Concrete Digital Image Correlation Punya Nadia

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN OF CONCRETE

CUBES USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION
UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
NADIA PUTRI WIJANARKO

1506712045
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
DEPOK
2019
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN OF CONCRETE

CUBES USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION
Submitted as requirement to achieve the undergraduate title
UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
NADIA PUTRI WIJANARKO

1506712045
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
DEPOK
2019
PREFACE
Praise to the almighty God for his blessing so that author could finish this thesis
with the title of “Study on Displacement and Strain of Concrete Cubes Using Digital
Image Correlation”. The purpose of this thesis is to fulfill one of requirement to achieve
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with major of Civil Engineering at University of
Indonesia.
The success of this paper cannot be finished and realized properly without all the
help, guidance, and encouragement of various parties involved, directly and indirectly, in
the making of this seminar. Author would like to give absolute gratitude to:
1. Ibu Essy Arijoeni and Bapak Bastian O. B. S. for all the guidance, expertis, and
help throughout the making of the research. Without whom, I cannot possibly
tackle the questions and challenges thrown in my way
2. All staffs working in laboratory; especially to Bapak Idris, Bapak Yudi, and Mas
Gilang that tirelessly help the process conducted in laboratory
3. My parents; Papi and Mami, without whom I cannot do this with. Thank you for
all the support from day one up until today. I truly cannot repent what you have
done for me.
4. My ‘go-skripsi’ friends, for being directly involved in the making of the research
even when they had no business to do so; be that in the lab, in WD or, by lending
me the equipment I needed. Special mention to Victor, Anin, Fady, Nadila, and
Dita for helping me first-hand and to repeatedly Fady, Victor, Anin, Dika, and
Ridha for giving me the peer pressure necessary when I had no desire to continue
sprint for the thesis.
5. Civil Engineering PI FTUI 2015, for the last four years, for sharing the journey,
the blood, the sweat, and the tears. Thank you for the endless support.
6. My friends, especially to my human diaries and #coucouflorian mates, for always
listening to me rant even when they do not know what I am on about and for
providing the distraction necessary.
7. My sisters, Sheila and Astrid, for always being understanding and supportive in
their own ways.
iv
Universitas Indonesia
8. Other parties that I could not name one-by-one, know that the help and support
provided did not go unaccounted. I am eternally grateful.
The author is fully aware that the preparation and discussion of this paper still has
many shortcomings, due to the limited ability to possess any other knowledge about the
related topic. Due to that fact, the author humbly expects and accepts any constructive
criticism and suggestion from readers for additional knowledge in the future. At the end,
hopefully this simple writing could be useful for all readers, and for the author in
particular especially in the Civil Engineering ground.
Depok, 1st July 2019
Nadia Putri Wijanarko
v
ABSTRACT
Name : Nadia Putri Wijanarko

Study Program : Civil Engineering
Title : Study on Displacement and Strain of Concrete Cubes Using
Digital Image Correlation
Counsellor : Ir. Essy Arijoeni, Ph.D
Dr. Bastian Okto Bangkit Sentosa, ST, MT. M.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a new, cutting edge technology employed the study
full-field displacement of materials; concrete included. DIC uses the help of digital
images that was recorded sequentially during testing period. There had never been a
research conducted using the method in Universitas Indonesia using conventional tools.
This research proves that such thing is possible. The component and steps to DIC are
extensively discussed in the research; speckle pattern, method of record, images
produced, and data computation. Through this research, the behavior of how displacement
and strain develops when concrete is subjected to compressive testing can be studied. The
results of the research were analyzed quantitatively using the digital images and its
computation based on computer software used. Additionally, provided that this was a
preliminary research, there are many aspects and suggestions found from this research
that will be applicable for future researches.
Key words:
Digital Image Correlation, DIC, Concrete, Digital Image, Strain, Displacement
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY .............................................................................. ii
STATEMENT OF LEGITIMATION .............................................................................. iii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................... xxi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Problem Identification ........................................................................................... 3
1.3. Objective ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Scope ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Brief Content.......................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 6

2.1. Digital Image Correlation Principle .................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Spackle Pattern.......................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Acquiring Images of Specimen ................................................................. 8
2.1.3. Algorithm to Process the Data .................................................................. 8
2.2. Application of DIC ......................................................................................... 11
2.2.1. DIC Analysis for Strain Measurement of Large Masonry Wall by
Salmanpour et ......................................................................................................... 12
al, 2013 ................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2. DIC Analysis for Fracture Behaviour of Refractory Materials by
Doumalin et al,........................................................................................................ 13
2013......................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3. DIC Analysis for Damage and Fracture of Granular Composite Material
by 16
viii
Zhang et al, 2004 .................................................................................................... 16
2.3. Computer Aid Program ................................................................................... 20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 22

3.1. Specimen Preparation ..................................................................................... 22
3.2. Speckle Patterning .......................................................................................... 24
3.3. Set Up Apparatus ............................................................................................ 24
3.4. Compressive Strength Testing ........................................................................ 25
3.5. Application of DIC Analysis Software ........................................................... 26
3.6. Analysis........................................................................................................... 27
ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 28
4.1. Experimental Analysis .................................................................................... 28
4.1.1. Mix Design.............................................................................................. 28
4.1.2. Concrete Casting ..................................................................................... 29
4.1.3. Imposing Speckle Pattern ....................................................................... 34
4.1.4. Setting Out Apparatus ............................................................................. 36
4.1.5. Compressive Testing............................................................................... 38
4.1.6. Data Processing....................................................................................... 39
4.2. Result Analysis ............................................................................................... 41
4.2.1. Displacement Results ............................................................................. 42
4.2.2. Strain Results ....................................................................................... 120
4.3. Error Analysis ................................................................................................... 162
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................ 165

5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 165
5.2. Recommendations ......................................................................................... 166
REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 167
ix
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Iterative Process to Obtain Displacement Field ............................................ 10

Figure 2.2 Test Setup of DIC on Large Masonry Wall................................................... 12
Figure 2.3 Result of DIC on Large Masonry Wall ......................................................... 13
Figure 2.4 Dissection of DIC into a 2P-DIC................................................................... 14
Figure 2.5 Result of Horizontal Displacement Curve ..................................................... 15
Figure 2.6 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on DIC Analysis ........................... 16
Figure 2.7 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on 2P-DIC Analysis ..................... 16
Figure 2.8 FT Coefficient ............................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.9 WT Coefficient .............................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.10 Deformation Contour of Fiber Reinforced Mortar ...................................... 19
Figure 2.11 Displacement Field on Sandstone ............................................................... 20
Figure 2.12 Displacement Plot Generated by NCORR .................................................. 21
Figure 2.13 EYY Strain Plot Generated by NCORR...................................................... 21
Figure 3.1 Research Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 22
Figure 3.2 Configuration of Digital Image Correlation During Test – Top View .......... 25
Figure 3.3 DIC Analysis Flow Diagram ......................................................................... 26
Figure 4.1 Slump Test on Low Strength Concrete ......................................................... 30
Figure 4.2 Slump Test on Medium Strength Concrete ................................................... 31
Figure 4.3 Slump Test on High Strength Concrete ......................................................... 33
Figure 4.4 Speckle Pattern on 25 MPa Sample............................................................... 34
Figure 4.7 Apparatus Configuration ............................................................................... 36
Figure 4.9 Point of Interest on Horizontal Line for Displacement Analysis .................. 42
Figure 4.10 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 .................................. 44
Figure 4.11 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 ................................... 45
Figure 4.12 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 .... 46
Figure 4.13 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.56 MPa– Test 1 ....... 47
Figure 4.14 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 15.52 MPa– Test 1 ..... 47
x
Figure 4.15 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Stress of 24.27 MPa–
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4.16 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
1............................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.17 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ... 48
Figure 4.18 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 .... 48
Figure 4.19 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.56 MPa– Test 1 ....... 49
Figure 4.20 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 15.52 MPa– Test 1 ..... 49
Figure 4.21 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Stress of 24.27 MPa –
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 4.22 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
1............................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 4.24 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 2 ................................... 52
Figure 4.29 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test
2............................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 4.30 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Stress– Test 2 . 56
Figure 4.34 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test
2............................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 4.35 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 ... 58
Figure 4.36 Displacement on Low Strength Concrete – Test 2 ...................................... 58
Figure 4.37 Crack appearing on Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 .......... 59
Figure 4.38 Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3....................................... 60
xi
Figure 4.41V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.67 MPa– Test 3 ........ 63
Figure 4.42 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 15.52 MPa– Test 3 ..... 63
Figure 4.43 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
3............................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 0.48 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test
3............................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.49 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 3 ............ 66
Figure 4.50 V Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 ............................ 67
Figure 4.51 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 ............................ 68
Figure 4.52 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete - Test
1............................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 4.53 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress
6.59 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................... 70
15.50 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................. 70
26.43 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................. 70
Figure 4.56 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at
Ultimate Stress – Test 1 .......................................................................................... 71
Figure 4.57 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at End of
Test – Test 1 ............................................................................................................ 71
Figure 4.58 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test
1............................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 4.59 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress
6.59 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................... 72
15.50 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................. 73
xii
26.43 MPa – Test 1 ................................................................................................. 73
Figure 4.62 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at
Ultimate Stress – Test 1 .......................................................................................... 73
Figure 4.63 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at End of
Test – Test 1 ............................................................................................................ 74
Figure 4.64 Specimen Collapse on Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 74
Figure 4.67 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test
2............................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 4.68V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.80 MPa –
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 79
Figure 4.69 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.27 MPa –
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 79
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 79
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 4.72 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress–
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 4.73 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test
2............................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 4.74U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 281
Figure 4.75 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.80 MPa –
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 81
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 82
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 82
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 82
xiii
Figure 4.79 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress–
Test 2....................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 4.80 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test
2............................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 4.83 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test
3............................................................................................................................... 86
Figure 4.84 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 4.5 MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 87
Figure 4.85 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.35 MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 87
Figure 4.86 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 24.32MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 87
Figure 4.87 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 4.88 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test
3............................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 4.89 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test
3............................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 4.90 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 4.5 MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 4.91 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.35 MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 4.92 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 24.32MPa -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 4.93 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress -
Test 3....................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 4.94 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test
3............................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 4.95 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 .................................. 93
Figure 4.96 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 .................................. 93
xiv
Figure 4.97 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ... 94
Figure 4.98 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 6.54 MPa - Test
1............................................................................................................................... 95
1............................................................................................................................... 95
Figure 4.100 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 26.43 MPa -
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 95
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 96
Figure 4.102 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test
1............................................................................................................................... 96
Figure 4.103 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 1 96
Figure 4.104 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 . 97
Figure 4.105 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 6.54 MPa - Test
1............................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 4.106 U V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 15.28 MPa -
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 0.107 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 26.43 MPa -
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 98
Test 1....................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 4.109 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test
1............................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 4.110 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 1 . 99
Figure 4.111 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 .............................. 102
Figure 4.112 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 .............................. 102
Figure 4.113 Point of Interest on Vertical Line for Displacement Analysis ................ 103
Figure 4.114 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete in Vertical Line – Test 2 .... 105
Figure 4.115 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 106
2............................................................................................................................. 107
xv
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 107
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 107
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 108
Figure 4.120 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress Ultimate Stress -
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 108
Figure 4.121 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test
2............................................................................................................................. 108
Figure 4.122 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 109
2............................................................................................................................. 110
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 110
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 110
Test 2..................................................................................................................... 111
Figure 4.127 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test
2............................................................................................................................. 111
Figure 4.128 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test
2............................................................................................................................. 111
Figure 4.129 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 .............................. 114
Figure 4.130 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 .............................. 114
Figure 4.131 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 115
3............................................................................................................................. 116
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 116
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 116
xvi
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 117
3............................................................................................................................. 117
Figure 4.137 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 118
3............................................................................................................................. 119
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 119
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 119
Test 3..................................................................................................................... 120
3............................................................................................................................. 120
Figure 4.143 Normal V Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 .............................. 121
Figure 4.144 Normal U Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 .............................. 122
Figure 4.145 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 1 ............ 122
Figure 4.146 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................ 123
Figure 4.147 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 1 ........... 123
Figure 4.148 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................. 123
Figure 4.149 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1 ........... 124
Figure 4.150 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................. 124
Figure 4.151 Cracks on Specimen of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 ........................ 125
Figure 4.154 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 ........... 127
Figure 4.155 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 ................. 127
Figure 4.156 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 ........... 128
Figure 4.158 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 ........... 128
xvii
Figure 4.162 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3 ........... 131
Figure 4.163 XX Shear of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3 ................. 131
Figure 0.164 XY Shear of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3 .......... 131
Figure 4.166 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3 .......... 132
Figure 4.168 Cracks on Specimen of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3 ........................ 133
Figure 4.169 Normal V Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 ........................ 134
Figure 4.170 Normal U Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 ........................ 134
Figure 4.171 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1..... 135
Figure 4.172 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 .......... 136
Figure 4.173 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1..... 136
Figure 4.174 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ......... 136
Figure 4.175 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1.... 137
Figure 4.176 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 .......... 137
Figure 4.179 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2..... 140
Figure 4.180 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 .......... 140
Figure 4.181 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2..... 141
Figure 4.182 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test– Test 2 ........... 141
Figure 4.183 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2..... 141
Figure 4.184 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 .......... 142
Figure 4.185 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of Medium Strength Concrete - Test
2............................................................................................................................. 142
Figure 4.188 XX Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
3............................................................................................................................. 145
xviii
Figure 4.189 XX Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress at End
of Test – Test 3 ..................................................................................................... 145
Figure 4.190 XY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
3............................................................................................................................. 145
Figure 4.191 XY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3 146
Figure 4.192 YY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test
3............................................................................................................................. 146
Figure 4.193 YY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3 146
Figure 4.194 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of Medium Strength Concrete - Test
3............................................................................................................................. 147
Figure 4.195 Normal V Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ............................. 148
Figure 4.196 Normal U Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ............................. 148
Figure 4.197 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1 .......... 149
Figure 4.198 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................ 149
Figure 4.199 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1 .......... 150
Figure 4.200 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................ 150
Figure 4.201 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1 .......... 150
Figure 4.202 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1 ................ 151
Figure 4.203 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of High Strength Concrete - Test
1............................................................................................................................. 151
Figure 4.206 Region of Interest .................................................................................... 154
Figure 4.207 Normal V train of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test 2 ..... 155
Figure 4.208 Normal U Strain of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test 2 ... 156
Figure 4.209 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 .......... 156
Figure 4.210 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2 ............... 157
Figure 4.211 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 .......... 157
Figure 4.213 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2 .......... 158
xix
2............................................................................................................................. 159
Figure 4.218 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3 ................ 161
3............................................................................................................................. 162
Figure 4.222 Speckle Pattern on Specimen .................................................................. 163
xx
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.1 Concrete Strength of Specimen ........................................................................ 4
Table 3.1 Strength of Concrete Specimen ...................................................................... 23
Table 3.2 Quantity of Materials for 1 m3 of Concrete ................................................... 23
Table 4.1 Quantity of Materials for 8 x 15 x 15 x 15 cm of Concrete Cube and 2 x 15 x
30 cm Concrete Cylinders ....................................................................................... 29
Table 4.2 25 MPa Concrete Dimension and Weight ...................................................... 30
Table 4.5 Maximum Stress of Concrete Specimen ......................................................... 42
Table 4.6 Coordinate on Horizontal Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 1 ............... 43
Table 4.7 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 ...................................... 43
Table 4.8 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1 ...................................... 44
Table 4.9 Colors for Lines in Graph ............................................................................... 46
Table 4.10 Coordinates on Horizonta Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 2 ............ 51
Table 4.11 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 2 .................................... 51
Table 4.12 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 2 .................................... 52
Table 4.13 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 3 ........... 59
Table 4.14 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3 .................................... 59
Table 4.15 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3 .................................... 60
Table 4.16 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Medium Strength Concrete - Test 1 .... 66
Table 4.17 V Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 .............................. 66
Table 4.18 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 .............................. 67
Table 4.19 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Medium Strength Concrete - Test 2 ... 74
Table 4.21 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 2 .............................. 76
Table 4.22 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Medium Strength Concrete - Test 3 .... 83
Table 4.24 Table 4..: U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 3.............. 84
Table 4.25 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 1 ......... 91
Table 4.26 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ................................... 91
Table 4.27 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ................................... 92
xxi
Table 4.28 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 2 ....... 100
Table 4.29 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 ................................. 100
Table 4.30 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 2 ................................. 101
Table 4.31 Coordinates on Vertical Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 2 ............ 103
Table 4.32 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete in Vertical Line – Test 2 ....... 104
Table 4.33 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 3 ....... 112
Table 4.34 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 ................................. 112
Table 4.35 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 3 ................................. 113
Table 4.36 Normal V and U Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1....................... 121
Table 4.39 Normal V and U Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1 ................ 133
Table 4.42 Normal V and U Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1 ...................... 147
Table 4.44 Normal V and U Strain of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test
2............................................................................................................................. 155
xxii
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
In recent years, the advance of information and technology has allowed development
of digital image processing to thrive. Digital image processing has allowed researchers to better
understand certain properties that is being observed using a visual data. As the name implies,
digital image processing relies heavily on the quality of the images taken by the camera. Better
resolution of the images allows better analysis to be performed on the image data provided.
Provided that cameras with high resolution is more widely available and affordable today,
digital image processing is more frequently used and desirable. It is so because digital image
processing allows analysis of many properties of a material by simply analysing and observing
its real-time visual data.
A method of digital image processing named Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a
method that has been developed to analyse displacement and strain of a material after testing
is conducted upon the material. The principle of DIC is to track the difference between two
digital images; for instance, prior and after testing, and developed correlation coefficient
between the two. Correlation coefficient is then applied to find the position of a point in the
region of interest (ROI). By doing so, analysis on displacement and strain can be conducted.
The accuracy of DIC can then be determined by comparing the processed data to the LVDT
reading obtained during the testing.
DIC is a complicated and time-consuming process to be done manually. It requires
complex mathematic functions. It is also a long iterative process involving many iterations to
determine the exact place of a point in a ROI. Hence, many have developed software for DIC
analysis. The algorithm of the software follows the same pattern of determining subset and its
size, determining the correlation coefficient, calculating the displacement field, calculating the
strain, and visualization of the processed data. The visualization of the data varies from one
software to another. Visualization can be in a form of plotted graph or 2D maps showing the
strain distribution. One of the software developed and one that will be used during the course
of this experiment is NCORR. NCORR is a freely available and open-source software that is
available to be used on Mac computer. It is an add-in to MatLab; hence MatLab is required to
2
run the program. The result of the data input to this software is picture showing distribution of
strain and displacement. Extraction of displacement per coordinate is also an available option.
According to the fact stated above, it is understood that DIC is now vastly applicable
and easy to be done. In addition, DIC is also known to be compatible for many types of
materials as long as it possesses grey scale coloring on its surface to ease the analysis part.
Grey level is essential as the difference between the color spectrum of black and white is easier
to be distinguished from one another compare if other colors is used. As it is vastly applicable
on many materials, concrete testing using DIC is also deemed possible.
In the case of concrete, DIC can be applied to analyze its displacement and strain after
compression test is conducted. It is important to do such testing and analysis of concrete as
concrete is a material that is very common used in construction. Knowing its displacement and
strain will help determine many of its other properties and the crack pattern that will appear on
the surface of the concrete. Distribution of cracks can also be detected and analyzed using DIC
analysis. As it is commonly assumed, brittleness of a concrete will increase as its strength.
Brittleness of a concrete will directly influence its quality. Those knowledge will be useful for
the future application of the concrete itself.
There are several steps in order to use DIC analysis properly. The initial step is to
impose a speckle pattern to the surface of concrete. Speckle pattern is the basic of DIC as it
relies on the difference of grey scale on the material’s surface to do its analysis. Speckle
patterning is done in only black and white color, to enable the grey scale to show clearly.
Speckle pattern gives the surface of the material dots and lines that enables the software to base
its reading on. Testing was then to be conducted. During the testing period, sufficient number
of digital images have to subsequently taken. These images have to be taken within short time
interval so that every little displacement appearance can be recorded. Alternatively, a video can
instead be recorded as it is better showing changes in material with respect to time. It is also
important to keep in mind that a camera with an adequate resolution has to be used so that the
resulting images will also have good quality image resolution.
Afterwards, the recorded images are then to be input to NCORR. One initial and
important thing before NCORR can be run is to also input other parameters and seeds of region
of interest to the program. The subset determination will influence greatly on the data
interpretation, as it determines whether or not sufficient amount of speckle in the subset. If
there is too many or to little number of speckle present in one single subset, the accuracy of the
analysis will be disturbed. ROI is the region that is to be observed during the analysis. The
3
output of NCORR is graphs of displacement and strain. Other than NCORR, many have
developed software for DIC analysis. The software mostly has the same algorithm pattern.
As it is important to know the tendency of crack distribution in a concrete, it is
necessary to conduct an experiment to prove the existing theory. DIC is a tool that can assist
researcher to do analysis of concrete displacement and strain. However, considering that DIC
is relatively a new procedure, the use of DIC to do such analysis has not been conducted.
Taking both facts, it can be beneficial to prove the existing theory using the assistance of DIC
analysis. That is what this experiment targeted to attain.
1.2. Problem Identification
1. How is the displacement of concrete cubes observed with DIC?

