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Fig. 093-8. Example of aluminum grounding conductor tran-
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example of one common grounding conductor for the circuit and equipment is
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Made electrodes must penetrate the moisture level and be below the frost
line. They must be metal or combined metals that do not corrode and they must
not be painted, enameled, or covered in any way with an insulating material.
The driven ground rod is the most commonly used made electrode. Require-
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ments for made electrodes are outlined in Figs. 094-4 through 094-11.
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Fig. 094-2. Existing electrode—local (water piping) system (Rule 094A2).
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Fig. 094-3. Existing electrode—steel reinforcing bars in concrete foundations and footings (Rule 094A3).
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The Code also has specific rules for connecting to steel framed and non-steel-
framed structures. The connection to water piping systems is also outlined.
When water piping is used as the grounding electrode, bonds must be made
around meters or other removable fittings.
The Code (in Sec. 094, “Grounding Electrodes”) does not list gas piping as an
acceptable electrode. Made electrodes or grounded structures should be separated
from high-pressure (150 lb/in2 or greater) pipelines containing flammable liquids
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Fig. 094-5. Made electrodes—buried wire (counterpoise) (Rule 094B3a).
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Fig. 094-7. Made electrodes—buried plates or sheets (Rule 094B3c).
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Fig. 094-8. Made electrodes—butt plates and wire wraps (Rule 094B4).
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Fig. 094-9. Made electrodes—butt plates and wire wraps at transformer locations (Rule 094B4a).
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to supply natural gas to homes. The requirements for separating grounding elec-
trodes from high-pressure pipelines are shown in Fig. 095-2.
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Rule 095C requires that the connection to the grounding electrode be free
from rust, enamel, or scale. This can be done by cleaning or using fittings that
penetrate such coatings.
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Fig. 095-1. Connection of grounding conductor to grounding electrode (Rule 095A).
and are grounded only at the source transformer, must have a ground resistance
not exceeding 25 Ω. This rule states that if a single electrode exceeds 25 Ω, then
two electrodes in parallel must be used. The Code does not specifically comment
on what happens if the second electrode does not bring the ground resistance
below 25 Ω; however, the main idea of this rule is to have a ground resistance low
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Fig. 095-2. Grounding electrode separation from high-pressure pipelines (Rule 095B2).
The Code does not specify a ground resistance for multigrounded systems.
The Code notes that multigrounded systems are dependent on the multiplicity
of grounding electrodes, not the ground resistance of any individual electrode.
For underground installations where the supply cable has an insulating
jacket over the concentric neutral or the supply cable is in conduit, the cable
must be terminated and grounded four times in every mile. If an express
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Fig. 096-1. Example of checking “four grounds in each mile” (Rule 096C).
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similar to a bare concentric neutral cable and the jacket does not need to
be stripped back for grounding. The semiconducting jacket must not exceed
100 mΩ radial resistivity. Use of semiconducting jacketed cable is not very
common due to the fact that these cables are higher in cost than insulated
jacketed cable.
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Rule 096 provides an exception to the four grounds in every mile for under-
water crossings. Grounding on each side of the underwater crossing should be
given special attention to make up for any lack of grounding in the underwater
portion of the cable.
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ing conductor and single grounding electrode if a ground connection exists
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at each surge arrester location and the primary neutral or shield wire and
secondary neutral are connected together. When the primary and secondary
neutrals are connected, Rule 097C requires the common neutral to be multi-
grounded (see Rule 096C). Rule 097A is typically applied in conjunction
with Rule 097D1. An example of this application is a delta-delta transformer
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bank fed from an ungrounded primary system as shown in Fig. 097-1.
Rules 097B and 097C are typically applied to grounded-wye–rounded-
wye three-phase systems and grounded-wye single-phase systems fed from
a multigrounded primary system as shown in Fig. 097-2.
On multigrounded systems the primary and secondary neutrals should be
interconnected. The NESC uses the word “should” in this case, not “shall,”
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as there are times when separation of primary and secondary neutrals on a
multigrounded system is applicable. The most common reason for separat-
ing primary and secondary neutrals on a multigrounded system is to minimize
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Fig. 097-1. Example of separate primary and secondary grounding (Rules 097A and 097D1)
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Fig. 097-2. Example of a common neutral with single grounding (Rules 097B and 097C).
stray voltage on the secondary neutral imposed by the primary neutral. The
requirements separating primary and secondary neutrals for stray voltage or
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review for special cases like the delta-delta transformation or for stray voltage
applications discussed in this rule.
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Fig. 097-3. Separating primary and secondary neutrals for stray voltage (Rule 097D2).
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or other material that will not corrode and shall not be less than AWG No. 14.
The communications grounding conductor must be connected as shown in
Fig. 099-1.
A separate communications ground rod is not required per Rule 099A. If a
communications ground rod is used because a supply service does not exist,
the communications ground rod may be smaller in diameter and length per the
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Fig. 099-1. Additional requirements for communications grounding (Rules 099A and 099B).
exception to Rule 099A3. However, if a supply service does exist and a com-
munications ground rod is used to supplement the supply grounding system,
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the exception to Rule 099A3 permitting smaller rods does not apply. Rule
099A does not prohibit a supplemental communications ground rod, but only
if the supply service does not exist can the smaller communications-size
ground rod be used. If a standard-size ground rod (per Rule 094B2) is used for
communications grounding to supplement the supply ground rod, an AWG
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No. 6 copper or equivalent jumper must bond the two ground rods together as
shown in Fig. 099-2.
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Fig. 099-2. Bonding of communications and supply electrodes (Rule 099C).
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