Definition of Rural Development :

The definition of “rural” differs by country, though it is usually used in contrast to “urban”. For instance, this
word is defined based on population density in Japan, indicating an area other than “an area with over 5,000
people, which consists of each district with a population density of over 4,000 per square kilometer”

. Therefore, the use of “rural” (including fishing and mountain villages) as a relative concept to
“urban”, based on social, economical, and natural conditions in each country may be most
adequate.

Gandhian Prospective:
India has forgotten Gandhi. His face might be on the rupee note in
everyone’s pockets, but his philosophy of self-reliant small villages is
rarely on anyone’s lips. Gandhi’s once-prominent dream for a nation
of self reliant (Gram Swaraj) villages is now regarded as nothing
more than a pastoral fantasy. As rural discontent simmers, poverty
grows. And as the exodus into the mega-cities continues, there is
little doubt that India must find new models for agricultural
development
 An Unspoken Boundary………
SHINNING INDIA
 INDIA RANK’S 2nd IN WORLD 
IN TERMS OF FARM OUTPUT .
 ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAM HAS
INCREASED BY 25 TIMES SINCE 
ECONOMIC REFORM(RS 7500
Cr. IN 1992-93 TO 2 LAKHS Cr.
IN CURRENT BUDGET)
 Flagship program of Govt. Of 
India Indra Awas Yojna is
allocated a budget of Rs.
15,184 crores
ACTUAL INDIA
8 INDIAN STATES HAVE MORE
POOR PEOPLE AS COMPARED TO
26 POOREST AFRICAN NATIONS.
OUR RANKING IN HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDEX
CONTINUES TO HOVER AROUND
135
estimated rural housing shortage
was 43.12 million
SOME FACTS & FIGURE…..
it is truly a shame that a staggering 91 per
cent of households in Indian villages did not
have toilet facilities
According to the World Bank, 32.7 percent of
Indians live below the international poverty
line of 1.25 dollars per day while another 68.7
percent live on less than two dollars per day.
106.3 million in houses without pucca floors
Twenty Second Standing Committee of the
Fourteenth Lok Sabha on Rural Housing, 2006
considers a house only as a structure of four
walls and a roof for a family (MoRD 2006, p.
8)
 Loopholes in our Present Housing Plans……….
Faulty “ BPL “ identification criteria
13 indicators : obsolete , non-
transparent ,non-verifiable……

Numerous schemes and no certain

defined goal
Complexity of administration ,
inspection, audit mechanism….

No emphasis being laid on local

materials
Sustainability of environment is not
maintained

Lack of Basic infrastructure

No proper sanitation facility, garbage
collection, transportation system, Water
supply etc….

No targeted schemes for micro

financing
lack of availability of financial
infrastructure
 Housing Model…….
Kutcha house / Semi- Pucca Pucca house /
Type I house / Type II Type III

Foundation: Earthen Foundation: Brick and

Foundation: Earthen
plinth; Brick perimeter concrete.
plinth with bamboo
wall with earth infill;
(sometimes timber)
posts.
Wall: Bamboo mats;
CI sheets; Timber Walls: Brick.
Walls: Organic
(Sometime split
materials – jute stick,
bamboo) framing.
catkin grass, straw,
Earthen walls in some
bamboo mats, etc.
area.
Roof: Thatch - rice or Roof: Reinforced
Roof: CI sheet with concrete
wheat or maize straw,
timber framing
catkin grass, etc with split
bamboo
 Kutcha house / Type I (Contd.)…..

Plinth :
Typical earth stabilized plinth.
Mixture of sand , lime, soil and cement,
etc.
Soil compaction is done by rammer or
wooden batten.
At min 3 weeks of curing by water is
needed.
Cheapest off all and easy to maintain. It
requires non skilled labours.
 Kutcha house / Type I (Contd.)…..

Walls :
•Rammed earth technology can be used.
•It is effectively employed in rural areas of Japan,
Thailand, Europe, etc
•The compressive strength of rammed earth can be
up to 4.3 MPa (620 psi)
it requires cement as binding material.

Stand post / Columns :

•Generally stand post made up of bamboo or
timber is used
•It is embedded into the plinth to provide support
to the stand post.
•In order to protect it from dampness, local
method known by most villagers, but not widely
practiced, and thus requires promotion.
 Semi- Pucca House / Type II (Contd.)…..

Plinth :
Brick parameter wall is constructed around the
typical earthen plinth.
Soil erosion is prevented
If sail is too weak spread foundation is also
provided.
1:4 Cement is used for brick masonry
Soil cover should be thoroughly compacted by
wooden battens or rammers.
It can bear heavy loads.
Effective in case of flood prone areas.
 Semi- Pucca House / Type II (Contd.)…..

Walls:
Ideal cost saving method for inside walls in buildings is by
the wattle and duab technique.
Wattle and daub starts with a lattice of vertical studs and
horizontal wattles
A mix of earth and straw is then daubed onto this
latticework, forced into the gaps.
Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6000 years and
is still an important construction material in many parts of
the world as it is a low-impact sustainable building
technique
Generally bamboo is used for this kind of construction.