2. How is the strain of concrete cubes observed with DIC?
3. How is the distribution of crack based on the DIC analysis?
1.3. Objective
Based on the background and problem identification that have been discussed, the
objective of this study is to study the strain and displacement of concrete cube specimens that
have been mechanically tested by conducting a compressive strength test. To study the strain
and displacement, a method of DIC is applied. By doing so, it will be possible to analyze how
the cracks; including strain and displacement develop as the stress increases. The research will
cover qualitative study based on the digital images produced.
1.4. Scope
This experiment is limited by certain scope such as camera resolution, software user for
analysis, properties of concrete tested, and test conducted.
1. The camera used to take digital images for all samples should be the same to produce
the same quality of image
2. The camera to be used is: Cannon EOS 7D Camera
Specification:
Number of pixel : 23.4 MP
Sensor : 22.3 x 14.9 mm
Shutter speed range : 30 to 1/8000 seconds
4
3. The software used to determine the DIC analysis for all samples should be the same to
produce the same set of analysis.
4. The software to be used are:
• MatLab 2015
• NCORR : open source, freely available on internet
• XCode 5.6.2. : open source, freeware
• AutoCAD 2017 : student liecense
5. Concrete that are to be tested in the experiment has different strength of:
Table 1.1 Concrete Strength of Specimen
Low Strength (MPa) Moderate Strength High Strength (MPa)

(MPa)
25 35 45
6. Concrete that are to be tested has the same dimension of a cube 15 x 15 x 15 cm

7. Concrete is to be tested by compression strength machine that is available in the
Laboratory of Structure and Material at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, Univeritas Indonesia
5
1.5. Brief Content
The brief content of this study is consisted of:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Elaboration of the background as to why the research is conducted, problem
identification that is the basis of the research, objective, research scope, and
brief content of the research.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY

Elaboration of literature review and theory that supports the research.
Including explanation of the principle of DIC, application of DIC, computer
aid program, and stress-strain relationship.
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

Elaboration of the research flow diagram, which include materials and
procedure involved in all items on the research flow, and the preliminary
schedule of the research.
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
Elaboration of the analysis throughout all steps of the research, which
include the experimental analysis, results analysis consisting of
displacement and strain analysis, and error analysis.
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
Elaboration of the conclusion of the research along with
recommendations for future researches.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Digital Image Correlation Principle
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an experimental method that has been developed to
assist the process of digital image processing. It is understood to be a cutting-edge, non-contact,
optical measurement to investigate full-field displacement and strain. Principally, it compares
the before and after load test digital images taken. Upon that understanding, it is important to
obtain images during testing with adequate resolution. It should also be taken into account that
imagery taken should be continuous so that the littlest crack development can be recorded and
analyse. This requires subsequent sets of image with short time interval to be taken with
precision.
DIC is developed in order to enable researchers to study 2D surface motion given by
the digital images that have been taken during the course of the mechanical testing. The
principle of this method is the analysis of successive image and then finding the correlation
between the two images observed. The consecutive correlations applied on all the sequence
images will then result in the reading of full-field displacement and strain of the materials.
DIC will divide the area of the images into small subsets to ease the process of the
movement occurring. In each of the subset images are track during the course of the movement
and deformation. Tracking means that subset is shifted using the correlation coefficient until
the pattern in the deformed image matches with reference image. This process involved several
steps iterations to attain the desired position as closely as possible.
The sequence of images that is analyzed by DIC should be in grey scale and
thresholding should be properly done. Grey scale is used as it provides less colors combination
than of RGB images. Grey scale colors are indicated by number 0 to 255 and all of the colors
are in the spectrum of black (0) and white (255) colors. This means that only 266 colors
combination is available from greyscale level. Difference in colors can be easily detected by
using greyscale colors, hence, help ease the process of determining the difference between
images.
There are several procedures required to be conducted in order to implement DIC
analysis. The procedures are explained in the following paragraphs.
7
2.1.1. Spackle Pattern

Specimen needs to be prepared prior to testing. As DIC is based on greyscale coloration,
it is important to do speckle patterning on any material surfaces that is to be tested. Speckle
pattern is to be applied by using paint of black and white colors. Black and white colors are
used as the two colors are highly contrasting from one another. Patterning is done to assist the
process of obtaining correlation between images. Optimal correlation is obtained provided that
pattern is random, isotropic, and does not show any bias to one orientation.
According to Salman pour et al, in their journal Application of Digital Image
Correlation for Strain Measurement of Large Masonry Walls, Pattern of speckle can be both
naturally occurred or artificially made. However, considering many materials does not
generally have naturally occurring pattern in the color of grey scale, artificial coloring is more
commonly done. Applying the pattern is one of the most challenging step of DIC. Several
methods have been used for patterning, some of the application method are by spray painting,
printing, using toner powder and stencils, and lithography.
The principle of speckle pattern is to put two different contrasting colors, such as black
and white, and make it into a pattern. The easiest method to do so is to paint the whole surface
with one of the color. Then the other color is to be used to make the pattern itself. Methods to
make the pattern are mention above. Difference methods of pattern application will result in
the difference of patterns acquired. Marker paint will result in bigger size and in some cases
more uniformed pattern as researcher have control on the application. However, adequate
density of pattern is hard to achieve. Pattern by stencil using laser printer will result in a very
densely compacted pattern. Meanwhile patterning using spray gun results in a random and
adequately dense pattern provided the right pressure is applied to the applicator.
Patterning is such an important step of DIC as DIC requires an adequate spatial
resolution, a property that strongly correlates with speckle patterning. Sizes of the speckle
should also be considered, if the sizes of speckles are too small, it could cause aliasing. Aliasing
effect will impose a disturbance to the accuracy of DIC analysis as it often shows Moiré pattern.
However, if the pattern is too big, the process of location tracking can be distorted. This is due
to the fact that if the pattern is too big, then it is possible that an entire subset will be filled by
the patches of pattern. This explains that if a subset is consisted entirely of white or black color,
tracking is not possible.
8
2.1.2. Acquiring Images of Specimen

After speckle pattern is correctly applied, mechanical test is to be conducted. During
the course of mechanic testing it is required to take the picture required for DIC analysis. As
have been explained prior, digital images should be taken with short interval period between
one another to ensure all changes in the material are recorded. Resolution of the camera should
also be adequate to obtain proper image data. Digital cameras nowadays have the option of
shutter shock which allows images to be taken in short interval with just one click at the
beginning.
It is also important to keep in mind that an adequate distance needs to be put between
the camera and specimen during the test as it will influence the camera focus. A camera should
also be put on top a tripod or a steady surface so that during the course of testing, the images
acquired will have the same positioning. It is also a measure to avoid any shaking motion during
the time the images are taken. It is greatly crucial to have a focused image so that DIC analysis
can be done properly.
2.1.3. Algorithm to Process the Data

The next steps to do image processing of the acquired images. The basic principle of
any algorithm that is used in any computer aid program to produce a correlation factor based
on the images obtained before and after the testing procedure. Prior to choosing the correlation
factor subset of the image should be determined. Image subset is a smaller region of the image
that is to be observed. The initial grey level of the image should be presented in a discrete
function of:
f*(x*,y*) = f*[x+u(x,y), y+v(x,y)}
Equation 2.1 Discreet Function
where:
u(x,y) and v(x,y) = displacement field
Displacement field is obtained by using correlation factor as explain in preceeding
explanation. Any changes or movement of recorded detected by the subpixel position is
obtained by bicubic interpolation using the following function:
f*(x*,y*) = αx* + ßy* + γx*y* + λ
Equation 2.2 Bicubic Interpolation
9
where:
α= ƒ*(1,0) – ƒ*(0,0)
ß= ƒ*(0,1) – ƒ*(0,0)
γ= ƒ*(1,1) + ƒ*(0,0) - ƒ*(0,1) – ƒ*(1,0)
λ= ƒ*(0,0)
Afterwards, the correlation coefficient between two zones can be determined.
Correlation coefficient is an indicator of similarity degree between two patterns, in this case
pattern changes between images taken prior and after the test or differences obtained by image
taken at different interval. It can be determined using the following function of:
∫ Δ* + ,, . ∗ + , ∗, . ∗ 0, 0.
!"# = 1 −
∫ Δ* + ,, . 1 0, 0. ∫ Δ*+ ∗ , ∗, . ∗ 1 0, 0.
Equation 2.3 Correlation Coefficient
Where: ΔS = initial image’s area of correlation pattern

Displacement field are then ready to be computed provided the bilinear displacement
fields along x and y is obtained using the following formula of:
23 ,, . = 45 , + 75 . + 85 ,. + 05
Equation 2.4 Bilinear Displacement Field
with: 029 = 23 (,9 , .9 )

02< = 23 (,9 + => , .9 )
02? = 23 (,9 + => , .9 + => )
02? = 23 (,9 , .9 + => )
Displacement field is then calculated using the following formula of:
, − ,9 . − .9
23 ,, . = 02< − 029 + 02@ − 029
=> =>
(, − ,9 )(. − .9 )
+ 8 02A − 02< + 029 − 02@ × + 029
=1>
, − ,9 . − .9
2C ,, . = 0D< − 0D9 + 0D@ − 0D9
=> =>
(, − ,9 )(. − .9 )
+ 8 0DA − 0D< + 0D9 − 0D@ × + 0D9
=1>
Equation 2.5 Displacement Field
10
Iterative process should be conducted in order to obtain the optimum displacement field
as recorded by LVTD. Iteration is conducted using the following function:
, − ,9 . − .9
23E ,, . = 02<E − 029E + 02@E − 029E
=> =>
(, − ,9 )(. − .9 )
+ 8 02AE − 02<E + 029E − 02@E × + 029E
=1>
, − ,9 . − .9
2CE ,, . = 0D<E − 0D9E + 0D@E − 0D9E
=> =>
(, − ,9 )(. − .9 )
+ 8 0DAE − 0D<E + 0D9E − 0D@E × + 0D9E
=1>
Equation 2.6 Displacement Field Iteration
The illustration of how this process is conducted is illustrated in the figure below:
Figure 2.7 Iterative Process to Obtain Displacement Field
Source: Vacher et al, 199
DIC analysis also allows determination of strain field (E). The first procedure to obtain
the strain field is to compute Green-Lagrange’s tensor (E) with the following formula of
1
F = {I J ⊗ I − 1}
2
Equation 2.8 Strain Field
11
Where:
F = gradient transformation tensor
The tensor is then translated and written as a function of the strain displacement of:
1 1
F= 2M,N + 2N,E + 2M,O 2N,O
2 2
Equation 2.9 Tensor
where: i, j, k P, Q, R S (,, .)
T5U
2M,N =
TN
The principle base of Green-Legrange tensor of strain value is expressed as:

F33 + FCC 1
F33 = + (F33 + FCC )1 + 4F3C
1
2 2
Equation 2.10 Green-LegrangeTensor Strain
Provided that OX and OY is determined to be principal strain support axes, the angle
between the point of x and X can be obtained using the following formula:
F3C
W = X#8YZ( )
F33 − FCC
Equation 2.11 Angle of Strain Axes
Based on all the computation above, the value of strain Ex and EY can be known using
the following formula:
1
F[3\ ln (2F3 + 1)
2
1
F[C\ ln (2FC + 1)
2
Equation 2.12 Strain Value
2.2. Application of DIC
DIC is a recent technology that is being continually developed. DIC is an experimental

process that have also been experimented over the years to prove its accuracy and make new
development necessary. There have been several attempts of DIC application, each using
different materials and slightly modified algorithm. The result of the preceeding DIC analysis
are explained in the parts below.
12
2.2.1. DIC Analysis for Strain Measurement of Large Masonry Wall by Salmanpour et
al, 2013
This experiment on large masonry wall is conducted by Salmanpour and Mojsilvic
(2013) at ETH Zurich I Switzerland and is published in their article Application of Digital
Image Correlation for Strain Measurement of Large Masonry Walls. The test is conducted by
performing 11 static-cyclic tests. The tests is performed in two phases, preliminary and main
test phases. One of the test is to test the specimen under a shear force on top of the wall with
the help of stiff steel beam acting as a holding beam. The veritical load is applieid using 2
hydraulic actuators.
Figure 2.13 Test Setup of DIC on Large Masonry Wall
Source: Application of Digital Image Correlation for Strain Measurements of Large Masonry Walls, A.H.
Salmanpour and N. Mosjilovic (2013)
During the loading procedure, the images are recorded using 36.3 MP full-frame size
CMOS sensor of Nikon D800E. The camera is located in the distance of 6 m from the specimen.
Afterwards, the images are computed in a program called Vic2D. Vic2D allows users to obtain
the full-field displacement and strain after the correlation coefficient is determined.
The figures below illustrate the full-field displacement and the strain of the material
just before the specimen collapse.
13
Figure 2.14 Result of DIC on Large Masonry Wall
Source: Application of Digital Image Correlation for Strain Measurements of Large Masonry Walls, A.H.
Salmanpour and N. Mosjilovic
However, researchers also stress that it is hard to confirm the accuracy of the generated
results computed by Vic2D. There are several sources of errors, such as the speckle pattern,
imaging distortion, noises appearance in images, subset size, correlation function, and
interpolation scheme. However, for this particular study, using the particular set up, a
displacement accuracy of 0.01 pixel can be achieved using typical set up.
2.2.2. DIC Analysis for Fracture Behaviour of Refractory Materials by Doumalin et al,
2013
By definition, refractory materials are materials that are resistant to heat. Most of
refractory materials are minerals. Instead of decomposing or deforming when exposed to heat,
refractory materials ‘strength when exposed to heat stays the same. This is due to its chemical
and physical properties that the materials possess. This allows the materials to avoid premature
failure. Refractory materials are suitable to be used at environment that are heat extreme. Some
of refractory materials are steel, cement, lime, and non-ferrous metals.
The experiment of DIC analysis was conducted by P. Doumalin at Université de
Poitiers in France. He conducted refinement of the process by conducting a method called 2P-
DIC or 2 Part DIC. His concern for this method is that regular DIC cannot consider the
displacement field happening near the crack tip. His solution is by assuming that every subset
can be split into two parts. The idea was the split parts each have different kinematics.
14
The DIC analysis is conducted on Magnesia-Spinel material or more commonly known

of MSp. MSp is more commonly known as a type of brick. Mechanical testing that is conducted
for this experiment is Wedge Splitting Test. The test is to put the material under uniaxial load.
The test is today used to investigate the fracture mechanical properties of refractory materials.
In this test wedge splitter is set up on the upper part of the surface of the materials along with
hydraulic testing device. This allows a stable crack propagation. Stable crack propagation
allows displacement-controlled loading to be attained. The horizontal load applied during the
test can also be determined by evaluating vertical load and the angle of wedge splitter along
with the friction that is being omitted. By doing so, the horizontal displacement can also be
known.
The principle of 2P-DIC is essentially the same with the principle of usual DIC in terms
to detect the position of crack opening. Meanwhile the correlation coefficient used is illustrated
below:
+ , Z ∅(a)
8 _ = −
+ , Z ∅(a)
Equation 2.15 Correlation Coefficient
Where: f and g = grey level picture at subset D

