MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY - Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 17

SHORT-TERM CREDIT FOR FINANCING

CURRENT ASSETS

I. Questions

1. It is advisable to borrow in order to take a cash discount when the cost of

borrowing is less than the cost of foregoing the discount. If it cost us 36
percent to miss a discount, we would be much better off finding an
alternate source of funds for 8 to 10 percent.

2. The prime rate is the rate that a bank charges its most creditworthy
customers. The average customer can expect to pay one or two percent
(or more) above prime.

3. The stated interest rate is the percentage rate unadjusted for time or
method of repayment. The effective interest rate is the true rate and
considers all these variables. A 5 percent stated rate for 90 days provides
a 20 percent effective rate. The financial manager should recognize the
effective rate as the true cost of borrowing. The effective rate is also
referred to as the APR (Annual Percentage Rate).

4. Commercial paper can be either purchased or issued by a corporation. To

the extent one corporation purchases another corporation’s commercial
paper as a short-term investment, it is a current asset. Conversely, if a
corporation issues its own commercial paper, it is a current liability.

5. Pledging accounts receivable means receivables are used as collateral for

a loan; factoring account receivables means they are sold outright to a
finance company.

6. Three types of lender control used in inventory financing are

a. Blanket inventory lien-general claim against inventory or collateral.

No specific items are marked or designated.
b. Trust receipt-borrower holds the inventory in trust for the lender.
Each item is marked and has a serial number. When the inventory is
sold, the trust receipt is canceled and the funds go into the lender’s
account.

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c. Warehousing the inventory is physically identified, segregated, and

stored under the direction of an independent warehouse company that
controls the movement of the goods. If done on the premises of the
warehousing firm, it is termed public warehousing. An alternate
arrangement is field warehousing whereby the same procedures are
conducted on the borrower’s property.

II. Multiple Choice

1. A 16. B 31. D 46. D

2. B 17. A 32. A 47. A
3. D 18. C 33. A
4. B 19. D 34. A
5. D 20. D 35. C
6. C 21. D 36. D
7. A 22. C 37. C
8. D 23. D 38. D
9. B 24. C 39. B
10. D 25. D 40. C
11. A 26. D 41. D
12. A 27. A 42. D
13. B 28. B 43. C
14. C 29. B 44. C
15. B 30. D 45. D

Supporting computations:

4. P1,080,000 / 360 = P3,000 in purchases per day. Typically, there will

be P3,000 (40) = P120,000 of accounts payable on the books at any
given time. Of this, P3,000 (10) is “free” credit, while P3,000 (30) =
P90,000 is “non-free” credit.

5.
Approx. cost = Discount % x 360
Days credit is
100 - Discount % − Discount
outstanding period
= 2% x 360= 2x 360
100% - 2% 40 - 10 98 30

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=24.5%

6.

= = 0.1111 = 11.11%
Effective rate on the Interest
discount loan Face value − Interest
Credit terms are 2/10, net 40, but delaying payments 30 additional days is
the equivalent of 2/10, net 70. Assuming no penalty, the approximate cost
(P2,400,000) (0.10)
is as follows:
P2,400,000 − (P2,400,000) (0.10)
Discount %P240,000 360
Approx. cost = 100 - Discount % x
Days credit is
P2,160,000 − Discount
outstanding period
2% 360 2 360
= x = x
100% - 2% 70 - 10 98 60

=12.24%

Therefore, the loan cost is 1.13 percentage points less than trade credit.

7.
= =

= 11.1%

8. Approximate effective rate = P1,000 / P5,000 = 20.0%

9.
= = 13.3%

P10,000 (0.10) P1,000

10. Effective rate P10,000 − P10,000 (0.10) P9,000

= P13,333,

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since 0.15 (P13,333) = P2,000 is required for the compensating balance,

and 0.10 (P13,333) = P1,333 is required for the immediate interest
payment. 10%
Effective rate 1 − 0.15 − 0.10
21. The effective rate is equal to net interest expense divided by proceeds
received not proceeds borrowed.

P10,000 = = 12.67%
1 − 0.15 − 0.10
P10 million + P125,000 1
24. P200 million − P125,000 − P10 million 180 / 360
= 8.67%

26.

