reflection

pantulan
 √

Upright, same size

Tegak, sama saiz 8.00
 Convex mirror
Cermin cembung

Larger view of angle

Medan penglihatan yang luas
Virtual, upright, diminished
Maya, tegak, kecil

Decrease/ berkurang
Concave mirror/Cermin cekung

Image is bigger
Saiz imej besar
Virtual, upright, magnified
Maya, tegak, besar

Increases / bertambah
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Sudut tuju = sudut pantulan
 Light travels from denser to
less dense medium and i > c
Cahaya merambat dari
medium lebih tumpat ke
kurang tumpat, i > c

42⁰

n = 1/sin 42 = 1.5
 1/10 = 1/24 + 1/v
1/v = 1/10 – 1/24
= 0.058
v = 17.24 cm
Convex lens
Kanta cembung
20 + 10 = 30 cm
Refraction / pembiasan
 Directly proportional
5.2 > 5.1 Berkadar terus

5.2 > 5.1 inversely proportional

Berkadar songsang

Inversely proportional
Berkadar songsang

Increases, density decreases

Bertambah, density berkurang
Light change direction when
travel between two difference
medium
Cahaya berubah arah apabila
merambat antara dua medium
diamond > crown glass

diamond > crown glass

Inversely proportional
Berkadar terus
Inversely proportional
Berkadar terus
refraction
pembiasan
5.1 > 5.2

5.1 < 5.2

On the retina/ Atas retina

Concave lens
Kanta cekung
Convex lens
Kanta cembung
5.1 convex lens 5.2: concave lens
5.1 kanta cembung 5.2 kanta cekung

5.1 converge 5.2: diverge

5.1 menumpu 5.2 mencapah

5.1 di depan 5.2: di belakang

5.1 infront 5.2 at the back
Convex lens converge
Concave lens diverge
Kanta cembung menumpu
kanta cekung mencapah

convex lens: f di belakang concave lens f di belakang

Kanta cembung f di belakang kanta cekung f di depan
Image that can be seen on the screen
Imej yang hanya boleh dilihat di atas skrin

Real, inverted, magnified

Nyata, songsang, kecil kita.
Reflection pantulan
Virtual, upright, diminished
Maya, tegak, kecil

• Aim the concave mirror to the sun

• Parallel ray from sun reflected
and focus to F
• Amount of heat increases as all
rays focus at F
 Lens Q

f is smaler
f lebih kecil

Concave mirror
Cermin cekung
Incidence angle when
refracted angle is 90⁰
Sudut tuju apabila sudut
biasan ialah 90⁰
Total internal reflection
Pantulan dalam penuh
Light enters at angle 90⁰//
parallel with normal line
Cahaya selari dengan garis
normal.
 Concave/ melengkung

Reflected light is focused to a focal point

Sinar pantulan difokuskan ke satu lokasi

Shiny/ berkilat

Good reflector/ pemantul baik

Big / Besar

Capture more light

Menangkap banyak cahaya.
• Diamond is denser than glass
Berlian lebih tumpat dari kaca.
• Diamond has higher refractive index
Berlian mempunyai indeks biasa tinggi
• n = 1/sin c, n inversely proportional to c
n berkadar songsang dengan c
• The critical angle of diamond is lower
sudut genting berlian lebih rendah
• So total internal reflcection occurs more in
diamond. This makes diamond sparkle
Pantulan dalam penuh lebih kerap berlaku
dalam berlian. Cahaya lebih terperangkap.
Lebih berkilau
 • To get total internal reflection
• 2 prisms 45-90-45
pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
• Arrangement of prisms:
• To make the image upright and not
susunan prisma
laterally inverted/ supaya imej tegak
dan bukan songsang sisi
• fo > fe • To form a magnified image /
hasilkan imej besar
• Big diameter of lens • More light can enter the instrument
diameter kanta besar banyak cahaya masuk
• The outer body made from • Light and easy to carry
lower density material ringan dan mudah dibawa
• Strong material / bahan kuat • Does not break easily / tidak
mudah pecah
• Ray from bird is refracted towards norma
line
• Image of bird is higher
• Ray from fish is total internal reflection
• Image of fish above water
 Modification / pengubahsuaians Sebab / reason

Use 2 convex lenses Objective lens and eyepiece lens

Guna 2 kanta cembung Kanta objektif dan kanta mata

fo < fe To get a bigger image

Mendapatkan imej besar
To get a real and magnified image
Object : fo < u < 2fo Mendapatkan imej yang nyata dan besar

Equip with mirror or light bulb Light can enter and brighten the image
Ada cermin cekung atau lampu Cahaya masuk dan imej menjadi cerah

More than one objective lens Tissues can be observed with more than 1
with different power /lebih satu magnification / tisu boleh dilihat lebih dari
kanta objektif 1 pembesaran
The angle of incidence when the
angle of refraction is 90⁰
sudut tuju di mana sudut pembiasan,
r = 90⁰
 • Critical angle in 9.1 is smaller.
Sudut genting 9.1 lebih kecil
• Density in 9.1 is greater
ketumpatan 9.1 lebih besar
• Refractive index 9.1 is greater
indeks pembiasan 9.1 lebih besar.

• The greater the density, the The greater the refractive index, the
greater the refractive index/ lebih smaller the critical angle. Semakin
besar ketumpatan, lebih besar besar indeks biasa, semakin kecil
indeks biasan sudut genting.
• n inner core > n outer core
• n lapisan dalam > n lapisan luar
• High purity of the inner core
ketulinan tinggi bagi lapisan dalam without losing energy/ cahaya boleh
• Thin material/ bahan nipis
• Strong material / bahan kuat
• Low density material
• bahan berketumpatan rendah
• To get total internal reflection pantulan
dalam penuh berlaku
• Light ray can travel over a long distance
merambat di sepanjang gentian optic yang
panjang tanpa kehilangan tenaga
• Can be used in small area / boleh
digunakan pada kawasan yang kecil
• Does not break easily / tidak
mudah pecah
• Light and easy to carry ringan
dan mudah dibawa
 • The convex lens is aimed at a distant object (infinity)
kanta cembung dihalakan pada objek jauh
• The screen is adjusted until sharp image is formed on
the screen
skrin dilaraskan sehingga imej tajam terbentuk
• Distance between screen & lens is measured,
jarak antara skrin & kanta diukur, f
• Focal length = distance between the
screen and the lens
• Virtual, upright, magnified panjang fokus = jarak antara skrin
• maya, tegak, besar dan kanta
• Power = 2.5 D
• Fo = 1/25 = 0.4 m = 40 cm

• Power = 20 D
• Fo = 1/20 = 0.05 m = 5 cm

• Magnification: fo = 40 = 8
• fe 5
n = 1/sin c
sin c = 1/1.5
c = 41.81⁰

n = sin r
sin i
Sin r = n sin i
= 1.5 x sin 30⁰
r = 48.59⁰
 Modification / pengubahsuaians Sebab / reason
Convex lens Produce real image
Kanta cembung Hasilkan imej nyata

fo = 80 cm , fe = 2 cm fo > fe Produce bigger image / increase magnification

imej besar / pembesaran besar

Normal adjustment to produce sharp image

L = fo + fe
penyelarasan normal untuk hasilkan imej
tajam

High power of lens bigger final image / increase magnification /

Kuasa kanta tinggi Imej akhir besar / pembesaran yang besar

Choose L Convex lens, fo = 80 cm fe = 2 cm, L = fo + fe, high power of lens

Kanta cembung, fo = 80 cm fe = 2 cm, L = fo + fe, kuasa kanta tinggi