However, in 2P-DIC, Doumalin stated that the subset is divided vertically at the
position XC into 2 parts as shown in figure. It is important to stress that XC should not be taken
into account.
Figure 2.16 Dissection of DIC into a 2P-DIC
Source: Refinement of Digital Image Correlation Technique to Investigate the Fracture Behaviour of Refractory
Materials, Y. Belrhiti, O. Pop, A. Germaneau, P. Doumalin, J.C. Dupré, M. Huger, and T. Chotard
Hence, there will be changes in correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient than
becomes:
15
!b? c = 8 1 _E + 8 1 _1
@e @d
Equation 2.17 Correlation Coeeficient – 2P DIC
T5e T5e Tfe Tfe

Where: _E = (2E , DE , , , , )
T3 TC T3 TC
Doumalin also stated that Q vector represent every kinematic unknowns of subset D. It
gathers both q1 and q2 and that the values of XC varies by one-pixel step from –N4/ to N/4. In
2P-DIC, matching between two points is based on the best values of XC and Q, minimizing
Cxc (Q). It is also important to take into account the quasi-brittle behaviour of MSp. During
this study, the local gradient parameter is neglected, only taken into account the four
components of rigit body displacement.
Crack detection in 2P-DIC, as is in standard DIC, is by calculating strain field. Strain
field is able to be computed using finite differences from displacement fields and strain
threshold which was set to extract signal that correspond to mechanical strains from DIC
uncertainty. The two parameters are defined to highlight the crack zone, in which the presence
of crack corresponds with higher strain values. Meanwhile, spesifically for the proposed 2P-
DIC, Doumalin stated that vector Q for each subset of the ROI of sample is given a field and
deduce of crack opening field from the displacement difference of each part of subset D. Based
on this explanation, it is apparent that thresholding is necessary to be applied.
The resulting result of the study is the horizontal displacement curve. The curve is
illustrated below:
Figure 2.18 Result of Horizontal Displacement Curve
16
Based on the generated displacement, visualisation of microcrack and macrocrack can

be developed. The result of standard DIC is illustrated below:
Figure 2.19 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on DIC Analysis
Source: Reinfinement of Digital Image Correlation Technique to Investigate the Fracture Behaviour of
Refractory Materials, Y. Belrhiti, O. Pop, A. Germaneau, P. Doumalin, J.C. Dupré, M. Huger, and T. Chotard
Meanwhile, the result of 2P-DIC is illustrated below:
Figure 2.20 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on 2P-DIC Analysis
It is apparent that 2P-DIC can illustrate a more detailed both micro crack and macro
crack opening in the surface. 2P-DIC also allows an automated determination crack path along
with its spatial accuracy.
2.2.3. DIC Analysis for Damage and Fracture of Granular Composite Material by
Zhang et al, 2004
DIC analysis conducted on granular composite materials was conducted by the
Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science of Peking University in Beijing. It is
targeted to investigate the damage and fracture of the materials such as steel-fiber reinforced
concrete or crystal-polymer composite. In this study, researchers instead of using standard
correlation coefficient which is based on Fourier transform (FT), use Waevelet coefficient
correlation (WT). The reasoning behind the use of WT is that FT is only suitable for spectral
17
analysis on deformation of materials with smooth deformation. Hence, FT is not as accurate

for materials with strain singularity and high deformation gradient. Materials that is being
tested in the study is materials possessing high strain singularity and high deformation gradient.
The materials mentions are those containing aggregate and void.
In order to be able to determine correlation coefficient, grey distribution along a line
needs to be determined using the function of:
+ ,M , .N − + ∎ Z ,M , .N − Z
! ∗ 2∗ , D ∗ =
+ ,M , .N − + 1 Z ,M , .N − Z 1
Equation 2.21 Correlation Coefficient Along Line
Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4
Where: f and g = grey level point at F and G

Correlation coefficient using WT method can then be determined and is explained
below:
i jk 4, 7 jl 4. 7 − 2 07
!h 4, 2 =
i jk 4, 7 jl 4. 7 − 2 07
Equation 2.22 Correlation Coefficient – WT Method
Correlation coefficient using WT coefficient is proven to be 40% narrower than that of

FT standard correlation coefficient. This means that WT coefficient is proven to be sharper and
hence provide better accuracy.
18
Figure 2.23 FT Coefficient
Figure 2.24 WT Coefficient

In terms of singularity searching, it is important to take into account the natural
characteristic of granular composite material, one of which is its inhomogeneity. The
inhomogeneity also influences the micro-defects in the material. These micro-defects can lead
up to the acceleration of damage and fracture on the material. Hence, it is important to detect
singular information relating to micro-defects. As the researchers stated, WT coefficient allows
the wavelet transform to provide local spectral signals with signal with fine scale in high
19
frequency range, its position change in space and multiple resolution in the phase solution is
helpful to detect singular perturbation through its coefficient peak.
In this study, researcher uses several materials to be tested. The first one is fiber
reinforced mortar. In this case, deformation field that occur near the riber-reinforce crack tip
was obtain by doing DIC computation. The observation was conducted with a long-distance
microscope and CCD camera. The test conducted is a pull test. The deformation contour
occurring near the crack tip is illustrated below:
Figure 2.25 Deformation Contour of Fiber Reinforced Mortar

Researchers also conducted the experiment on sandstone which is mainly composed of
quarts grained. The quarts grained are cemented by deposited silica and tiny porous and small
cracks are present. The cracks develop in this rock is progressive, in a sense that microcracks
is the leady cause of initiation of macrocracks. The specimen for this test is put under a
horizontal uniaxial compression stress. As the loading increases, cracks were initiated from 2
tips of the slot. The cracks appearing is in a form of zig zag pattern.
20
Figure 2.26 Displacement Field on Sandstone
From the visualization above it is apparent that even the loading is applied in horizontal
direction. Most of the crack appear in inclined to the loading force. This occurrence is
influenced by the local effect of sub cracks in the rock materials.
2.3. Computer Aid Program
Based on the explanation in the preceding part it is apparent that the calculation to
obtained accurate DIC analysis can be complicated provided it is done manually without any
computer aid. In recent years, many aiding programs have been developed in order to help DIC
analysis. One of the program that has been developed is an add-in to MatLab called NCORR.
It as an open source and can be freely downloaded on NCORR website.
NCORR is a program that is able to run DIC analysis by simply inputting the reference
image and deformed images into its system. It will then process the data based on the analysis
mode that is desired by user. Additional information such as subset size, set position, and unit
conversion should also be input to the system. Upon running the program, it will give a set of
solution. The set of the solution given will be in a form of both graph and figures; also available
to be converted into GIF form to give better illustration to displacement and strain
development. Below are examples of NCORR computation results:
21
Figure 2.27 Displacement Plot Generated by NCORR
Figure 2.28 EYY Strain Plot Generated by NCORR
22
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
In order to ensure the experiment can be accurately conducted, it is important to plan a

correct methodology to conduct the experiment. This part will explain in detail the steps and
processes necessary to be conducted in order to do the experiment:
Figure 3.1 Research Flow Diagram
3.1. Specimen Preparation
During specimen preparation, the first thing that needs to be conducted is to create the
mix design in accordance to the code of ASTM. In this experiment, the core variable to be
observed is strength of the material of concrete. There will be 9 different strength values used
23
in this particular experiment. The 9 of them are classified into 3 grades of concrete grades
which are low, moderate, and high strength concrete. The range of each strength are:
• Low : 20 – 30 MPa
• Moderate : 30 – 40 MPa
• High : 40 – 45 MPa
The specified values for mix design are described in the table below:
Table 3.1 Strength of Concrete Specimen
Low (MPa) Moderate (MPa) High (MPa)

25 35 45
In addition to the value of strength, to conduct a mix design calculation, s slump value
and maximum size aggregate need to be determined. It is decided that the slump value is 100
mm and the maximum aggregate size is 300 mm. Other properties of the materials used for
concrete mix design such as fineness modulus and density also needs to be investigated by
conducting laboratory experiments. As laboratory works have not been conducted yet prior to
purchasing materials; for preliminary mix design purposes, previous values from laboratory
experiments that have been conducted of such properties are used as substitutes.
Based on the explanation above, it is determined that for 1 m3 of concrete the value of
cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are written below:
Table 3.2 Quantity of Materials for 1 m3 of Concrete
Strength (MPa) Water(kg) Cement (kg) Coarse Aggregate (kg) Sand (kg)
Low
25 195 389.22 951.3 960.04
Medium
35 195 493.67 951.3 871.51
High
45 195 600 951.3 781.38
As the values above are using the value of previous experiments, the values are
subjected to change that are necessary based on the laboratory works that are to be conducted
prior to mix design process.
24
Afterwards, the materials were ready to be mixed. The mixing procedure will be
conducted using the concrete mixer machine that is available for use in the laboratory. The first
step is to mix dry materials; cement and sand, separately, then coarse aggregate will be added
and finally water. The mixture is to be mixed until the mixture is well mixed. Then the mixture
will be put into the mold and left to harden for 24 hours.
The harden concrete are then ready for curing process. Curing process then is conducted
for the desired amount of time. Generally, concrete reach its full strength as intended at 28
days, hence it is the amount of time the cubes needs to be cured. When it has approach 28 days,
it is ready to be tested.
3.2. Speckle Patterning
Speckle pattern is then to be applied to each of the harden concrete cube. Every cube
will be cleaned up from any dirt and dust prior to patterning. Speckle pattern is one of the most
determinative factor of the accuracy of DIC analysis as it relies greatly on pattern. The subset
of DIC analysis needs to contain sufficient amount of pixel (3 – 9 pixels) of the pattern.
Provided that the subset has too little or too many amount of patterning, it cannot effectively
develop a correlation coefficient and track the changes in positions.
To attain the most accurate result, the most effective way of patterning needs to be
investigated. Preliminary testing to determine the most effective method of patterning will be
conducted. The first method is to spray paint the white-painted cube with black spray paint.
The tools used will be spray can that is widely available. The second method is to impose
pattern on the white-painted surface with black pain by manual hand drawing using paint and
brush.
For the preliminary speckle pattern testing, the painted cube will then undergo the
compressive strength test and computed into DIC analysis to determine the most accurate one.
The most accurate method will then will be used for patterning for the rest of the cubes.
3.3. Set Up Apparatus
Images are to be taken simultaneously with the compression test. Camera need to be
set up on a tripod so that the images taken could all be uniformly still and steady. It is also
important to make sure that camera stay in focus during the course of which the images are
taken. In order to do so, optimum distance for camera to be set up needs to be investigated.
25
Trials are to be conducted for camera positioning and setting up to find the most optimum one.
The indicator is that the images taken are clear and focused.
As picture needs to be sequentially taken during the testing procedure, to ease the
process, camera should be set up to shutter shock mode. This with allow the camera to
continually and automatically takes a set of image with a short and steady time interval between
one another. It is important to do so as this will ensure that every little change of the concrete
will be recorded in footage for the purpose of observation for DIC analysis. An alternative to
acquire the image is to instead take a video of the whole process.
Lighting also plays a key role on whether or not the images acquired. Lighting has to
be adequate so it produces clear images. Provided that natural lighting in the laboratory is not
adequate, the help of camera lights should be applied.
Based on the explanation on 3.3. and 3.4., a configuration of how the test should be
conducted can be illustrated. The illustration is attached below:
Figure 3.2 Configuration of Digital Image Correlation During Test – Top View
3.4. Compressive Strength Testing
Compressive strength test conducted is in accordance with SNI 03-1974-1990 on

Metode Pengujian Kuat Tekan Beton. As recommended by the code and previously mentioned,
26
the specimen will be 15 x 15 x 15. The specimens are to be tested after 28 days of curing,
ensuring that they have reach their full designed strength. For testing purposes, the top surface
of the specimen has to be smooth. To ensure that the top surface is smooth, it is important that
the specimen should be capped first. Capping can be done using gypsum or sulfur mortar. In
this particular experiment, gypsum is used as it is more efficient. The procedure of capping
using gypsum is first to pour the gypsum on the bucket, mixing it with water, after that start
capping the concrete. It normally takes one hour for the cap to.
After the capping is completely dried up, the specimen is ready to undergo a
compression test. The steps of compression testing are explained below:
1. Measuring the specimen volume after curing
2. Placing the concrete into the compressive test machine. The specimen that is put on the
machine should be on the proper position.
The compressive strength test machine used is the yellow compressive strength test
machine that is available at the Laboratory of Structure and Material.
3. Running the compression test machine. The machine will test the concrete with constant
and gradual load of 2 to 4 kg/cm2/s.
4. Applying load until the concrete broke. During the procedure, note should be taken on
the maximum load that can be retain by the concrete.
3.5. Application of DIC Analysis Software
Figure 3.3 DIC Analysis Flow Diagram
Reference image is the image that is taken prior to compression testing. There should
only be 1 reference images. Deformed image is the set of images that is taken during the testing
27
procedure. It is important to stress that the images should be input sequentially based on the
time frame of the test. This is done so so that the changes occurring during test can be analyse
in accordance of it sequence of time.
The subset size is then determined. The size should be neither too big nor too small.
Subset size should content at least 3 pixels of speckle. A specific seed of interest and region of
interest should be drawn as NCORR will plot the displacement and strain occurring on that
particular area. Then parameter is set as per required based on the picture that is obtained.
After all steps are completed, the DIC analysis can be run. It may take several seconds
for the program to finally show the output. The plotted outcome should then be save for further
analysis. In addition.
3.6. Analysis
Analysis is conducted using manual computation along with NCORR generated

solution. The solution that is obtained from NCORR that is being used for this study is the
displacement. Meanwhile for strasin calculation, the following formula will be used:
Δ=
n =
L
where: n = Strain
Δ= = Change in length
L = Original length
The aim is to find the distribution of crack and strain along the surface which strongly
correlates to concrete brittleness. The analysis is to determine whether or not the brittleness of
a concrete increases as its strength increases.
28
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
4.1. Experimental Analysis
There were several steps during the research; conducting mix design, casting, putting
speckle pattern on the surface, setting out the apparatus, subjecting the sample to compressive
stress test, and processing the data using NCORR, a DIC analysis software. The following will
be discussed in the next subchapter.
4.1.1. Mix Design

This study requires 3 different range of concrete strength. The range chosen are 20 – 30
MPa, 30 – 40 MPa, and 40 – 50 MPa. Each of the range represent difference strength category
in accordance to the literature review conducted (Properties of Concrete, A.M. Neville). The
categories were of low strength concrete; 20 – 30 MPa, moderate strength concrete; 30 – 40
MPa, and high strength concrete; 40 – 50 MPa. The sample does not need to achieve specific
strength as long as it lies within the range of each group. It was decided that the mix design
will refer the median strength of 25, 35, and 45 MPa for each group of strength.
An initial mix design has been calculated and presented in previous chapter (see table
3.3.) to give an estimate as to how much of materials should be purchased. The values of some
properties of the materials that are to be used were mere estimates based on the previous
experiments that had been conducted. Upon purchase and tests, there were alteration to the mix
design due to the difference of the materials’ properties value.
For the experiment, it was decided that more samples were to be made for each of the
strength categories. Initially, 5 concrete cubes were to be made per strength and was later
altered into 8 cubes and additional 2 cylinders. The reasoning was to have spares samples
provided that errors during the experimental works were to occur. The cylinders were not to be
analysed using DIC method. Rather, the cylinders were to be tested to accurately determine the
strength of each batch casted.
The values were then used to calculate the concrete mix design with the respective
target strength of 25, 35, and 45 MPa. The results are summarized in the table below:
29
Table 4.1 Quantity of Materials for 8 x 15 x 15 x 15 cm of Concrete Cube and 2 x 15 x 30 cm Concrete

Cylinders
Strength (MPa) Water (kg) Cement (kg) Coarse Aggregate (kg) Sand (kg)
25 12.36 24.68 63.11 42.08
35 12.36 31.30 63.11 37.06
45 12.36 41.91 63.11 29.01
4.1.2. Concrete Casting

There were 3 batches of concrete that were to be casted based on its difference in
strength. All batches were casted during the same week. During the casting process, it is found
that the volume of materials casted were not enough to produce the number of target specimen.
It is suspected that the insufficient materials were due to the materials sticking to the mixer,
container, or inaccuracy during weighing of materials.
4.1.2.1. Low Strength Concrete Casting
This batch of concrete has the target strength of 25 MPa. The specimen was casted on
the 25th of March 2019. During the casting process, it was apparent that there were not enough
batch to be made into 8 cubes and 2 cylinders. Instead, 7 cubes and 2 cylinders were made
during this casting process. As a measure, as to whether or not the targeted strength will be
achieved, a slump test was conducted. The targeted slump was 10 cm, the result of the slump
test on 3 different spots on the perimeter is as followed:
• Right : 12 cm
• Middle : 10 cm
• Left : 9 cm
30
Figure 4.1 Slump Test on Low Strength Concrete
The average of the slump test was then compared with the target slump. The average
of 10.33 cm was in the range of allowable slump deviation from the target slump; 10 +- 2 cm.
This ensures that the concrete will achieve the target strength.
After the batch is inserted into the molds, it was then left to dry for 24 hours.
Afterwards, the specimens were then taken out of the molds and is then cured for 28 days. The
curing process finished on 22nd of April 2018. The concrete specimens were then ready to be
used for experiment purposes. Prior to further use, the specimens were weighed and measured.
The results of such measurements are shown in the table below:
Table 4.2 25 MPa Concrete Dimension and Weight
Sample (Test) Side 1 (mm) Side 2 (mm) Side 3 (mm)
1 Measurement 1 149.6 151 150.1

