈ −0.344 and ∆x = 0.5 to get ∆y = −0.344(0.5) = −0.172 unit.
dx
That is, to maintain the current level of output, input y should be decreased by approximately 0.172
unit to offset a 0.5 unit increase in input x.
86 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

50. The population is

20
p(t ) = 10 − 2
= 10 − 20(t + 1) −2
(t + 1)
and the carbon monoxide level is
c( p ) = 0.8 p 2 + p + 139
= 0.8( p 2 + p + 139)1 2
By the chain rule, the rate of change of the carbon monoxide level with respect to time is
dc dc dp
=
dt dp dt
= 0.4( p 2 + p + 139) −1 2 (2 p + 1) ⎡ 40(t + 1)−3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
0.4(2 p + 1) 40
= 3
p 2 + p + 139 (t + 1)
20
At t = 1, p = p (1) = 10 − = 5, c = c(5) = 0.8 169 = 10.4.
4
The percentage rate of change is
dc dt 0.4(10 + 1) 40 1
100 = 100 3
≈ 16.27 % per year.
c 169 (1 + 1) 10.4

dV 3x 2 dx dx
52. V = x3 and dV = 3 x 2 dx , = = 3 = 0.06 or 6 %
V x3 x

54. ( )
S ( R ) = 1.8 105 R 2

R = 1.2 (10−2 )

∆R = ±5 (10−4 )

∆S = S ⎡⎢1.2 (10−2 ) ± 5 (10−4 ) ⎤⎥ − S ⎡⎢1.2 (10−2 ) ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
≈ S ′ ⎢1.2 (10 ) ⎥ ⎢ ±5 (10 )⎥
⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎡ − 4 ⎤
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
S ′( R ) = 3.6 (10 ) R
5

S ′ ⎡⎢1.2 (10−2 ) ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢3.6 (105 )⎤⎥ ⎡⎢1.2 (10−2 )⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
= 4.32 (10 )
3

∆S ≈ ⎡⎢ 4.3 (103 ) ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ ±5 (10−4 ) ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
= ±2.15 cm/sec.

⎛ 3t 2 2t 3 ⎞
56. V (t ) = [C1 + C2 P (t )] ⎜ 2 − 3 ⎟
⎜T T ⎟⎠
⎝
dV ⎛ 6t 6t 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3t 2 2t 3 ⎞ dP
= [C1 + C2 P (t )] ⎜ − ⎟ + C2 ⎜ − ⎟ .
dt ⎜T2 T3 ⎟ ⎜ T 2 T 3 ⎟ dt
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 87

58. At t hours past noon, the truck is 70t km ⎛ t2 ⎞

3
north of the intersection while the car is 62. (a) S (t ) = 50 ⎜ 1 − ⎟
105(t − 1) km east of the intersection. The ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
distance between them is then S (0) = 50 lbs.
D (t ) = (70t ) 2 + [105(t − 1)]2 2
⎛ t2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
= 4900t 2 + 11025(t − 1) 2 . (b) S ′(t ) = 50(3) ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ t
⎜ 15 ⎟ ⎝ 15 ⎠
The rate of change of the distance is ⎝ ⎠
9800t + 22050(t − 1) ⎛
2
1⎞ 2
D′(t ) = . S ′(1) = −150 ⎜1 − ⎟
2
2 4900t + 11025(t − 1) 2 ⎝ 15 ⎠ 15
At 2 P.M., t = 2 and = −17.42 lbs/sec.
9800(2) + 22050(1) (c) The bag will be empty when S (t ) = 0
D′(2) =
2 4900(4) + 11025(1)2 at t = 15 = 3.873 sec. The rate of
= 119 km/hr
leakage at that time is S ′( 15) = 0.

60. Q(t ) = −t 3 + 9t 2 + 12t , where 8 A.M.

64. C (q ) = 0.1q 2 + 10q + 400, q (t ) = t 2 + 50t
corresponds to t = 0.
By the chain rule
dC dC dq
(a) R (t ) = Q′(t ) = −3t 2 + 18t + 12 = = (0.2q + 10)(2t + 50)
dt dq dt
(b) The rate at which the rate of At t = 2 , q = q (t ) = 22 + 50(2) = 104 and
production is changing is given by dC
R′(t ) = Q′′(t ) = −6t + 18 = [0.2(104) + 10][2(2) + 50]
dt
At 9 A.M., t = 1 , and R′(1) = 12 units = 1,663.2 units per hour
per hour per hour.
4 3
(c) From 9:00 A.M. to 9:06 A.M. the 66. V = πr
3
change in time is 6 minutes or ∆V = 0.08V
1
∆t = hour. V ′ = 4 πr 2
10
The change in the rate of production ∆V = 4πr 2 ∆r
is approximated as The percentage rate of change is
⎛1⎞ 100 × 4 πr 2 ∆r ∆r
∆R = R '(1) ∆t = 12 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.2 units per = 300
⎝ 10 ⎠ 4 πr 3 r
3
hour. ⎛ ∆r ⎞
8 = (3) ⎜100 ⎟
(d) The actual change, estimated in part ⎝ r ⎠
(c), is ∆r 8
100 = = 2.67
R (1.1) − R (1) r 3
= Q '(1.1) − Q '(1) The computations assumed a positive
= (−3(1.1)2 + 18(1.1) + 12) − (−3 + 18 + 12) percentage rate of change of 8% but –8%
could also be used. The percentage rate
= 1.17 units per hour
of change is then ±2.67 %.
88 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