= = = .0959

Interest 120,000 − (0.06 x 100,000)

Proceeds 1,000,000 − 100,000

(P1,000,000 − 980,000 + 1,200) x 4

1,000,000 − 20,000 − 1,200
III. Problems

PROBLEM 1 (CAMATCHILE SALES COMPANY)

Interestinterest cost of the commercial
The discounted .07 paper issue.07
is calculated as
follows: Proceeds [1.00 (.93) − .20] .73

Interest expense = .10 x P200 million x 180 / 360 = P10 million

The effective cost of credit can now be calculated as follows:

RATE = x

= 46%
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PROBLEM 2 (JAN MFG. CO.)

a. Interest for two months = .14 x − x P500,000

= P11,667

= P500,000 − (.2 x P500,000 + P11,667)

= P383,333

RATE = x

= .030043 x 6 = .18026, or 18.026%

Note that Jan would actually have to borrow more than the needed
P500,000 in order to cover the compensating balance requirement.
However, as we demonstrated earlier, the effective cost of credit will not
be affected by adjusting the loan amount for interest expense changes
accordingly.

b. The estimation of the cost of forgoing trade discounts is generally quite

straightforward;
Loan proceedshowever, in this case the firm actually stretches its trade
credit for purchases
(for P500,000 loan) made during July beyond the due date by an
additional 30 days. If it is able to do this without penalty, then the firm
effectively forgoes a 3 percent discount for not paying within 15 days and
does not pay for an additional 45 days (60 days less the discount period of
P11,667 12
15 days). Thus, for the July trade credit, Jan’s cost is calculated as
follows: P388,333 2

RATE = (.03 / .97) x (360 / 45) = 24.74%

However, for the August trade credit the firm actually pays at the end of
the credit period (the 30th day), so that the cost of trade credit becomes

RATE = (.03 / .97) x (360 / 15) = 74.22%

c.
= .12 x x P500,000

= P10,000
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Pledging fee = .005 x P750,000

.16 x P200,000 1
= P3,750
P200,000 − .20 x P200,000 1

RATE = x

= .0275 x 6 = .165, or 16.5%

.14 x P200,000 1
P200,000 − .14 x P200,000 − .2 x P200,000 1
PROBLEM 3 (JELO MFG. COMPANY)

a.

RATE = x

Interest for=two.18, or 18% 2

b. months 12

RATE = x

= .20, or 20%

c. P10,000 + P3,750 12
P500,000 2
RATE = x

= .21212, or 21.212%

Alternative (a) offers the lower-cost service of financing, although it

carries the highest stated rate of interest. The reason for this, of course,
its that there is no compensating balance requirement nor is interest
discounted for this alternative.
.18 x P200,000 1
P200,000 1
PROBLEM 4 (KIWI CORPORATION)

= x
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 Short-term Credit for Financing Current Assets Chapter 17

P5,500 360
P300,000 60
= x = 2.04% x 8 = 16.32%

Effective rate of interest with a 20% compensating balance requirement:

2% 360
= Interest rate / (1 − C) 98% (70 − 10)
= 14% / (1 − .2)
= 14% / (.8) = 17.5%

The effective cost of the loan, 17.5%, is more than the cost of passing up the
discount, 16.32%. Kiwi Corporation should continue to pay in 55 days and
pass up the discount.
P300,000 P300,000 P300,000
PROBLEM 5 (1 (READY
− C) FLASHLIGHTS,
(1 − .20) INC.) .80
a. Effective rate of interest = x

= 1.83% x 6 = 10.98%
P6,850 360
P375,000 − P75,000 60
b. Cost of lost discount= x
P6,850
Cost of not taking a = 2.04%
P300,000
Discount % x 6 = 12.24%360
cash discount 100% − Disc.% Final due date-
c. Yes, because the cost of borrowing is less than the cost ofperiod
Discount losing the
discount.
2% 360
d. 98% = − 10)
(55 =

= P375,000 amount needed to be borrowed

e. Effective interest rate = x

= x 6 = 2.28% x 6

= 13.68%

No, do not borrow with a compensating balance of 20 percent since the

effective rate is greater than the savings from taking the cash discount.

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PROBLEM 6 (SUMMIT RECORD COMPANY)

a. Trust Bank 2 x 12 x P9,000

(P100,000 − P10,000) x (12 + 1)
Effective interest rate

= P72,000 / P355,000 = 20.28%

Northeast Bank

Effective interest rate

= P216,000 / P1,170,000 = 18.46%

Choose Northeast Bank since it has the lowest effective interest rate.

b. The numerators stay the same as in part (a) but the denominator increases
to reflect the use of more money because compensating balances are
already maintained at both banks.

Trust Bank

Effective interest rate = P72,000 / (P100,000 − P9,000) x 5

= P72,000 / P455,000 = 15.82%

Northeast Bank

Effective interest rate = P216,000 / (P100,000 x 13)

= P216,000 / P1,300,000 = 16.62%

c. Yes. If compensating balances are maintained at both banks in the normal

course of business, then2 Trust
x 4 xBank P9,000
should be chosen over Northeast
Bank. The(P100,000 − P20,000
effective cost of its loan− will
P9,000)
be less.
x (4 + 1)

PROBLEM 7 (ATBP., INC.)