Measurement 2 150 151.1 150.9
Measurement 3 149.3 150.9 151.1
Weight (kg) 7.54
2 Measurement 1 150.5 151.1 152.2
Measurement 2 151.8 151.4 151.1
Measurement 3 151.9 151.6 149.7
Weight (kg) 7.54
3 Measurement 1 149.9 151 150.9
Measurement 2 150 151.1 151.1

Measurement 3 150.5 150.5 150.9
Weight (kg) 7.58
31
4.1.2.2. Moderate Strength Concrete Casting
the 26th of March 2019. There were no alterations to the calculation of material proportion
based on the shortage of concrete batch occurring on the previous days. The batch was to be
made into 7 cubes and 2 cylinders. As a measure, as to whether or not the targeted strength will
be achieved, a slump test was conducted. The targeted slump was 10 cm, the result of the slump
test on 3 different spots on the perimeter is as followed:
• Right : 12 cm
• Middle : 11.5 cm
• Left : 9 cm
Figure 4.2 Slump Test on Medium Strength Concrete
The average of the slump test was then compared with the target slump. The average of 11.33
cm was in the range of allowable slump deviation from the target slump; 10 +- 2 cm. This
ensures that the concrete will achieve the target strength
After the batch is inserted into the molds, it was then left to dry for 24 hours.
Afterwards, the specimens were then taken out of the molds and is then cured for 28 days. The
curing process finished on 23nd of April 2018. The concrete specimens were then ready to be
used for experiment purposes. Prior to further use, the specimens were weighed and measured.
The results of such measurements are shown in the table below:
32

1 Measurement 1 151 151 149.2
Measurement 2 150.2 151.6 149.9
Measurement 3 150.7 151.5 149.9
Weight (kg) 7.7
2 Measurement 1 150.9 151.8 151.1
Measurement 2 152 152.2 149.9
Measurement 3 152.8 152.8 149.9
Weight (kg) 7.6
3 Measurement 1 150.5 152.1 151.5
Measurement 2 150.3 151.5 151.9
Measurement 3 150 150.5 151

Weight (kg) 7.6
4.1.2.3. High Strength Concrete Casting
the 29th of March 2019. 7 cubes and 2 cylinders were made during this casting process. As a
measure as to whether or not the targeted strength will be achieved, a slump test was conducted.
It was obvious from the appearance that the initial batch was too dry and would not reach the
target slump of 10 cm. Alterations had to be made by adding more water than what the mix
design called for. The batch then went on a slump test and the result are as follows:
• Right : 10.8 cm
• Middle : 9.5 cm
• Left : 10 cm
33
Figure 4.3 Slump Test on High Strength Concrete
The average of the slump test was then compared with the target slump. The average of 10.1
cm was in the range of allowable slump deviation from the target slump; 10 +- 2 cm. This
ensures that the concrete will achieve the target strength
After the batch is inserted into the moulds, it was then left to dry for 24 hours.
Afterwards, the specimens were then taken out of the moulds and is then cured for 28 days.
The curing process finished on 26th of April 2018. The concrete specimens were then ready to
be used for experiment purposes. Prior to further use, the specimens were weighed and
measured. The results of such measurements are shown in the table below:
1 Measurement 1 150.8 149.1 150.7

Measurement 2 151 151.1 151
Measurement 3 151 149.9 151.1
Weight (kg) 7.74
2 Measurement 1 151 150.5 149.9
Measurement 2 150.5 151 150.5
Measurement 3 150.8 151.3 150.5
Weight (kg) 7.78
3 Measurement 1 151.7 151.1 150
Measurement 2 150.5 151.1 150
Measurement 3 148.9 150.2 149.5
Weight (kg) 7.78
34
4.1.3. Imposing Speckle Pattern

Speckle pattern is a detrimental factor to the accuracy of the DIC method. Hence, the
pattern that is to be imposed has to be correct. Based on the literature review, Salmanpour et
al. stated that there were some methods that has been tested such as using stencils, spray paint,
or markers. After trial error and judging from the finished pattern, it was decided that the best
method of application would be using a marker. The pattern generated from the application
using a marker can be seen in the figures below:
Figure 4.4 Speckle Pattern on 25 MPa Sample
35
It is important that the smoothest surface should be chosen on which the pattern will be
imposed. Doing so will reduce any roughness to be interpreted as either noise or part of
ununiformed pattern. This will obstruct the analysis that is to be conducted by the software.
DIC is an analysis to a full-field displacement and strain that is heavily reliant on the movement
of the speckle pattern. It is important to eliminate any element that might contribute to the error.
In addition, it is a necessity to choose the smoothest surface where the 2 neighboring sides are
free of indentation marks. Either of the two will be the surface on which the load during
compressive testing will be given.
The pattern was applied manually by hand using a black marker. The marker chosen
has a round tip, making the pattern produced to be rounded dots. As the surface of concrete has
already poses the greyscale color, it was not necessary to cover the surface with paint; eg.:
white, to distinguished it from the pattern that was to be apply. The surface color of a concrete
is naturally white-ish grey, making it distinguishable from the black dots pattern. This practice
allows the software to read the pattern movement more
Manual marker application provided more control to user. As the process of imposing
the pattern is directly under control of the user movement, user can exactly apply the pattern
sized and spaces as desired. Marker application allowed great control on the user part in
comparison to, say spray paint, ensuring uniformity to the entirety of the surface. The sizes of
the pattern were determined by the size of the marker tip and more importantly the pressure
that was used to apply the pattern. The more pressure used, the bigger the size will get. In that
sense, it is important to keep a steady pressure to ensure the uniformity of the sizes.
One of the challenge of using a manual application with marker is the density produced.
The pattern produced with such method tend to have less density adequacy in comparison to
36
other methods. This tendency is attributed to the limitation of speckle application by hand; an
especially narrow space could not be achieved. However, this limitation was overcame with
the diligent and detailed application with the marker.
4.1.4. Setting Out Apparatus
Apparatus configuration plays a detrimental portion for the accuracy of the analysis as
the images are what the DIC analysis are based on. It is important to stress that the images
obtained should be clear, in focus, free of vibration, and even. The correct configuration had to
be tested a few times on trial compressive testing to obtained the most accurate and efficient
set of apparatus configuration that was to be used for the actual experiment. The configuration
can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4.7 Apparatus Configuration
The images taken, theoretically, should poses the quality mention in the previous paragraph.
This will allow the software used to eliminate error sources. The high-quality image will reduce
any obstruction to data reading based on the speckle pattern.
Specimen is put inside the compressive strength test machine. Due to its small sizes of
15 x 15 x 15 cm, metal plates are necessary to be fixed below the concrete sample. It is
conducted in such way providing the height necessary to reach the load that is to be imposed
to the concrete. An LVDT is set up to measure the load acting on the sample. It is important
37
that the glass cover is kept open to avoid any reflection being caught in the image. It is also to
be noted that the setup of the tripod should be straight to produce an even image. At times the
water pass reading will indicate the setup of the tripod is even. However, there is some
inclination present on the setup of the concrete on the compressive test machine. Adjustment
should be made accordingly until the images produced is even and do not inclined in any way.
This can be obtained by doing trial and error of photo capturing prior to test until desired
composition is reached.
The camera is used in the experiment is Canon EOS 7D Camera is set on top of a tripod.
The tripod is employed to avoid any vibrations that might happen during the process of photo
recording. The camera is put directly in front of the testing machine. The tripod is to be adjusted
accordingly to produce the best images. It is important to ensure that the set-up of each
component of the tripod is fixed to avoid any slight vibrations.
In addition, provided that the camera used is an older version, the camera cannot be
connected to mobile phone to ease the photo recording. Instead, the use of a shutter remote was
employed. This is done to avoid the vibration that otherwise will happen if the camera is
pressed manually. DIC is a position-sensitive analysis, provided that the vibration changed the
position of the image produce, even by the slightest, it will be interpreted as displacement. As
a result, this will cause inaccuracy and overly exaggerated displacement reading.
The camera was set into a monochrome mode. Monochrome mode will allow the
program that will be used to process the image more efficiently as the color will be in the
greyscale color spectrum. Greyscale spectrum only consisted of 256 colors. Less coloration
will make colors appearing on the images to be more easily distinguishable from one another.
A clear distinction between objects in the images will increase the accuracy of the interpretation
on the software.
A consecutive set of images needed to be taken sequentially. The camera used allowed
a mode in which subsequent pictures can be taken in two speeds; the one used is low-speed
continuous images. It is important that changes appearing on the surface of the concrete to be
captured in picture. Successive images compromised of the deformation will allow the software
to track the movement within shorter period. During the trial test, high speed continuous speed
was tested. The result was that the interval period between images was too short than necessary.
It turned out that low-speed continuous image capturing was sufficient to record the
deformation occurring on the surface of the concrete cubes.
38
An optimum distance of which the camera should be position respective to the

compressive test apparatus should be determined. The indication that it has reached proper
distance is that the image produced should include both the LVDT and specimen; both having
adequate quality to be read clearly. The process of obtaining such position was by doing trial
and error. There was no exact distance that was strictly followed during each round of testing.
The help of spotlight is employed to provide additional lighting necessary. An adequate
lighting is essential to produce a clear image. The positioning and distance of the spotlight
should be obtained by trial error. It is important that the reading of the LVTD and machine is
not block by the lighting provided by the spotlight. There also should not be any reflection of
the light present on the finished image as it can potentially ruin the reading of the image as it
will present unnecessary obstruction.
Additionally, changes in the lighting can also affect the result. Lighting can be disturbed
by movement surrounding the spot light. It is important that the lighting path was not disturbed
during the period of the testing. Nothing or no one should be within the reach of the light.
Although results in a small change, wind can also effect the distribution of light. Provided that
the compressive test machine was placed underneath a fan, it is important that during the test
the fan should be turned off. A movement in any form and scale could result in changes in
brightness in the pictures that are taken.
However, after a few tests, it is known that LVDT reading far exceed the value obtained
from DIC analysis. Thus, LVDT was only used for reference to match the picture that should
be used for analysis based on the video taken. The matching of the images was conducted by
getting the same reading of LVDT number and load imposed that was recorded subsequently
during testing using a phone camera.
4.1.5. Compressive Testing
Compressive test was conducted in accordance to SNI 03-1974-1990; Metode
Pengujian Kuat Tekan Beton. The compressive test machine available in the Laboratory of
Structure and Material has the maximum capacity of imposing 100 ton of load. It is plausible
that during the high strength concrete testing; 45 MPa concrete, it will be overloaded based on
rough calculation of stress given per area (P/A). It was decided that for this occurrence, the
data obtain will still be analysed and the maximum load of 100 ton will be used.
Based on SNI 03-1970-1990, the steps of compressive testing are as follow:
• Measuring the specimen volume after curing
39
• Placing the concrete into the compressive test machine. The specimen that is put on the
machine should be on the proper position.
o The compressive strength test machine used is the yellow compressive strength
test machine that is available at the Laboratory of Structure and Material.
• Running the compression test machine. The machine will test the concrete with constant
and gradual up to 100 ton
Prior to testing it is important to measure out both the weight and dimension of the
specimen. The weight was measured using the weighing machine that is available in the
laboratory. Furthermore, the dimension of the cubes should be measure out using a calliper. A
calliper available was able to measure out precisely to .00 decimal in mm. This is proven
important due to the fact that the measurement will be used further to calculate strain after data
computation using NCORR was completed.
The concrete was placed inside the compressive test machine. The specimen should be
placed in the canter; centric to the load that would be apply. Provided that a specimen was not
placed exactly in the middle, the load given would not be distributed properly and instead will
imposed more load on one side. The stress distribution will then be heavily distorted to one
side. This will result in the crack appearing on the surface after the test to deter to one side and
hence analysis on the tendency of crack direction will not be accurate.
The load that is subjected to the specimen was imposed automatically based on the
machine configuration. It is not known the speed of the load was exactly up on the standard of
2 to 4 kg/cm2/s. However, it is important to stress that for every 5 ton of increment will be
analysed for the displacement and strain analysis based on the pictures taken.
4.1.6. Data Processing

The data that were obtained during the test were in the form of picture. The flow of data
processing was explained in chapter 3 (see figure 3.3.) To summarize the data processing, the
steps to process the data are as follows:
• Input reference image
• Input deformed images
• Determining ROI
• Determining DIC analysis parameters
• DIC analysis
• Displacement calculations
40
• Strain calculations
• Obtain plotted displacement and strain
• Plotting
The reference image is the image taken when the load given was precisely 0 ton. This
will, indicating 0 deformation on the surface of the concrete specimens. The deformed image
should be input subsequently with the order in which they were taken. It is worth nothing that
during testing, on average the pictures taken for one specimen per testing is between 200 to
300 images. Not all of the pictures are necessary to be analysed by NCORR. It is hypothesized
that per 5 ton of increment should represent displacement and strain distribution adequately.
Hence, only between 15 – 30 images per testing of specimen were analysed out of the 200 –
300 that were taken.
DIC was the continued by drawing the region of interest (ROI) on which the analysis
will be conducted on. The ROI should only cover the area of the concrete surface. NCORR
allows ROI to be drawn manually depending on the shape that is desired. However, due to the
fact that most of the pictures taken were not straight, it is not plausible to get a perfect
rectangular for the ROI shape. A polygon in a form of trapeze will be a better fit for the ROI.
On contrary, it is more practical to use a rectangular shape to ease strain analysis further as
coordinate have to tracked down and illustrated manually on AutoCAD.
DIC analysis parameters was determined in regard to each specimen tested. The most
detrimental factors that should be properly input is the size of the subset paying attention to the
pattern that is imposed on the surface. Afterwards, seeds should be placed on which the DIC
analysis will be focused on. During the analysis, it is determined that the seeds should be placed
41
in the middle of the rectangle. The midpoint is deemed sufficient to represent the displacement
and strain development.
The DIC analysis then can be run and results in a form of pictures and gif of
displacement and strain calculation can be obtained (see figure 2.12. and figure 2.13. for
reference). The plot shows scales of respectively the displacement and strain of each region,
however it is proposed that manual displacement tracking using codes on MatLab would result
in a more accurate analysis. The reason is because there is no boundary within region on the
images and it is hard to exactly pinpoint the centre of the surface and read the displacement
and strain based on the scale. Hence, code is more preferable as it gives direct reading on the
strain on the desired location. The code that should be used is:
handles_ncorr.data_dic.displacements(#).plot_v_ref_formatted(y,x)
handles_ncorr.data_dic.displacements(#).plot_v_ref_formatted(y,x)
However, the coordinate of the centre position cannot be pinpoint directly on NCORR.
A figure needed to be plotted on AutoCAD based on the coordinates of the ROI edges. The
rectangle established on AutoCAD then can be dissected into 9 points. The centre point then
can be identified for its coordinate and it will be input to MatLab.
There is no code to do such thing for strain. Hence, the strain calculation relies on
p[
manual calculation on with the formula of n = . The is obtained by displacement calculation
q
results that has been discussed, meanwhile the L is the length that had been measure prior to
compressive testing.
The displacement and strain can be plotted along with the stress. The increment is between 5
tons from each other. The load given should be converted into MPa. It is conducted by
multiplying the tonn
4.2. Result Analysis
The specimens were subjected to compressive testing in order to study its displacement
and strain. Through testing, the maximum stress that can be withstand by the specimen was
obtained. The maximum stress of each specimen is attached on the table below:
42
Table 4.5 Maximum Stress of Concrete Specimen
Category Speciment Maximum Stress
Low Strength Test 1 26.3344 MPa

Concrete Test 2 22.4981 MPa
(20 – 30 MPa)
Test 3 25.2052 MPa
Medium Strength Test 1 31.5446 MPa

(30 – 40 MPa)
Test 3 30.8862 MPa
High Strength Test 1 42.0130 MPa

(40 – 50 MPa)
Test 3 43.6000 MPa
All category of strength was designed to the median strength of its intended strength category;
respectively 25, 35, and 45 MPa. All of the specimen has the strength which falls on the
respective strength category.
4.2.1. Displacement Results
The displacement occurring in the specimen was observed in several points on the
surface of the specimen; on a horizontal line to the ROI that was determined. This was
conducted to analyze the displacement on each point on the horizontal line. An example of the
point of displacement observed is attached in figure below:
Figure 4.9 Point of Interest on Horizontal Line for Displacement Analysis
The displacement of each specimen was analyzed individually. This sub-chapter

discuss further about the displacement found through DIC analysis.
43
Coordinate that was used on along the line for low strength concrete test one is
summarized in the table below:
Table 4.6 Coordinate on Horizontal Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 1
Point X Y
1 141 175
2 187 175
3 234 175
4 280 175
5 327 175
Table 4.7 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
DISPLACEMENT IN A LINE (V)

Stress Point 3 Point 4 Point 5
(MPa) Point 1 (mm) Point 2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.000 -4.57E-15 -1.96E-15 9.19E-16 1.11E-15 3.40E-15
2.926 -0.0964 -0.095 -0.0927 -0.0911 -0.0965
4.469 -0.028 -0.0201 -0.024 -0.0123 -0.0119
6.562 -0.0228 -0.0127 -0.0202 -0.0085 -0.0137
8.733 -0.1604 -0.1391 -0.1533 -0.1459 -0.1572
11.018 -0.1576 -0.132 -0.1812 -0.1996 -0.2456
13.124 -0.1705 -0.1433 -0.2052 -0.2343 -0.2823
15.522 -0.1646 -0.1173 -0.2104 -0.2619 -0.331
17.702 -0.2603 -0.1772 -0.3133 -0.391 -0.4869
19.930 -0.2392 -0.1194 -0.3021 -0.4094 -0.5342
21.940 -0.3936 -0.2269 -0.4721 -0.6238 -0.8093
24.272 -0.4783 -0.2701 -0.572 -0.7627 -1.0059
26.204 -0.4249 -0.2056 -0.5293 -0.7357 -1
26.334 -0.3236 -0.1155 -0.4456 -0.6702 -0.9458
24.338 -0.2818 -0.0876 -0.4236 -0.6695 -0.9571
22.022 0.3344 0.373 0.0316 -0.3004 -0.6004
19.991 0.3186 0.3295 0.0017 -0.3273 -0.619
44
Table 4.8 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
DISPLACEMENT IN A LINE (U)