68. Let t be the time in hours and s the x x+s

distance between the car and the truck. =
h −5 h
Then 5
140 + s
s = (60t )2 + (45t ) 2 5 140
=4
4(10 − 5) 10
= 3,600t 2 + 2,025t 2 = 75t
5 140
ds or s =
and so = 75 mph . 4
dt hx = hx + hs − 5 x − 5s
dx
70. We have a right triangle with legs 8 and x, hs′ + h′s = 5 + 5s′
the distance from the buoy to the pier, dt
and hypotenuse y, the length of the rope. dx
(h − 5) s′ = 5 − h′s
Thus y 2 = x 2 + 82 and through implicit dt
⎛1⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
differentiation, 5s′ = 5(5) + 32 ⎜ ⎟ 140 ⎜ 140 ⎟
yy′ ⎝4⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
2 xx′ = 2 yy ′ or x′ = s′ = 5 + 2(140) = 285 ft/sec
x
We know y ′ = −2 and at the moment in 74. The total manufacturing cost C is a
question, x = 6 , so the rope is y = 10 ft function of q (where q is the number of
10(−2) 10 units produced) and q is a function of t
long. Thus x′ = = − . The buoy (where t is the number of hours during
6 3
is approaching the pier at roughly which the factory operates). Hence,
3.33 feet per minute.
dC
(a) = the rate of change of cost with
72. Let x be the distance between the woman dq
and the building, and s the length of the respect to the number of units
shadow. Since h(t ) = 150 − 16t 2 , dollars
produced in .
the lantern will be 10 ft from the ground unit
when 10 = 150 − 16t 2 which leads to
dq
1 (b) = the rate of change of units
t= 140 seconds. dt
4 produced with respect to time in
5 140 units
When h = 10 and x = 5t = .
4 hour
from similar right triangles we get
dC dq
(c)
dq dt
dollars units
=
unit hour
dollars
=
hour
= the rate of change of cost
WRT time
 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 89

76. y = 4 x 2 and P (2, 0)

Note that P is not on the graph of the curve (its coordinates do not satisfy the equation of the
curve).
y′ = 8 x
Let xt be the abscissa of the point of tangency. The slope is m = 8 xt
The point ( xt , yt ) lies on the curve through (2, 0) so its slope is
yt − 0
= 8 xt or yt = 8 xt 2 = 16 xt
xt − 2
The point of contact (tangency) is both on the curve and on the tangent line. Thus
4 xt 2 = 8 xt 2 − 16 xt or 4 xt ( xt − 4) = 0.
This is satisfied for xt = x1 = 0 as well as xt = x2 = 4.
The two points of contact have coordinates (0, 0) and (4, 64).

x2 y2
78. − =1
a2 b2
dy
2x 2 y dx
− =0
a2 b2
dy b 2 x
=
dx a 2 y
b 2 x0
Thus the slope at ( x0 , y0 ) is m = and the equation of the line becomes
a 2 y0
b 2 x0
y − y0 = ( x − x0 )
a 2 y0
y0 y y02 x0 x x02
− = −
b2 b2 a2 a2
x0 x y0 y x0 2 y0 2
− = − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
because the point ( x0 , y0 ) is on the curve.
90 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2x + 3
80. f ( x) =
1 − 3x
(1 − 3x)2 − (2 x + 3)(−3)
f ′( x) =
(1 − 3 x)2
11
=
(1 − 3 x)2
5
4
3
2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
It is clear from the graph and the expression for f '( x) that f ′( x) is never 0.

82. s(t ) = t 5 / 2 (0.73t 2 − 3.1t + 2.7)

= 0.73t 9 / 2 − 3.1t 7 / 2 + 2.7t 5 / 2

(a) v(t ) = 3.285t 7 / 2 − 10.85t 5 / 2 + 6.75t 3/ 2

a (t ) = 11.4975t 5 / 2 − 27.125t 3/ 2 + 10.125t1/ 2
4
3
2
1
0
–1 1 2
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7

(b) v(t ) = 0 at t = 0 and t = 0.831 . The corresponding positions at these times are s (0) = 0 and
s (0.831) = 0.395 .

(c) The smallest value of a (t ) occurs at approximately t = 1.278 . At this time s (1.278) = −0.128
and v(1.278) = −2.53 .