Stand post / columns :

Concrete stumps embedded into the plinth or ground and
connecting them by MS (mild steel) clamps. Locally known
as kaatla or shiri.
For each katla, at one end a 10-12 inch long ¼ inch thick
MS flat bar to be placed in position so that after casting it is
embedded by 4-6 inch into the kaatla.
Semi- Pucca House / Type II (Contd.)…..
 Pucca house / Type III (Contd.)…

Plinth:
•This is a relatively expensive option, but
more durable.
•One should properly compact sub-base soil
to avoid settlement. If soil is too weak or
loose, a layer of brick soling should be
provided.
•Soil cover on the foundation should be
thoroughly compacted, a simple hand
rammer or wooden battens can be used.
•4 inch cement concrete base slab at, 1:5:10 =
cement: sand: aggregate (brick chips, 1½
inch nominal size).
•1 inch cement concrete topping at, 1:2:4 =
cement : sand : aggregate (fine brick chips).
 Pucca house / Type III (Contd.)…

Walls :
oThis are build with load bearing brick walls.
oThis can resist almost all natural calamities and has a longer
life.
oThe cost of construction is very high.
oCompressive /Crushing strength of bricks (Indian Made) are
very variable, and may vary from 30 kg/sq. cm to 150 kg/sq. cm
for hand-made burnt bricks,
oCement-sand mix is used as the binder.

Stand post / columns :

Generally Reinforced cement concrete columns are used
to support the brick walls.
This gives the horizontal support to the walls, This can
bear maximum load but on the contrary side is very costly.
Should use four steel 3/ 8 inch diameter re-bars, one at
each corner, tied together with ¼ inch diameter stirrups @
8-10 inch nominal spacing.
 Basic Infrastructure….
Water Supply :
Shallow tubewell is the most cost-
effective and convenient form of water
supply at the homestead level, especially in
areas without arsenic contamination of
groundwater.
In areas suffering from arsenic
contamination, deep tube well can be
used.
Collecting rainwater for household uses
can be a suitable option.
In flood-prone areas, tube well should be
located on raised ground.
Various types of traditional and
innovative filters are available for
treatment of surface water and removal of
arsenic, which can be utilized based upon
local availability and water source
Energy :-
Because of the lack of widespread
coverage of centralized energy services
and because of the financial and
environmental costs of fossil and organic
fuel, renewable energy should be
considered for rural housing
At the moment, harnessing solar
energy using photovoltaic (PV) solar
panels for electricity generation is the
most applicable option among other
renewable energy technologies.
At the moment, harnessing solar
energy using photovoltaic (PV) solar
panels for electricity generation is the
most applicable option among other
renewable energy technologies.
Basic Infrastructure…(contd.)
Sanitation:-
The most basic and important aspect
towards ensuring hygienic sanitation is to
discourage and prevent open defecation
and use of hanging latrines. These practices
contaminate water sources and are a major
cause of spreading diseases.
The community-based “100% Sanitation
Approach” pioneered by Towards Nirmal
Bharat, Rural Sanitation and Hygiene
Strategy, 2010 – 2022 focuses on hygiene
education for behavioral change and
technological support for a variety of
latrine options.
Simple pit latrine is the most cost-effective
and somewhat hygienic sanitation option.
An improved version with a concrete
squatting slab is now available in most
places and should be recommended.
IMPLIMENTATION STAGES........

AN IDEA THAT IS DEVELOPED AND PUT INTO ACTION IS MORE

IMPORTANT THAN AN IDEA THAT EXISTS ONLY AS AN IDEA

Stage 1 – Pilot program should be formulated including schedule, resources, team,

staff training, logistics.
Stage 2 – Pilot-program should be implemented in selected area with monitoring by
implementing agency. Implementation should coincide with the main construction
season in the dry winter period when households require funds for house construction
and repair.
Stage 3 – Interim evaluation, preferably independent, should be conducted. This
should be timed after the rainy season to assess the critical challenges to housing
structures at this time of year. Report should be reviewed as widely as possible
Stage 4 – Incremental loan strategy should be implemented over another phase. This
should again coincide with the construction season. Documentation to be made of
changes to houses and progress should be monitored. Credit performance should be
monitored.
Stage 5 – Independent evaluation should be conducted and report submitted for
review. Consultations with stakeholders should be held on potential for extension and
continuity. Dissemination and replication methods should then be planned.
 CHALLANGES AND RISK
CONCEPT CHALLANGES MITIGATION AND CHALLANGES

Government do not see the viability of funding this Advertising/ Awareness

MODEL. Campaign.

High RURAL URBAN biased population. Tie-ups with PANCHAYATS for

complaint and customer care
Uncertainty in Population Growth in rural area.
cell.

IMPLEMENTATION RISKS Proper training for these 3-

Tier model.
PROPER PLANNING of rural housing is difficult due
to scattered population.  Bringing in leaders/ NGOs for
training inputs .
CORRECT implementation of IT strategies at lower
level and interconnection of villages is a big challenge. Proper & single boundary line
must be defined for the BPL
QUALITY of HOUSE actually been delivered to the
beneficiaries.
REFERENCES:-
•BERGLUND, M. (1986) Stone, Log and Earth Houses. Watertown, USA, Tauton Press Inc.
•Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) (2007), National Urban
•Housing and Habitat Policy 2007, Government of India, New Delhi.
•Design and Construction of Housing for Flood-Prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) (2006), Twenty-Second Report of Standing Committee
on Rural Development (2005-2006), (Fourteenth Lok Sabha) Rural Housing, Lok Sabha
Secretariat, New Delhi.
•Working Group on Rural Housing for XII Five Year Plan, Government of India, New Delhi
•Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2001) Growth and Change in Asia and the Pacific Key
Indicators
•DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES (undated) Building with Compressed Earth Blocks. New
Delhi, India, Development Alternatives.
•Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation Ministry of Rural Development Government of
India
•http://www.ijoart.org/docs/The-Growing-Rural-Urban-Disparity-in-India-Some-Issues.pdf
•http://planningcommission.gov.in
•NORTON, J. (1986) Building with Earth: A Handbook. London, Intermediate Technology
Publications.
•Census of India (2012), H-Series Tables on Census Houses, Household Amenities and Assets
National Sample Survey Organisation (2010), Report No. 535: Housing Condition and Amenities
in India.
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_Rural_Development