Stress Point 5
(MPa) Point 1 (mm) Point 2 (mm) Point 3 (mm) Point 4 (mm) (mm)
0.000 -8.08E-16 -1.58E-15 -4.87E-15 -3.78E-15 3.31E-15
2.926 -0.0396 -0.0416 -0.0343 -0.0355 -0.0386
4.469 0.0074 0.0242 0.0583 0.0682 0.0724
6.562 -0.0088 0.0438 0.1048 0.1197 0.1258
8.733 -0.0596 0.022 0.0946 0.108 0.105
11.018 0.0816 0.328 0.4304 0.438 0.4228
13.124 0.1089 0.3982 0.5046 0.5098 0.4972
15.522 0.1461 0.5313 0.6401 0.6459 0.6279
17.702 0.1633 0.6607 0.7729 0.7782 0.7523
19.930 0.2489 0.8356 0.9557 0.9584 0.9325
21.940 0.3272 1.0416 1.1735 1.1783 1.15
24.272 0.2983 1.0907 1.2392 1.2492 1.2146
26.204 0.4215 1.2402 1.395 1.4093 1.378
26.334 0.4559 1.2756 1.4276 1.439 1.406
24.338 0.5368 1.3468 1.5033 1.5131 1.4828
22.022 0.4046 1.1957 1.3582 1.3698 1.3228
19.991 0.2633 1.0532 1.2209 1.2353 1.1846
V DIsplacement
30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-6.00E-01 -4.00E-01 -2.00E-01 0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.20E+00
Displacement (mm)
141 187 234 280 327
Figure 4.10 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
45
U DIsplacement
30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-1.60E+00 -1.40E+00 -1.20E+00 -1.00E+00 -8.00E-01 -6.00E-01 -4.00E-01 -2.00E-01 0.00E+00 2.00E-01
Displacement (mm)
141 187 234 280 327
Figure 4.11 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
It is important to note that the value on the v and u-displacement graph had been
multiplied by -1. From the graphs, it can be concluded that the displacement occurring in
specimen 1 of low strength concrete experience the same trend. The displacement rate climb
does not always climb linearly; there is difference in distance of displacement for each
increment of stress. Additionally, the rate of displacement should naturally increase as the
stress increase. However, there were some points where displacement changes direction or due
data convergence. Theoretically, when subjected to compressive testing, displacement of a
concrete should increase and follow the same direction.
Furthermore, from the v-displacement graph, it is known that the displacement value is
negative. This indicates that during the compression, the specimen decreased in size. From the
u-displacement graph, it is known that the displacement value is positive. This indicates that
during compression, the specimen expanded to one side as opposed to two. This proves that
the loading was not centric.
Additionally, graphs showing maximum displacement on each point along with
displacement maps were also generated. The series for all plot on the research are divided per
into different color for every 10 MPa increment of stress. The colors are listed on the table
below:
46
Table 4.9 Colors for Lines in Graph
Stress (MPa) Colors

0 – 10.00 Purple
10.01 – 20.00 Green
20.01 – 30.00 Yellow
30.01 – 40.00 Pink

40.01 – 50.00 Orange
Ultimate Stress Red

Stresses after Ultimate Stress Blue
V Displacement in Horizontal Line

1.20
1.00
0.80
Displacement (mm)
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
Postion
0 MPa 2.93 MPA 4.47 MPa 6.56 MPa 8.73 MPa 11.02 MPa
13.12 MPa 15.52 Mpa 17.70 MPa 19.93 Mpa 21.94 MPa 24.27 MPa
26.20 MPa 26.33 MPa 24.34 MPa 22.02 MPa 19.99 MPa
Figure 4.12 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
multiplied by -1. In the four figures above, the x axis represents the x coordinate of the plane
of specimen observed, while the y axis represents the displacement. At stress of 0 – 10 MPa,
the displacement throughout the horizontal line is relatively uniform. At stress of 11 – 20 MPa,
point 2 experienced the least value of displacement and it gradually increase at it moves to
47
point 5; point 5 experiencing maximum displacement. At ultimate stress of 26.33 MPa up until
the end of test, the trend of displacement is similar to displacement on stress increment of 11 –
20 MPa. The DIC analysis of this occurrence is attached below:
Figure 4.13 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.56 MPa– Test 1
Figure 4.15 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Stress of 24.27 MPa– Test 1
48
Figure 4.16 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.17 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
U Displacement in Horizontal Line

0.20
0.00
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
-0.20
Displacemet (mm)
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
-1.20
-1.40
-1.60
Location
0 MPa 2.93 MPa 4.47 MPa 6.56 MPa 8.73 MPa 11.02 MPa
13.12 MPa 15.52 MPa 17.70 MPa 19.93 MPa 21.94 MPa 24.27 MPa
Figure 4.18 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
49
From the graph above, it can be seen that at stress of 0 – 10 MPA, displacement along
the points differs less than 0.2 mm; point 1 experienced least, and point 5 experienced the most
of displacement. The trend continues up end of test, however the difference of displacement
for each stress increment increased significantly after stress of 19.93 MPa. The difference of
displacement at point 2, 3, 4, and 5 is relatively small; However, the difference of displacement
of point 1 to other points is significantly large. The DIC analysis of this occurrence is attached
below:
Figure 4.19 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.56 MPa– Test 1
50
Figure 4.21 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Stress of 24.27 MPa – Test 1
Figure 4.22 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
51
Coordinate that was used on along the line for low strength concrete test 2 is
Table 4.10 Coordinates on Horizonta Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 2
Point X Y
1 152 157
2 197 157
3 243 157
4 289 157
5 335 175

Stress Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5
(MPa) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.000 4.48E-15 5.92E-16 1.40E-16 7.52E-16 1.54E-15
2.180 -0.1449 -0.1247 -0.1089 -0.0936 -0.0827
4.360 -0.1874 -0.1546 -0.1191 -0.0861 -0.0591
6.540 -0.2436 -0.1975 -0.1482 -0.1033 -0.0618
8.720 -0.3823 -0.329 -0.2727 -0.2239 -0.1811
10.900 -0.4192 -0.3648 -0.3026 -0.2494 -0.2092
13.080 -0.4262 -0.3648 -0.2879 -0.2382 -0.1988
15.260 -0.65 -0.584 -0.5043 -0.4579 -0.4216
17.440 -0.7191 -0.6492 -0.5692 -0.5238 -0.4918
19.620 -0.787 -0.7143 -0.6343 -0.5937 -0.5631
21.800 -0.7822 -0.708 -0.6398 -0.6138 -0.602
22.249 -0.8969 -0.8689 -0.8548 -0.9159 -0.9478
20.025 -0.7055 -0.7832 -0.8569 -1.0589 -1.1348
17.789 -0.7293 -1.003 -1.2377 -1.6927 -1.8258
15.622 -0.4419 -1.0641 -1.6671 -2.6334 -3.3952
52

0.000 -1.13E-15 -4.14E-15 3.47E-16 5.48E-15 2.19E-15
2.180 -0.1485 -0.1457 -0.1432 -0.1469 -0.1527
4.360 0.0147 0.0256 0.0285 0.0262 0.0139
6.540 0.0208 0.0288 0.0346 0.0345 0.0199
8.720 -0.0902 -0.0763 -0.066 -0.0676 -0.0851
10.900 -0.1393 -0.124 -0.1069 -0.1037 -0.1219
13.080 -0.0176 0.0063 0.0756 0.0859 0.0736
15.260 -0.2105 -0.1733 -0.0873 -0.0763 -0.0926
17.440 -0.1987 -0.1492 -0.0484 -0.0351 -0.0506
19.620 -0.1865 -0.1186 0.0103 0.0332 0.0184
21.800 -0.1138 -0.0067 0.1687 0.2189 0.1996
22.249 0.0859 0.2598 0.451 0.5139 0.4886
20.025 0.3084 0.6741 0.8802 0.9558 0.9219
17.789 0.0772 0.8318 1.0898 1.1783 1.073
15.622 -0.3084 1.3674 1.7895 1.9045 1.815
V Displacement
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-5.00E-01 0.00E+00 5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00 2.00E+00 2.50E+00 3.00E+00 3.50E+00 4.00E+00
Displacement (mm)
152 197 243 289 335
Figure 4.24 V Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 2
53
U Displacement
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
Displacement (mm)
152 197 243 289 335
It is important to note that the value on the v-displacement graph had been multiplied
by -1. The graphs above show that the trend of displacement in each point during test 2 is
similar. The displacement rate of displacement climb does not always climb linearly; there is
difference in distance of displacement for each increment of stress. Additionally, the rate of
displacement should naturally increase as the stress increase. There are less points data
convergence on of second testing of low strength concrete compared to the first test.
u-displacement graph, it is known that the displacement value is positive. This indicates that
during compression, the specimen expanded to one side as opposed to two. This proves that
the loading was not centric. On this particular testing, the displacement is going to the left-hand
side of the specimen; giving clue that it is probable that the load was placed too far left.
Additionally, graphs showing maximum displacement on each point along with
displacement maps were also generated and attached below:
54

4.00E+00
3.50E+00
3.00E+00
2.50E+00
Displacement (mm)
2.00E+00
1.50E+00
1.00E+00
5.00E-01
0.00E+00
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330
-5.00E-01
Location
0 MPa 2.18 MPa 4.36 MPa 6.54 MPa 8.72 MPa
multiplied by -1. In the four figures above, the x axis represents the x coordinate of the plane
of specimen observed, while the y axis represents the displacement. At stress of 0 – 10 MPa,
the displacement throughout the horizontal line is relatively uniform. At stress of 11 – 20 MPa,
point 1 experienced biggest value of displacement and it gradually decreased at it moves to
point 5; point 5 experiencing maximum displacement. The trend continues up until the ultimate
stress; stress of 22.25 MPa. After ultimate stress is reach, the trend change. Point one
experience the least displacement and it increases as it approaches point 5; biggest amount of
displacement. The displacement values increase significantly after ultimate stress is reached.
The DIC analysis of this occurrence is attached below:
55
Figure 4.29 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 2
56
Figure 4.30 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Stress– Test 2
U Displacement in Line
5.00E-01
0.00E+00
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330
Displacement (mm)
-5.00E-01
-1.00E+00
-1.50E+00
-2.00E+00
-2.50E+00
Location
From the graph above, it can be seen that at stress of 0 – 20 MPA, displacement along
the points differs less than 0.5 mm; point 1 experienced least of displacement, increasing up
until maximum displacement at point 4, then it decreases as it approaches point 5. The trend
continues up end of test. At ultimate stress; 22.25 MPa, the displacement values increase
57
significantly to its preceeding stress increment. Afterwards, the displacement values jump
exponentially. The DIC analysis of this occurrence is attached below:
Figure 4.34 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 2
58
Figure 4.35 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
Additionally, the left-side and right-side of the u-displacement on specimen should

mirror one another differing only at the direction. This such thing is not found during the second
testing. This indicates that there were some error occurring during the experiment; most likely
due to the load placement.
It is important to highlight that on the stress map there is region that experience
difference in displacement compared to its surrounding region:
Figure 4.36 Displacement on Low Strength Concrete – Test 2
This occurrence is due to the fact a huge cracked appear in the region. The speckle pattern on
the region changed drastically, hence the different reading on the region.
59
Figure 4.37 Crack appearing on Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
Coordinate that was used on along the line for low strength concrete test 3 is
Table 4.13 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Low Strength Concrete - Test 3
Point X Y
1 169 231
2 199 231
3 229 231
4 259 231
5 290 231

0.000 -6.19E-16 8.28E-16 8.29E-17 4.10E-16 -3.49E-15
2.219 -0.1086 -0.1095 -0.1072 -0.1068 -0.1011
4.582 -0.162 -0.1579 -0.1548 -0.1531 -0.15
6.671 -0.201 -0.1939 -0.1915 -0.1886 -0.1812
8.790 -0.1723 -0.1665 -0.164 -0.1608 -0.1584
11.096 -0.208 -0.1961 -0.1934 -0.1879 -0.1789
13.206 -0.2687 -0.2548 -0.2529 -0.2457 -0.2358
15.522 -0.2601 -0.2416 -0.2397 -0.2299 -0.2124
17.680 -0.3758 -0.3548 -0.3538 -0.341 -0.3193
19.720 -0.3627 -0.3368 -0.3355 -0.3213 -0.3009
21.940 -0.6025 -0.5766 -0.5687 -0.5476 -0.5259
24.163 -0.5229 -0.4809 -0.464 -0.4359 -0.4101
25.205 -0.598 -0.5253 -0.5215 -0.5082 -0.4944
24.002 -0.8457 -0.6091 -0.6931 -0.7567 -0.8014
22.040 -1.0974 -0.4657 -0.7207 -0.926 -1.0411
19.995 -1.4833 -0.213 -0.7928 -1.2942 -1.5054
60

0.000 1.09E-15 -1.09E-15 -1.43E-16 -3.51E-15 -4.02E-15
2.219 -0.0666 -0.0645 -0.061 -0.0612 -0.0574
4.582 -0.1778 -0.1762 -0.166 -0.1647 -0.162
6.671 -0.1797 -0.1793 -0.1633 -0.1616 -0.1604
8.790 -0.2609 -0.2554 -0.2351 -0.2314 -0.2276
11.096 -0.3032 -0.3004 -0.2371 -0.2279 -0.2267
13.206 -0.3271 -0.3265 -0.2428 -0.2291 -0.2286
15.522 -0.3647 -0.3648 -0.247 -0.223 -0.2209
17.680 -0.4254 -0.4242 -0.2758 -0.2273 -0.2269
19.720 -0.4001 -0.3966 -0.2438 -0.1632 -0.1628
21.940 -0.3444 -0.3333 -0.1662 -0.0361 -0.036
24.163 -0.3463 -0.2923 -0.0899 0.0626 0.0703
25.205 -0.3397 -0.166 0.0697 0.224 0.2357
24.002 -0.529 -0.0316 0.3113 0.4455 0.454
22.040 -0.9507 0.2666 0.7409 0.8454 0.8642
19.995 -1.8599 0.353 1.034 1 1.2006
V Displacement
30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Displacement (mm)
169 199.25 229.5 259.75 290
Figure 4.38 Displacement of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3
61
U Displacement
30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-1.50E+00 -1.00E+00 -5.00E-01 0.00E+00 5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00 2.00E+00 2.50E+00
Dsiplacement (mm)
169 199.25 229.5 259.75 290
by -1. The two graphs above show that the trend of displacement in each point during test 3 is
similar. The displacement rate does not always climb linearly; there is difference in distance of
displacement for each increment of stress. However, it is clear that after the maximum stress is
reached, the displacement increased exponentially on both v and u displacement.
u-displacement graph, it is known that point 1 displaced to the right-hand side, while point 5
displaced to the left-hand side. This indicates that during compression, the specimen expanded
to two sides.
Furthermore, graphs showing maximum displacement on each point along with
62

1.60E+00
1.40E+00
1.20E+00
1.00E+00
Displacement (mm)
8.00E-01
6.00E-01
4.00E-01
2.00E-01
0.00E+00
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
-2.00E-01
Location
13.21 Mpa 15.52 MPa 17.68 MPa 19.72 MPa 21.94 MPa 24.16 MPa
25.21 MPa 24 MPa 22 MPa 19.99 MPa
The value of displacement had been multiplied by -1. From the figure above, it is known
that displacement along all the line during stress of 0 – 10 MPa is more or less uniform. As the
stress increase to 20 MPa, the left-hand side experience slightly more displacement than the
right-hand side, this trend continues on up until ultimate stress at 25.21 MPa is reached.
Afterwards, the displacement increased significantly with point 1 experience most
displacement and point 2 the least and it climbs back up until point 5. The DIC analysis of this
occurrence is attached below:
63
Figure 4.41V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at 6.67 MPa– Test 3
Figure 4.43 V Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
64

2.50E+00
2.00E+00
1.50E+00
Displacement (mm)
1.00E+00
5.00E-01
0.00E+00
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
-5.00E-01
-1.00E+00
-1.50E+00
Location
25.21 MPa 24 MPa 22.04 MPa 19.99 MPa
The value of displacement had been multiplied by -1. It can be seen that displacement
up until 10 MPa is relatively uniform along the line. At displacement of 11 MPa up to ultimate
stress of 25.21 MPa, it is known that the value of displacement is a mirror from one end to the
other with the least amount of displacement on point 3; middle of line. Pass ultimate stress, the
65
value of displacement increased significantly. The DIC analysis of this occurrence is attached
below:
Figure 4.48 U Displacement Map of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 3
66
Figure 4.49 U Displacement of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 3
Coordinate that was used on along the line for medium strength concrete test one is
Table 4.16 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on Medium Strength Concrete - Test 1
Point X Y
1 104 144
2 140 144
3 177 144
4 213 144
5 250 144
Table 4.17 V Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1

0 0 0 0 0 0
2.280 -0.165 -0.158 -0.152 -0.141 -0.132
4.469 -0.286 -0.278 -0.269 -0.252 -0.237
6.592 -0.409 -0.407 -0.397 -0.381 -0.364
8.764 -0.458 -0.458 -0.447 -0.431 -0.412
11.026 -0.525 -0.530 -0.520 -0.504 -0.483
13.141 -0.585 -0.589 -0.581 -0.564 -0.542
15.500 -0.666 -0.671 -0.664 -0.646 -0.625
17.632 -0.657 -0.670 -0.663 -0.646 -0.624
19.882 -0.708 -0.725 -0.719 -0.701 -0.680
21.800 -0.775 -0.792 -0.787 -0.769 -0.748
23.984 -0.801 -0.822 -0.818 -0.800 -0.779
26.430 -0.882 -0.903 -0.900 -0.881 -0.859
28.488 -0.968 -0.985 -0.979 -0.958 -0.931
30.581 -1.102 -1.120 -1.113 -1.090 -1.061
31.545 -1.262 -1.266 -1.249 -1.220 -1.180
30.581 -1.493 -1.461 -1.424 -1.405 -1.349
28.715 -2.027 -1.822 -1.767 -1.839 -1.755
27.267 -2.380 -2.061 -2.028 -2.193 -2.058
67
Table 4.18 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1