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a. 11.73% Costs incurred by using commercial paper

b. 12.09%
Net funds available from commercial paper
c. 18%

PROBLEM 8 (FAMILIA, INC.)

a. Cost of commercial paper =

Cost of commercial paper in the first quarter

Cost of issuing commercial paper:

Interest (P4,000,000 x .0775 x ¼) P 77,500

Placement fee (P4,000,000 x .00125) 5,000
First quarter cost P 82,500

Funds available for use: =

Funds raised P4,000,000
Less: Compensating balance P400,000
Less: Interest and placement 82,500 482,500
Net funds available in first quarter P3,517,500

Cost of commercial paper in the first quarter P 82,500

P3,517,500

= 2.345%

Cost of issuing commercial paper per quarter:

Interest (P4,000,000 x .0775 x ¼) P 77,500

Funds available for use:

Funds raised = P4,000,000
Less: Compensating balance P400,000
77,500 477,500
Net funds available per quarter P3,522,500

Cost of commercial paper per quarter P 77,500

P3,522,500
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= 2.20%

Total annual effective cost of commercial paper

Effective cost = 1st quarter cost + 3(cost of 2nd, 3rd, 4th qtrs.)
= .02345 + 3(.02200)
= .02345 + .06600
= .08945
= 8.95%

Familia Inc. should choose commercial paper because the cost of bank
financing (10.4 percent) exceeds the cost of commercial paper (8.95
percent) by greater than 1 percent.

b. The characteristics Familia Inc. should possess in order to deal regularly

in the commercial paper market include:

1. Have a prestigious reputation, be financially strong, and have a

high credit rating.
2. Have flexibility to arrange for large amounts of funds through
regular banking channels.
3. Have a large and frequently recurring short-term or seasonal
needs for funds.
4. Have the ability to deal in large denominations of funds for
periods of one to nine months and be willing to accept the fact
that commercial paper cannot be paid prior to maturity.

PROBLEM 9 (CANADA COMPANY)

a. The expected monthly cost of bank financing is the sum of the interest
cost, processing cost, bad debt expense, and credit department cost. The
calculations are as follows:

Interest .15 / 12 x P180,000 = P 2,250

Processing .02 x P180,000 / .75 = 4,800
Credit department = 2,500
Bad debt expense .0175 x .7 x P900,000 = 11,025
Expected monthly cost of bank financing P20,575

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b. The expected monthly cost of factoring is the sum of the interest cost and
the factor cost. The calculations are as follows:

Interest .015 x P180,000 = P 2,700

Factor .025 x .7 x P900,000 = 15,750
Expected monthly cost of factoring P18,450

c. The following are possible advantages of factoring:

1. Using a factor eliminates the need to carry a credit department.

2. Factoring is a flexible source of financing because as sales
increase, the amount of readily available financing increases.
3. Factors specialize in evaluating and diversifying credit risks.

d. The following are possible disadvantages of factoring:

1. The administrative costs may be excessive when invoices are

numerous and relatively small in peso amount.
2. Factoring removes one of the most liquid of the firm’s assets and
weakens the position of creditors. It may mar their credit rating
and increase the cost of other borrowing arrangements.
3. Customers could react unfavorably to a firm’s factoring their
accounts receivable.

e. Based upon the calculations in Parts a and b, the factoring arrangement

should be continued. The disadvantages of factoring are relatively
unimportant in this case, especially since Canada Company has been
using the factor in the past. Before arriving at a final decision, the other
services offered by the factor and bank would have to be evaluated, as
well as the margin of error inherent in the estimation of the source data
used in the calculations for Parts a and b. The additional borrowing
capacity needed by Canada Company is irrelevant because the firm only
needs P180,000 and the bank will loan P472,500 (P900,000 x .70 x .
75) and the factor will lend P567,000 (P900,000 x .70 x .90).

PROBLEM 10 (BILLY MADISON CORPORATION)

a. The annual percentage cost of each company’s credit terms is calculated

as follows:
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Cost = x

The cost of each supplier must be weighted by the proportion of the total
Discount
provided by the supplier. 360 days
1.00 – Discount Credit period – Discount period
Annual Weighted
Percentage Cost Weight Average Cost
Supplier (1) (2) (1) x (2)
Fort Co. .367 .30 .110
Jester Co. .242 .25 .061
Jam Co. - .35 -
Smitt & Co. .172 .10 .017
Total 1.00 .188

Average effective annual interest rate is 18.8 percent.

b. No, the average effective annual interest rate does not indicate whether
they should borrow funds to take advantage of the terms on a specific
account. The borrowing decision should be based on the effective annual
interest rate of each supplier’s credit terms. Money should be borrowed
to pay within the discount period only when the cost of borrowing is less
than the effective annual interest rate of the credit terms. For instance,
Fort Co. has an effective annual interest rate of 36.7% and should be paid
on day 10 only if the cost of borrowing is less than 36.7%.

c. 1. A line of credit is a loan agreement in which the borrower has, with

certain specified limitations, control over the amount borrowed (up to
some maximum) and when the funds are repaid.

2. Yes, a line of credit would be appropriate for Billy Madison if the

company needs to borrow short-term money to take advantage of the
cash discounts.

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