0 0 0 0 0 0
2.280 -0.006 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004
4.469 -0.007 -0.006 -0.004 -0.003 -0.003
6.592 -0.028 -0.025 -0.023 -0.023 -0.022
8.764 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.009
11.026 -0.040 -0.034 -0.033 -0.031 -0.030
13.141 -0.028 -0.019 -0.019 -0.016 -0.015
15.500 -0.022 -0.018 -0.018 -0.016 -0.012
17.632 -0.012 -0.010 -0.008 -0.006 -0.003
19.882 -0.027 -0.022 -0.021 -0.019 -0.014
21.800 -0.089 -0.084 -0.083 -0.080 -0.075
23.984 -0.073 -0.067 -0.066 -0.062 -0.055
26.430 -0.128 -0.120 -0.117 -0.111 -0.099
28.488 -0.142 -0.135 -0.126 -0.118 -0.098
30.581 -0.187 -0.178 -0.171 -0.158 -0.127
31.545 -0.336 -0.326 -0.313 -0.292 -0.213
30.581 -0.454 -0.447 -0.432 -0.355 -0.252
28.715 -0.833 -0.781 -0.740 -0.444 -0.253
27.267 -0.848 -0.867 -0.890 -0.552 -0.373
V Displacement
35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Displacement (mm)
104 140.5 177 213.5 250
Figure 4.50 V Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
68
U Displacement
35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Displaement (mm)
104 140.5 177 213.5 250
Figure 4.51 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
multiplied by -1. Based on the two graphs above it can be concluded that the trend of
displacement in each point during medium strength concrete test 1 is similar. The displacement
rate does not always climb linearly; there is difference in distance of displacement for each
increment of stress and data convergence is present at some points. However, it is clear that
after the maximum stress is reached, the displacement increased exponentially on both v and u
displacement.
negative. This indicates that during the compression, the specimen decreased in size. As all
points from the graph shows continual increase, it can be concluded that all point along the line
experience decrease in size when subjected to compression.
From the u-displacement graph, it is known that all points along the line displaced to
the same direction. This indicates that during compression, the points displaced to one direction
instead of the ideal 2 directions depending on the location of the points. This proves that the
loading was not centric and more load was sustained by the left-hand side (point 1, 2, and 3;
experience greater values of displacement) of the specimen.
69

2.5
2
Displacement (mm)
1.5
0.5
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Location
31.54 MPa 30.58 MPa 28.71 MPa 26.27 MPa
Figure 4.52 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete - Test 1
The value of displacement had been multiplied by -1. It is apparent from the graph
above that displacement along the line at stress of 0 MPa up to ultimate stress of 31.54 MPa is
relatively uniform. Afterwards, the trend of displacement changed, the biggest value of
displacement is experienced on point 1 and lowest at point 3. It is also worth mentioning that
after ultimate stress is reached, there is significant displacement happening on the top right-
hand side of the specimen; proven by the collapse of the said part. The result of DIC are
attached in the figure below:
70
Figure 4.53 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.59 MPa – Test 1
71
Figure 4.56 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.57 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
72

1
0.8
Displacement (mm)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
-0.2
Location
31.54 MPa 30.58 MPa 28.71 MPa 27.68 MPa
Figure 4.58 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
From the figure above, it can be concluded that up until stress of 30.58 MPa the
displacement is uniform on all points of the line. There is significant increase in the value of
displacement from 30.58 MPa to ultimate stress of 31.54 MPa. After ultimate stress is attained,
the increase of displacement value is significant. The uniform is not uniform; biggest
displacement at point 1 and 3, and the lowest at point 5.
Figure 4.59 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.59 MPa – Test 1
73
Figure 4.62 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
74
Figure 4.63 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
From the DIC results of both v and u-displacement, it is clear that displacement is more
prominent on the top right-hand part of the specimen. It is also worth mentioning that the
specimen started collapsing around the time when the ultimate stress is reached. This is an
indication that the loading was not centric; more load is withstood on the right-hand side. After
the collapse, the top right-hand part can no longer be read by NCORR. The condition of the
specimen at end of test is attached on the figure below:
Figure 4.64 Specimen Collapse on Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
Coordinate that was used on along the line for medium strength concrete test 2 is
Point X Y
1 138 143
2 176 143
3 214 143
4 251 143
5 289 143
75

0.000 0 0 0 0
2.272 -0.7582 -0.7436 -0.7319 -0.724 -0.7134
4.486 -1.4116 -1.3859 -1.3601 -1.3403 -1.3268
6.802 -2.0564 -2.0209 -1.9837 -1.9569 -1.9358
8.764 -1.992 -1.9524 -1.9141 -1.8867 -1.8613
10.917 -1.8828 -1.8401 -1.7997 -1.7685 -1.7412
13.311 -2.1573 -2.1102 -2.066 -2.0419 -2.0121
15.269 -2.1806 -2.1378 -2.0912 -2.0686 -2.0388
17.571 -2.2045 -2.1617 -2.1125 -2.0921 -2.0571
19.642 -2.2098 -2.1637 -2.1125 -2.0927 -2.0561
21.966 -2.1925 -2.1466 -2.093 -2.0735 -2.0339
24.198 -2.3474 -2.2993 -2.2463 -2.2267 -2.1862
26.252 -2.4397 -2.3909 -2.338 -2.319 -2.281
28.392 -2.5096 -2.4583 -2.4061 -2.3849 -2.3469
30.585 -2.6026 -2.5531 -2.5002 -2.4783 -2.4404
32.704 -2.5103 -2.458 -2.406 -2.3815 -2.3426
34.893 -2.5165 -2.4649 -2.4123 -2.3835 -2.3417
37.195 -2.5822 -2.5815 -2.5291 -2.4892 -2.4454
37.727 -2.587 -2.6197 -2.5662 -2.5186 -2.4618
37.064 -2.5662 -2.6199 -2.5648 -2.5112 -2.447
35.303 -2.7013 -2.9506 -2.9952 -2.8167 -2.7373
32.844 -2.6424 -3.0161 -3.1262 -2.8852 -2.7897
30.742 -2.5846 -3.0954 -3.1611 -2.8793 -2.8057
28.584 -2.4153 -3.0578 -3.0498 -2.7369 -2.711
26.204 -2.4833 -3.1772 -3.1434 -2.8167 -2.8089
76
Table 4.21 U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 2

0.000 0 0 0 0
2.272 -0.7931 -0.7804 -0.7758 -0.7726 -0.7809
4.486 -1.3247 -1.3073 -1.2984 -1.2915 -1.3047
6.802 -1.2972 -1.2784 -1.2643 -1.2549 -1.2619
8.764 -1.3167 -1.296 -1.282 -1.2721 -1.28
10.917 -1.4086 -1.3853 -1.3696 -1.3558 -1.3634
13.311 -1.3617 -1.3373 -1.3195 -1.2696 -1.2727
15.269 -1.4068 -1.377 -1.3595 -1.2855 -1.2842
17.571 -1.514 -1.4853 -1.4609 -1.3682 -1.3521
19.642 -1.4794 -1.4553 -1.4251 -1.3277 -1.3115
21.966 -1.4211 -1.3935 -1.3522 -1.2459 -1.2272
24.198 -1.4706 -1.4258 -1.3721 -1.2641 -1.2408
26.252 -1.4568 -1.3971 -1.337 -1.2214 -1.1932
28.392 -1.4024 -1.3296 -1.2632 -1.1374 -1.1024
30.585 -1.434 -1.3471 -1.2732 -1.1376 -1.0954
32.704 -1.526 -1.4179 -1.3364 -1.1897 -1.1451
34.893 -1.63 -1.4672 -1.3793 -1.2232 -1.1686
37.195 -1.5317 -1.2592 -1.1613 -0.9832 -0.9017
37.727 -1.7092 -1.3844 -1.2737 -1.0691 -0.954
37.064 -1.6285 -1.2769 -1.1586 -0.9415 -0.8106
35.303 -3.0019 -2.2959 -1.9273 -1.6198 -1.3874
32.844 -3.5403 -2.5211 -1.9261 -1.5953 -1.2545
30.742 -3.944 -2.7552 -1.9764 -1.634 -1.1288
28.584 -4.1608 -2.8417 -1.8108 -1.452 -0.8052
26.204 -4.1556 -2.7864 -1.6733 -1.3096 -0.6087
77
V Displacement
40.000
35.000
30.000
Stress (MPa)
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Displacement (mm)
138 176 214 251 289
U Displacement
40.000
35.000
30.000
Stress (MPa)
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Displacement (mm)
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5
multiplied by -. Based on the graphs above, it is known that the displacement rate does not
always climb linearly; there is difference in distance of displacement for each increment of
stress. However, it is clear that after the ultimate stress is reached, the displacement increased
exponentially on both v and u displacement. It is also important to assess that there was
significant increase of displacement on stress at 0 MPa to stress at 5 MPa. During testing itself
78
the increase from toad 0 to 5 MPa were fast and all images sufficient for each load increment
of 5 MPa was used. This might indicate that the specimen did not shows its displacement after
a few stress increments was imposed; in this particular test was past 5 MPa.
u-displacement graph, it is known that point 1 and 5 experience difference in direction after
ultimate strength is reached. This indicates that towards the end of the test, point 5 displaced
to right-hand side and point 1 displaced to left-hand side; However the direction is still heavily
leaning towards point 1.

3.5
3
Displacement (mm)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
Location
Figure 4.67 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 2
From the figure above, it can be concluded that the displacement occurring during the
first 3 stress increment is big. Afterwards, it climbed up steadily up until ultimate load of 37.73
MPa and one increment after that; 37.06 MPa. During these stress increments, the displacement
occurred almost uniformly along the surface of the specimen. After stress of 37.06 MPa, the
stress increased significantly and point 2 experienced the most displacement while point 1
displaced the least. However, it is apparent that pass the line of interest, a great amount of
79
displacement occurred on the bottom left-hand side of the specimen after the ultimate stress is
attained. The DIC results are attached below:
Figure 4.68V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.80 MPa – Test 2
Figure 4.69 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.27 MPa – Test 2
80
Figure 4.72 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 2
Figure 4.73 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
81

4.5
4
Displacement (mm)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
Location
Figure 4.74U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 2
It can be seen from the graph above that there was a significant jump of displacement
value from 0 MPa to 2.72 MPa and to 4.49 MPa. Afterwards, the displacement value increases
steadily up until the ultimate stress of 37.73MPa. During these stress increment, the
displacement along the line is almost uniform. After the ultimate stress, there was a significant
increase of displacement value and point 5 experienced the most displacement and the value of
displacement decreased as it moves to point 5; displaced the least.
Figure 4.75 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 6.80 MPa – Test 2
82
83
Figure 4.79 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 2
Figure 4.80 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
Coordinate that was used on along the line for medium strength concrete test 3 is
Point X Y
1 100 135
2 139 135
3 179 135
4 218 135
5 258 135
84

0.000 0 0 0 0 0
2.429 -1.6474 -1.6 -1.5441 -1.4859 -1.4242
4.504 -1.6942 -1.6209 -1.5331 -1.4486 -1.3637
6.850 -1.939 -1.8317 -1.6891 -1.5739 -1.4621
8.751 -2.066 -1.9499 -1.8043 -1.6997 -1.6046
10.987 -2.1184 -1.9908 -1.8456 -1.7361 -1.633
13.381 -2.2885 -2.1446 -1.992 -1.8758 -1.7608
15.347 -2.2901 -2.127 -1.97 -1.8447 -1.7162
17.457 -2.3704 -2.1826 -2.0192 -1.8872 -1.7536
19.930 -2.4277 -2.2097 -2.0537 -1.9448 -1.7909
21.940 -2.5148 -2.2835 -2.1426 -2.1181 -1.8755
24.324 -2.4591 -2.254 -2.1397 -2.1641 -1.9027
26.300 -2.5727 -2.36 -2.2683 -2.3129 -2.0384
28.571 -2.6178 -2.4028 -2.3291 -2.3846 -2.0996
30.677 -2.7825 -2.6017 -2.5827 -2.6465 -2.3545
30.886 -2.8652 -2.6838 -2.7078 -2.7765 -2.4867
28.632 -3.326 -2.9584 -3.182 -3.2143 -2.922
Table 4.24 Table 4..: U Displacement of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 3

0.000 0 0 0 0
2.429 -1.5083 -1.659 -1.6544 -1.5004 -1.1561
4.504 -1.6024 -1.7567 -1.7539 -1.5989 -1.2526
6.850 -1.6489 -1.8154 -1.7701 -1.6055 -1.2411
8.751 -1.7646 -1.9359 -1.8323 -1.6222 -1.2447
10.987 -1.831 -2.0068 -1.8905 -1.6705 -1.2814
13.381 -1.8592 -2.0383 -1.9155 -1.6866 -1.2917
15.347 -1.9501 -2.1299 -2.0038 -1.7627 -1.3682
17.457 -2.002 -2.1779 -2.0546 -1.8037 -1.4011
19.930 -2.1633 -2.2712 -2.1553 -1.8618 -1.4108
21.940 -2.2487 -2.2969 -2.2703 -1.7658 -1.2666
24.324 -2.562 -2.3328 -2.4334 -1.7581 -1.2391
26.300 -2.552 -2.2813 -2.4893 -1.671 -1.1437
28.571 -2.5478 -2.2399 -2.4654 -1.5669 -1.0198
30.677 -2.6885 -2.2821 -2.4699 -1.5125 -0.936
30.886 -2.845 -2.2737 -2.4252 -1.4307 -0.8464
28.632 -4.1316 -2.3181 -2.2891 -1.1604 -0.5171
85
V Displacement
35.000
30.000
25.000
Stress (MPa)
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Displacement (mm)
POINT 1 139.5 179 218.5 258
U Displacement
35.000
30.000
25.000
Stress (MPa)
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Displacement (mm)
100 139.5 179 218.5 258
multiplied by -1. The displacement rate does not always climb linearly; there is difference in
distance of displacement for each increment of stress. However, it is clear that after the
86
maximum stress is reached, the displacement increased exponentially on both v and u

displacement.
negative. This indicates that during the compression, the specimen decreased in size. This
happens all along the points in the horizontal line that was determined. From the u-
displacement graph, it is known that point 1 displaced to the right-hand side, while point 5
to two sides; still heavily leaning towards point 5.
It is also important to note that there was significant increase of displacement on stress
at 0 MPa to stress at approximately 2 MPa. This might indicate that the specimen did not shows
its displacement after a few stress increments was imposed; in this particular test was past 2
MPa.

3.5
3
Displacement (mm)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250
Location
Figure 4.83 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 3
It can be seen from the graph there was a large gap of displacement value between the
stress increment of 0 o 2.43 MPa. Then the rate of displacement climbed steadily from stress
of 2.43 MPa to 19.93 MPa. In these stress increment, point 1 displaced the farthest and the
value of displacement gradually decreased to minimum displacement at point 5. At stress of
87
21.94 MPa up to ultimate stress of 30.89 MPa and the increment after that, point 4 displaced
the farthest while at point 1 to 3, the value of displacement decreased. After ultimate stress was
attained, there was a significant increase of displacement value. It can also be seen from the
displacement map generated by NCORR; attached below, that more displacement occurred at
the bottom part of the specimen.
Figure 4.84 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 4.5 MPa - Test 3
Figure 4.85 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.35 MPa - Test 3
Figure 4.86 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 24.32MPa - Test 3
88
Figure 4.87 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 3
Figure 4.88 V Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 3

4.5
4
3.5
Displacement (mm)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250
Location
Figure 4.89 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 3
89
From the figure above, it can be concluded that there was a significant jump of
displacement value from point 0 to 2.43 MPa. Afterwards the displacement increased steadily
from stress of 2.43 MPa to 21.94 MPa; where the displacement values from one point to another
does not differ greatly. From point 24.32 MPa to ultimate stress of 30.67 MPa, point 1
experience the most displacement while point 5 displaced the least. This trend continues
onward; however, there was a significant jump in terms of displacement value after the ultimate
stress was reached. Attached below are the DIC results:
Figure 4.90 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 4.5 MPa - Test 3
Figure 4.91 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 15.35 MPa - Test 3
90
Figure 4.92 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Stress 24.32MPa - Test 3
Figure 4.93 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 3
Figure 4.94 U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 3
Fig. 4..: U Displacement Map of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 3

Additionally, from the 5 figures above, it can be seen that the right-hand side of the
specimen experienced a bigger displacement in comparison to the left side of the specimen.
This proves that the loading was not centric and was placed too far to the right-hand side so the
left-hand part of the specimen displaced significantly further.
91
Coordinate that was used on along the line for high strength concrete test one is
Table 4.25 Coordinates on Horizontal Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 1
Point X Y
1 146 229
2 176 229
3 206 229
4 235 229
5 265 229
Table 4.26 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1

0.000 -1.18E-14 -8.21E-15 2.48E-17 1.35E-15 2.95E-15
2.180 -0.3401 -0.3406 -0.3348 -0.3294 -0.3274
4.360 -0.5062 -0.5059 -0.4986 -0.4929 -0.4881
6.540 -0.5328 -0.5289 -0.5181 -0.5095 -0.5021
8.890 -0.7557 -0.7511 -0.7377 -0.726 -0.7169
11.013 -0.8254 -0.817 -0.8021 -0.7892 -0.7783
13.250 -0.8382 -0.8272 -0.8092 -0.798 -0.7867
15.282 -0.8688 -0.853 -0.8298 -0.8168 -0.8027
17.549 -0.9231 -0.91 -0.8843 -0.8726 -0.8616
19.934 -1.0393 -1.0222 -0.9903 -0.9752 -0.957
22.005 -1.0699 -1.0542 -1.0192 -1.002 -0.9822
24.037 -1.1195 -1.0973 -1.057 -1.0388 -1.0177
26.343 -1.1394 -1.1165 -1.0726 -1.0518 -1.0292
27.996 -1.0768 -1.0547 -1.0085 -0.9829 -0.9668
30.625 -1.2436 -1.2164 -1.1691 -1.1414 -1.124
32.831 -1.3433 -1.3113 -1.2605 -1.2316 -1.2125
35.251 -1.4518 -1.4159 -1.3612 -1.3312 -1.3107
37.452 -1.3446 -1.3067 -1.2487 -1.2164 -1.1939
39.380 -1.5422 -1.4997 -1.439 -1.4049 -1.3805
41.455 -1.5228 -1.4808 -1.4192 -1.3833 -1.3589
42.013 -1.4938 -1.4585 -1.4007 -1.3687 -1.3512
41.638 -1.7722 -1.7399 -1.6874 -1.655 -1.6505
39.371 -1.6405 -1.6129 -1.5686 -1.5363 -1.5461
37.243 -1.8429 -1.8318 -1.7868 -1.7699 -1.8357
34.937 -1.9012 -1.9053 -1.8591 -1.8632 -1.9606
32.700 -1.9636 -1.986 -1.9467 -1.9861 -2.1285
92
Table 4.27 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1

0.000 8.82E-15 1.01E-14 7.57E-18 4.32E-15 5.64E-15
2.180 -0.1626 -0.1563 -0.1512 -0.1454 -0.1459
4.360 -0.1981 -0.1906 -0.1847 -0.1779 -0.1776
6.540 -0.287 -0.2795 -0.2703 -0.259 -0.2573
8.890 -0.406 -0.398 -0.3879 -0.3674 -0.366
11.013 -0.4226 -0.4155 -0.4056 -0.3747 -0.373
13.250 -0.5052 -0.4993 -0.4911 -0.4305 -0.4305
15.282 -0.5428 -0.539 -0.5311 -0.431 -0.4296
17.549 -0.5851 -0.5844 -0.5777 -0.4427 -0.4419
19.934 -0.4201 -0.4219 -0.417 -0.2591 -0.2574
22.005 -0.4984 -0.498 -0.4922 -0.3131 -0.3119
24.037 -0.6036 -0.6046 -0.5933 -0.3903 -0.388
26.343 -0.5825 -0.5838 -0.5681 -0.3506 -0.3453
27.996 -0.6198 -0.6225 -0.5953 -0.3765 -0.3385
30.625 -0.5637 -0.5668 -0.5319 -0.3101 -0.2604
32.831 -0.4143 -0.4171 -0.3729 -0.1474 -0.082
35.251 -0.6042 -0.5976 -0.5375 -0.3118 -0.2265
37.452 -0.5498 -0.539 -0.469 -0.2406 -0.1382
39.380 -0.4608 -0.4467 -0.3731 -0.1404 -0.0162
41.455 -0.5725 -0.5528 -0.4723 -0.241 -0.1009
42.013 -0.5641 -0.5366 -0.4462 -0.2024 -0.0379
41.638 -0.5176 -0.4848 -0.3839 -0.1255 0.0634
39.371 -0.5954 -0.5527 -0.4415 -0.1752 0.0325
37.243 -0.7001 -0.6307 -0.4854 -0.2069 0.0718
34.937 -0.8042 -0.7143 -0.5497 -0.2605 0.0435
32.700 -0.8509 -0.7343 -0.5399 -0.2307 0.1035
93
V Displacement
45.00000
40.00000
35.00000
30.00000
Stress (MPa)
25.00000
20.00000
15.00000
10.00000
5.00000
0.00000
-0.50000 0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 2.50000
Strain
Figure 4.95 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
U Displacement
45.00000
40.00000
35.00000
30.00000
Stress (MPa)
25.00000
20.00000
15.00000
10.00000
5.00000
0.00000
-0.20000 0.00000 0.20000 0.40000 0.60000 0.80000 1.00000
Strain
Figure 4.96 U Displacement of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
multiplied by -1. The displacement rate does not always climb linearly; there is difference in
distance of displacement for each increment of stress. However, it is clear that after the
94
maximum stress is reached, the displacement increased exponentially on both v and u

displacement.
displacement graph, it is known that point 1 displaced to the right-hand side, while point 5
to two sides.

2.50E+00
2.00E+00
1.50E+00
Displacement (mm)
1.00E+00
5.00E-01
0.00E+00
140 160 180 200 220 240 260
-5.00E-01
Location
34.94 MPa 32.7 MPa
Figure 4.97 V Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
From the figure above, it is known that during the test, all points on the horizontal line
experience similar value of displacement. Only at the end of the test did point 5 displaced
relatively much further than other points. It is also important to mention that during the load of
95
0 to 10 MPa, the increase of displacement for one increment is significant; such thing also
happens after ultimate stress of 42.01 MPa was attained. The results of DIC are attached on the
figures below:
Figure 4.98 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 6.54 MPa - Test 1
96
Figure 4.102 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 1
Figure 4.103 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 1
97

1
0.8
0.6
Axis Title
0.4
0.2
0
140 160 180 200 220 240 260
-0.2
Location
26.34 MPa 28 MPa 30.62 MPa 32.83 MPa 35.25 MPa 37.45 MPa
34.93 MPa 32.7 MPa
Figure 4.104 U Displacement in Horizontal Line of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
From the figure above it can be seen that during stress of 0 – 10 MPa, the displacement
values between points are similar. However, it increases quite significantly for small increment
of stress. Starting from 11.01 MPa up until the end of test, it is known that point 1 displaced
the farthest, the displacement decreased as it approaches point 5; experience least amount of
displacement. The displacement value increases steadily up until the ultimate stress.
Afterwards, the displacement increased significantly in small stress increment. It is also worth
noting that overall in, the right-hand side of the specimen displace farther; proven by the DIC
results attached below:
98
Figure 4.105 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 6.54 MPa - Test 1
Figure 4.106 U V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress 15.28 MPa - Test 1
99
Figure 4.109 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 1
Figure 4.110 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 1
Coordinate that was used on along the line for high strength concrete test 2 is
100
Point X Y
1 161 233
2 191 233
3 222 233
4 252 233
5 283 233

8.69E- -1.12E- -2.66E- -6.49E- -1.10E-
0.000 16 15 17 16 14
2.442 -0.0039 -0.0049 -0.0066 -0.0072 -0.0091
4.438 -0.1562 -0.155 -0.1544 -0.1535 -0.1531
6.610 -0.2073 -0.2034 -0.2028 -0.2029 -0.2019
9.034 -0.2771 -0.2702 -0.2664 -0.2656 -0.2657
10.922 -0.3736 -0.362 -0.3518 -0.3483 -0.3447
13.407 -0.3601 -0.3479 -0.3315 -0.3319 -0.3304
15.378 -0.3714 -0.3568 -0.3353 -0.3352 -0.3329
17.719 -0.4308 -0.4136 -0.3879 -0.3888 -0.3885
19.681 -0.4533 -0.4319 -0.4031 -0.4031 -0.402
21.966 -0.4552 -0.4349 -0.4059 -0.4069 -0.4059
24.098 -0.548 -0.5252 -0.4935 -0.4959 -0.4942
26.191 -0.5354 -0.5108 -0.4773 -0.4817 -0.478
28.392 -0.5944 -0.5678 -0.5327 -0.5392 -0.5367
30.738 -0.6011 -0.571 -0.5329 -0.5415 -0.5368
32.826 -0.6632 -0.6313 -0.5939 -0.6054 -0.5995
35.150 -0.7207 -0.6838 -0.644 -0.6585 -0.6492
37.330 -0.7566 -0.7159 -0.6733 -0.693 -0.6826
39.462 -0.7828 -0.7338 -0.6873 -0.7096 -0.695
41.607 -0.7853 -0.7355 -0.6892 -0.7217 -0.7036
42.963 -0.6877 -0.6236 -0.5816 -0.7973 -0.7754
41.725 -0.6261 -0.5218 -0.4866 -0.8182 -0.7955
39.314 -0.5217 -0.3861 -0.3825 -0.8747 -0.8589
37.365 -0.3049 -0.1279 -0.2001 -0.958 -0.9946
35.155 -0.1273 0.1217 -0.023 -1.0127 -1.1229
34.008 0.079 0.3793 0.1479 -1.0618 -1.2579
101

0.000 -7.09E-15 -6.69E-15 -2.94E-17 -2.97E-15 -1.76E-14
2.442 -0.0185 -0.0179 -0.0159 -0.0166 -0.0157
4.438 -0.1143 -0.1107 -0.1072 -0.1063 -0.1042
6.610 -0.155 -0.1516 -0.1476 -0.1446 -0.1416
9.034 -0.2245 -0.2191 -0.2101 -0.2045 -0.2016
10.922 -0.235 -0.2288 -0.2156 -0.208 -0.2062
13.407 -0.2264 -0.2215 -0.1841 -0.1734 -0.1726
15.378 -0.2783 -0.2731 -0.2183 -0.2064 -0.2072
17.719 -0.2424 -0.2364 -0.1636 -0.1494 -0.15
19.681 -0.2925 -0.2873 -0.1942 -0.1768 -0.1765
21.966 -0.2767 -0.2706 -0.168 -0.1491 -0.1494
24.098 -0.2866 -0.2811 -0.1617 -0.1385 -0.1364
26.191 -0.3289 -0.3223 -0.1963 -0.164 -0.1634
28.392 -0.3701 -0.3636 -0.2504 -0.171 -0.169
30.738 -0.3957 -0.3885 -0.2759 -0.168 -0.1671
32.826 -0.3473 -0.3416 -0.2263 -0.1004 -0.0992
35.150 -0.3724 -0.3644 -0.2435 -0.0981 -0.0952
37.330 -0.378 -0.3657 -0.235 -0.0698 -0.0653
39.462 -0.4051 -0.3892 -0.2444 -0.0631 -0.0564
41.607 -0.3629 -0.3454 -0.1874 0.0039 0.0128
42.963 -0.4323 -0.3158 -0.0098 0.1592 0.2117
41.725 -0.4096 -0.2414 0.1319 0.2877 0.3555
39.314 -0.532 -0.2628 0.2077 0.3591 0.4437
37.365 -0.7903 -0.2947 0.3422 0.5094 0.5814
35.155 -0.9855 -0.2688 0.5092 0.6675 0.7433
34.008 -1.1442 -0.2067 0.7248 0.8648 0.9403
102
V Displacement
50.000
45.000
40.000
35.000
Stress (MPa)
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.60000 -0.40000 -0.20000 0.00000 0.20000 0.40000 0.60000 0.80000 1.00000 1.20000 1.40000
Displacement (mm)
U Displacement
50.000
45.000
40.000
35.000
Stress (MPa)
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-1.50E+00 -1.00E+00 -5.00E-01 0.00E+00 5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00
Displacement (mm)
161 191 222 252 283
by -1. The displacement rate does not always climb linearly; there is difference in distance of
displacement for each increment of stress. However, it is clear that after the maximum stress is
reached, the displacement increased exponentially on both v and u displacement.
103
both negative and positive. This indicates that during the compression, the specimen decreased
and increased in size depending on the location; 2 directions of displacements at different ends
of specimen. From the u-displacement graph, it is known that point 1 displaced to the left-hand
side, while point 5 displaced to the right-hand side. This indicates that during compression, the
specimen expanded to two sides.
In order to further check the occurrence where in v-displacement some points in
horizontal line experience some positive values of displacement, an observation on a vertical
line is conducted. Vertical line is as illustrated:
Figure 4.113 Point of Interest on Vertical Line for Displacement Analysis
Coordinate that was used on along the vertical are:

Table 4.31 Coordinates on Vertical Line on High Strength Concrete - Test 2
Point X Y
1 222 175
2 222 204
3 222 235
4 222 262
5 222 292
The values of displacement in each point are summarized in table and illustrated in
figure below:
104
Table 4.32 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete in Vertical Line – Test 2
DISPLACEMENT IN VERTICAL LINE (V)

Stress Point A Point B Point C Point D Point E
0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
2.4416 0.00400 0.00640 0.00660 0.00620 0.00690
4.43848 0.14250 0.15140 0.15440 0.15500 0.15830
6.60976 0.18710 0.19810 0.20280 0.20490 0.20760
9.03392 0.24180 0.25680 0.26640 0.27070 0.27270
10.9218 0.31650 0.33770 0.35180 0.36040 0.36230
13.407 0.29220 0.31770 0.33150 0.34510 0.34880
15.37772 0.28740 0.31870 0.33530 0.35040 0.35620
17.71904 0.33980 0.36870 0.38790 0.40760 0.41320
19.68104 0.33790 0.37740 0.40310 0.42710 0.43780
21.96568 0.33520 0.37710 0.40590 0.43210 0.44310
24.09772 0.41110 0.45750 0.49350 0.52560 0.54530
26.19052 0.39240 0.43920 0.47730 0.51140 0.53480
28.39232 0.43210 0.48780 0.53270 0.56840 0.60120
30.738 0.42520 0.48530 0.53290 0.57110 0.61050
32.82644 0.47740 0.54070 0.59390 0.63470 0.68230
35.15032 0.51570 0.58650 0.64400 0.68930 0.74660
37.33032 0.53800 0.61150 0.67330 0.72300 0.79140
39.46236 0.53960 0.62070 0.68730 0.73960 0.82210
41.60748 0.53520 0.61940 0.68920 0.74230 0.84600
42.96344 0.44010 0.54180 0.58160 0.59620 1.02350
41.7252 0.38210 0.46810 0.48660 0.55420 1.07250
39.31412 0.31910 0.39140 0.38250 0.46170 1.17090
37.3652 0.20410 0.26080 0.20010 0.16780 1.34810
35.15468 0.09840 0.13720 0.02300 -0.34800 1.48880
34.008 0.01670 0.02990 -0.14790 -0.58130 1.59470
105
V Displacement
50
45
40
35
Stress (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-1.00000 -0.50000 0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000
Displacement (mm)
Point A Point B Point C Point D Point E
Figure 4.114 V Displacement of High Strength Concrete in Vertical Line – Test 2
The value on the figure had been multiplied by -1. From the figure above it can be seen
that the line displaced in 2 directions; C and D expanding, E decrease in size, while the
displacement rate at point A and B is near 0. This is might be due to the crack and deformation
developed on the region causing the reading to varies as such.
Furthermore, graphs showing maximum displacement on each point on the horizontal
linealong with displacement maps were also generated and attached below:
106

1.4
1.2
0.8
Displacement (mm)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
160 180 200 220 240 260 280
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Location
35.15 MPa 34.01 MPa
From the figure above it can be seen that the displacement along the line up until just
before ultimate stress of 42.96 MPa is relatively even. The increase of displacement as the
stress increment increase is also not significant; with exception from stress of 0 MPa to 10
MPa. At ultimate stress and after the ultimate stress is reached, the displacement values
increased significantly. It is also worth noting that then trend changed. Point 1 displaced the
least, then it decreased in value as it moves to point 2, and it gradually increases in value of
displacement as it approach point 5; maximum displacement. The DIC results are attached
below:
107
108
Figure 4.120 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Stress Ultimate Stress - Test 2
Figure 4.121 V Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 2
109

1.50E+00
1.00E+00
5.00E-01
Displacement (mm)
0.00E+00
160 180 200 220 240 260 280
-5.00E-01
-1.00E+00
-1.50E+00
Location
35.15 MPa 34.01 MPa
From the graph, it can be seen that from stress of 0 MPa to 19.68 MPa, the displacement
is relatively even throughout the line and the increase between each increment is not big.
Starting from stress of 30.74 MPa, it is apparent that point 1 displaced farther and point 5
displaced the least. This trend is also applicable up until ultimate stress of 42.96 MPa. The
increase of displacement per stress increment is also not significant. Pass the ultimate stress it
is apparent that point 1 and 5 poses more or less same amount of displacement; differing only
on the direction. Point 2 has the least amount of displacement, then the value of displacement
increased as it approaches point 3, 4, and 5. The results of DIC are attached on the figure below:
110
111
Figure 4.127 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress - Test 2
Figure 4.128 U Displacement Map of High Strength Concrete at End of Test - Test 2
Coordinate that was used on along the line for high strength concrete test 3 is
112
Point X Y
1 159 234
2 190 234
3 221 234
4 252 234
5 283 234

0.000 3.72E-15 9.43E-15 -3.48E-16 -7.21E-15 -1.30E-14
2.250 0.0067 0.0086 0.0078 0.0079 0.0078
4.683 -0.0716 -0.0763 -0.084 -0.0892 -0.0975
6.671 -0.1058 -0.1104 -0.116 -0.12 -0.1266
8.868 -0.1618 -0.1649 -0.1709 -0.1741 -0.1814
11.070 -0.1918 -0.1917 -0.1944 -0.1967 -0.201
13.093 -0.2678 -0.2658 -0.2642 -0.2715 -0.2758
15.395 -0.2966 -0.296 -0.2927 -0.3023 -0.3036
17.597 -0.3599 -0.3594 -0.3541 -0.3674 -0.3685
19.707 -0.3522 -0.3511 -0.3442 -0.3588 -0.3593
22.075 -0.3634 -0.3609 -0.3522 -0.3715 -0.3726
24.242 -0.3938 -0.3957 -0.3889 -0.41 -0.4121
26.217 -0.4131 -0.4127 -0.4019 -0.4272 -0.4315
28.689 -0.4588 -0.4594 -0.4478 -0.474 -0.4802
30.803 -0.4582 -0.4542 -0.4408 -0.4685 -0.4793
32.962 -0.5127 -0.5042 -0.488 -0.516 -0.5306
35.242 -0.5498 -0.5389 -0.5201 -0.5481 -0.5684
37.247 -0.5812 -0.5603 -0.5405 -0.5641 -0.5888
39.593 -0.5936 -0.5691 -0.5488 -0.5691 -0.6
41.778 -0.6426 -0.6049 -0.5873 -0.5966 -0.6395
43.600 -0.6706 -0.6085 -0.5985 -0.5839 -0.6432
113

0.000 4.98E-15 4.63E-15 1.07E-15 8.61E-16 3.11E-15
2.250 -0.0268 -0.0262 -0.0257 -0.0252 -0.0283
4.683 -0.0637 -0.0614 -0.0592 -0.056 -0.0582
6.671 -0.0553 -0.0509 -0.0484 -0.0426 -0.0452
8.868 -0.0927 -0.0904 -0.0835 -0.074 -0.0727
11.070 -0.1144 -0.1135 -0.1023 -0.0924 -0.0909
13.093 -0.1006 -0.1013 -0.0892 -0.0337 -0.032
15.395 -0.1808 -0.1833 -0.1716 -0.0979 -0.0936
17.597 -0.1505 -0.1531 -0.1434 -0.0436 -0.0378
19.707 -0.234 -0.2343 -0.2243 -0.1106 -0.1052
22.075 -0.2645 -0.263 -0.2514 -0.1239 -0.1158
24.242 -0.1741 -0.1735 -0.1619 -0.0191 -0.0113
26.217 -0.2444 -0.2415 -0.2243 -0.0564 -0.0502
28.689 -0.2561 -0.2538 -0.229 -0.0522 -0.045
30.803 -0.2758 -0.2731 -0.2315 -0.0732 -0.0157
32.962 -0.307 -0.3036 -0.2546 -0.1029 -0.0236
35.242 -0.2804 -0.2762 -0.2103 -0.0575 0.0382
37.247 -0.3009 -0.2968 -0.2126 -0.0541 0.0497
39.593 -0.2738 -0.266 -0.1669 -9.42E-04 0.1091
41.778 -0.319 -0.3046 -0.1804 0.0012 0.1131
43.600 -0.3841 -0.369 -0.2024 -0.0016 0.1122
114
V Displacement
50.000
45.000
40.000
35.000
Stress (MPa)
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.10000 0.00000 0.10000 0.20000 0.30000 0.40000 0.50000 0.60000 0.70000 0.80000
Displacement (mm)
U Displacement
50.000
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.20000 -0.10000 0.00000 0.10000 0.20000 0.30000 0.40000 0.50000
During the test, ultimate stress was not reach due to limitation of the test machine. At
maximum load of 100 ton, the ultimate stress was not reached yet and there is no significant
crack appearing on the surface of the specimen.
115
multiplied by -1 to ease the process of analysis. The displacement rate does not always climb
linearly; there is difference in distance of displacement for each increment of stress.
displacement graph, it is known that point 1 displaced to the left-hand side, while point 5
displaced to the right-hand side. This indicates that during compression, the specimen
expanded to two sides. This proves that the loading was somehow centric as it expanded to
both size.

8.00E-01
7.00E-01
6.00E-01
Displacement (mm)
5.00E-01
4.00E-01
3.00E-01
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
0.00E+00
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
-1.00E-01
Location
39.59 MPa 41.78 MPa 43.6 MPa
From the graph above, it is apparent that the displacement is relatively uniform and the
difference of displacement values per increment is not significant. This is due to the fact that
ultimate stress was not reach; no significant difference ever occurred. The DIC results are
attached below:
116
117
118

5.00E-01
4.00E-01
3.00E-01
Displacement (mm)
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
0.00E+00
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
-1.00E-01
-2.00E-01
Location
39.59 MPa 41.78 MPa 43.6 MPa
From the graph above it is apparent that at stress of 0 to 10 MPa, the displacement along
the line is uniform. Starting from stress of 11.07 MPa up until the end of test at load of 43.6
MPa, it is apparent that displacement at point 1 is the largest, while at point 2 it is the smallest.
There was no significant increase in the value of the displacement as it increased gradually.
The results of DIC are attached below:
119
120
In the four figures above, the x axis represents the x coordinate of the plane of specimen
observed, while the y axis represents the displacement. The displacement is linear and
becoming slightly non-linear on the last two stress increment. The highest displacement
occurred at point1, while the least at point 5. On u-displacement graph the trend of
displacement along the line changed several times; prior to reaching ultimate strength at
increment of 24.24 MPa and at stress increment of 39.59 MPa.
4.2.2. Strain Results

p[
Strain calculation relies on manual calculation on with the formula of n = . L is
q
obtained through measurement using Vernier calipers that was conducted prior to compressive
testing, meanwhile the Δ= was obtained by plotting the ROI into AutoCAD and the top and
bottom coordinate were extracted using coordinate function and the values were then
subtracted to obtain the Δ=.
121
The strain map generated by NCORR allows reader to clearly see the strain and
deformation that happens on the surface. Displacement map generated only provide data of
displacement and movement of the speckle pattern.
Table 4.36 Normal V and U Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
V U
Strain Stress (MPa) Strain Stress (MPa)
-6.90E-17 0 -0.00013 0
1.33E-05 2.92556 -0.00007 2.92556
-6.33E-05 4.469 0.00009 4.469
-2.17E-05 6.5618 0.00008 6.5618
-0.00017 8.73308 0.00103 8.73308
-0.00131 11.01772 0.00133 11.01772
-0.00159 13.1236 0.00188 13.1236
-0.00246 15.5216 0.00270 15.5216
-0.00339 17.7016 0.00333 17.7016
-0.00453 19.92956 0.00436 19.92956
-0.00611 21.93952 0.00486 21.93952
-0.00731 24.27212 0.00542 24.27212
-0.00795 26.2036 0.00554 26.2036
-0.00836 26.3344 0.00550 26.3344
-0.00850 24.33752 0.00562 24.33752
-0.00757 22.02236 0.00515 22.02236
-0.00702 19.9906 0.00000 19.9906
Normal Strain (V)

30.00000
25.00000
20.00000
Stress (MPa)
15.00000
10.00000
5.00000
0.00000
-0.00100 0.00000 0.00100 0.00200 0.00300 0.00400 0.00500 0.00600 0.00700 0.00800 0.00900
Strain
Figure 4.143 Normal V Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
122
Strain (U)
30
25
20
Stress (MPa)
15
10
0
-0.00700 -0.00600 -0.00500 -0.00400 -0.00300 -0.00200 -0.00100 0.00000 0.00100
Strain
Figure 4.144 Normal U Strain of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
It is important to mention that the strain value on the normal strain graphs above have
been multiplied by -1. The data on the table was plotted to generate stress-strain diagram. Strain
increases as the stress increase on both normal u strain and v strain respectively. The strain
increases in value; Some of the region are linear and some are not, followed by large strain
present on small increment of stress. It is an indication that ultimate stress is reached. There
were also convergences present on both data.
Additionally, NCORR also provides shear strain map occurring on xx, xy, and yy plane;
attached below:
Figure 4.145 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 1
123
Figure 4.146 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
Figure 4.147 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress– Test 1
Figure 4.148 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
124
Figure 4.149 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.150 YY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx, εxy, and εyy strain occurs more
prominently on the left-hand side of the specimen. The strain develops gradually as more load
is imposed on the specimen. It can be seen from the three figures above that the loading during
test was not centric. This is proven by the picture evidence of the final condition of specimen
after the testing is finished; crack appears on the region that is portrayed to experience more
strain on the strain map, attached below:
125
Figure 4.151 Cracks on Specimen of Low Strength Concrete – Test 1
V U
0.00000 0 0.00000 0
0.00005 2.18 0.00033 2.18
0.00005 4.36 0.00066 4.36
0.00005 6.54 0.00087 6.54
0.00001 8.72 0.00095 8.72
-0.00005 10.9 0.00106 10.9
-0.00035 13.08 0.00099 13.08
-0.00038 15.26 0.00099 15.26
-0.00050 17.44 0.00103 17.44
-0.00064 19.62 0.00099 19.62
-0.00105 21.8 0.00082 21.8
-0.00255 22.24908 -0.00022 22.24908
-0.00483 20.02548 -0.00186 20.02548
-0.00883 17.7888 -0.00450 17.7888
-0.01645 15.62188 -0.00932 15.62188
126
Normal Strain (V)

25
20
Stress (MPa)
15
10
0
-0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Strain
Normal Strain (U)

25
20
Stress (MPa)
15
10
0
-0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Strain
been multiplied by -1. The data on the table was plotted to generate stress-strain diagram. Strain
consist of linear portion and non-linear, followed by large strain present on small increment of
127
stress that happens once the ultimate stress of 22.25 MPa is attained. The strain is continually
increase. Additionally, convergence is also present in both graphs due to the number of data.
It is also important to note that during this particular testing, there were some vibrations
present on the picture. This leads to movements of the speckle pattern which are not due to the
mechanical testing. This could cause error in the reading of the specimen by NCORR
Furthermore, NCORR also provides shear strain map occurring on xx, xy, and yy plane;
attached below:
Figure 4.154 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
Figure 4.155 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
128
Figure 4.156 XY Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
129
From the figure above, it can be seen that on on εxx, εxy, and εyy strain is distributed
uniformly at ultimate stress. Pass the ultimate stress, strain is more apparent on some region
that provided that it was to be traced to the picture data taken, the region shows significant
cracks and deformations.
V U
0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
0.00006 2.219 0.00016 2.219
0.00010 4.582 0.00023 4.582
0.00005 6.671 0.00015 6.671
0.00003 8.790 0.00024 8.790
-0.00005 11.096 0.00038 11.096
-0.00006 13.206 0.00043 13.206
-0.00011 15.522 0.00061 15.522
-0.00012 17.680 0.00072 17.680
-0.00015 19.720 0.00072 19.720
0.00004 21.940 0.00087 21.940
0.00010 24.163 0.00111 24.163
0.00016 25.205 0.00087 25.205
-0.00012 24.002 -0.00025 24.002
-0.00052 22.040 -0.00196 22.040
-0.00133 19.995 -0.00476 19.995
130
Normal Strain (V)

30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.00040 -0.00020 0.00000 0.00020 0.00040 0.00060 0.00080 0.00100 0.00120 0.00140 0.00160
Strain
Normal Strain (U)
30.000
25.000
20.000
Stress (MPa)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.00200 -0.00100 0.00000 0.00100 0.00200 0.00300 0.00400 0.00500 0.00600
Strain
been multiplied by -1. On strain on v direction table, it is found that the stress-strain relationship
lacks linear portion and the values continually converges. However, there were still great value
of stress occurring after the maximum stress is reach. The stress – strain relationship of u
131
direction has the same characteristic with theoretical stress-strain relationship; having an
almost linear line and strain significantly increase after ultimate stress at 25.2 MPa is reached.
attached below:
Figure 4.162 XX Strain of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
Figure 4.163 XX Shear of Low Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3
Figure 4.164 XY Shear of Low Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
132
133
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx, εxy, and εyy strain value is minimum
up until ultimate strain is reached. After the ultimate stress is reached, strain increased
significantly. From the figure above it is known that strain is more prominent on the left-hand
side of the specimen. This is proven by the fact that many cracks developed on the left-hand
side; no macro crack is visible on the right-hand side. This proves that the loading was not
centric. Image is attached below:
Figure 4.168 Cracks on Specimen of Low Strength Concrete – Test 3
Table 4.39 Normal V and U Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
U V
-0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
-0.00097 2.280 0.00017 2.280
-0.00180 4.469 0.00040 4.469
-0.00270 6.592 0.00079 6.592
-0.00306 8.764 0.00115 8.764
-0.00361 11.026 0.00208 11.026
-0.00401 13.141 0.00215 13.141
-0.00460 15.500 0.00267 15.500
-0.00463 17.632 0.00294 17.632
-0.00504 19.882 0.00326 19.882
-0.00551 21.800 0.00359 21.800
-0.00580 23.984 0.00315 23.984
-0.00641 26.430 0.00374 26.430
-0.00686 28.488 0.00379 28.488
-0.00772 30.581 0.00446 30.581
-0.00887 31.545 0.00535 31.545
-0.01115 30.581 0.00836 30.581
-0.01768 28.715 -0.00842 28.715
-0.01814 27.267 0.00189 27.267
134
STRAIN (V)
35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Strain
Figure 4.169 Normal V Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
STRAIN (U)
35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Strain
Figure 4.170 Normal U Strain of Medium Strength Concrete – Test 1
The value of strain had been multiplied by -1. The strain behavior of both u and v strain
are unexpected. The increase of strain at every stress increment varies greatly. On v strain
specifically, the increase of strain for every increment is so slight. On u strain, here were linear
135
portion and non-linear portion with approximately even rate of strain at the beginning and
approaching ultimate stress; and finished by significant increase after ultimate stress is reached
at 31.545 MPa. It is clear that after ultimate stress is reached, the value of strain increased
significantly.
There were points after the ultimate strain is attained, the convergence is big, this might
be attributed to the fact that there was partial collapse on the top right-hand side of the
specimen. There collapsed part means that there were different or even no speckle pattern to
be traced down by NCORR. The result is that NCORR cannot read, or misread the pattern so
that the reading differs greatly from the rest.
It is worth mentioning that towards the end of the testing, it is found that the data
experience drastic change in value. This is due to the fact that the point of reference of which
the displacement was extracted for strain calculation was a part of a collapsed section that is
located on the top right-hand side. This means that the reading after collapsed occurred; if any,
is deemed inaccurate due to the different of speckle that is tracked by NCORR.
attached below:
Figure 4.171 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
136
Figure 4.172 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
Figure 4.173 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.174 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
137
Figure 4.175 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.176 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx, εxy, and εyy strain is relatively small.
It then increased significantly thereafter. From the figure above it is known that strain is more
prominent on the right-hand side of the specimen; proven by collapsed part. This proves that
the loading was not centric.
138
V U
0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
0.00000 2.272 0.00003 2.272
0.00000 4.486 0.00008 4.486
-0.00001 6.802 0.00012 6.802
0.00000 8.764 0.00012 8.764
-0.00001 10.917 0.00012 10.917
-0.00002 13.311 0.00013 13.311
-0.00002 15.269 0.00015 15.269
-0.00003 17.571 0.00018 17.571
-0.00004 19.642 0.00018 19.642
-0.00003 21.966 0.00019 21.966
-0.00004 24.198 0.00020 24.198
-0.00003 26.252 0.00021 26.252
-0.00002 28.392 0.00023 28.392
-0.00001 30.585 0.00024 30.585
0.00000 32.704 0.00026 32.704
0.00002 34.893 0.00028 34.893
0.00002 37.195 0.00025 37.195
-0.00003 37.727 0.00022 37.727
-0.00005 37.064 0.00018 37.064
0.00005 35.303 0.00025 35.303
0.00002 32.844 -0.00048 32.844
0.00011 30.742 -0.00067 30.742
0.00018 28.584 -0.00061 28.584
0.00029 26.204 -0.00062 26.204
139
NORMAL STRAIN (V)

40
35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
-0.00035 -0.0003 -0.00025 -0.0002 -0.00015 -0.0001 -0.00005 0 0.00005 0.0001
Strain
40.000
Normal Strain (U)
35.000
30.000
25.000
Stress (MPa)
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
-0.0004 -0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008
Strain
The values of strain on the graph had been multiplied by -1. It can be observed on
normal strain on v direction that there were linear portion on early stages of when the stress
was imposed and the increment of strain for the stress increment is not significant. However,
near the ultimate stress and beyond; exactly at stress increment of 37.19 MPa, the strain pattern
becomes random. It increases and decreases due to data convergences. However, it is still
apparent that after ultimate stress at 37.727 MPa, the strain value increases significantly.
140
From the normal strain on u direction, it can be seen that there were some portion of
the graphs that are linear up until the stress nearing the ultimate stress. The strain does not
immediately increase significantly after ultimate stress is attained; it started the steep increase
at stress of 35.309 MPa.
It is also important to note that this particular test was also conducted by partially using
manual click using shutter shock. The use of manual clicking happened nearing the end of the
test. This might cause some errors on the data of the experiment especially on the last 5 to 6
pictures that was taken.
attached below:
Figure 4.179 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
Figure 4.180 XX Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
141
Figure 4.181 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
Figure 4.182 XY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test– Test 2
Figure 4.183 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
142
Figure 4.184 YY Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 2
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx, εxy, and εyy strain is relatively small
up until the ultimate stress. It then increased significantly thereafter. From the figure above it
is known that strain is greatest at the bottom part of the specimen; proven by the significant
deformation on the bottom part. The condition of the specimen at the end of the test is attached
on the figure below:
Figure 4.185 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of Medium Strength Concrete - Test 2
143
V U
0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
-0.00923 2.429 -0.01012 2.429
-0.00918 4.504 -0.01276 4.504
-0.00960 6.850 -0.01764 6.850
-0.00981 8.751 -0.01409 8.751
-0.00978 10.987 -0.01531 10.987
-0.00991 13.381 -0.01764 13.381
-0.00996 15.347 -0.02039 15.347
-0.01026 17.457 -0.02362 17.457
-0.01086 19.930 -0.02231 19.930
-0.01065 21.940 -0.02579 21.940
-0.01035 24.324 -0.02549 24.324
-0.00994 26.300 -0.02529 26.300
-0.01058 28.571 -0.02303 28.571
-0.01166 30.677 -0.01788 30.677
-0.01241 30.886 -0.01516 30.886
-0.01539 28.632 0.00378 28.632
Normal Strain (V)

35.000
30.000
25.000
Stress (MPa)
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0.00000 0.00200 0.00400 0.00600 0.00800 0.01000 0.01200 0.01400 0.01600 0.01800
Strain
144
Normal Strain (U)

35
30
25
Stress (MPa)
20
15
10
0
-0.01000 -0.00500 0.00000 0.00500 0.01000 0.01500 0.02000 0.02500 0.03000
Strain
been multiplied by -1. There is also a big jump in strain value between 0 to 2 MPa due to fast
loading that happened during testing. On the v-strain graph, pass the 2 MPa mark, it is apparent
that the value of strain increases as the loading increase though there were some convergences
that happened. On u-strain graph, the value continually increased up to about 25 MPa, added
with some convergences. Pass that, it decreases. This is suspected due to some errors that will
be covered in the proceeding sub-chapter. On both graph, after ultimate stress is attained, strain
increases greatly..
attached below:
145
Figure 4.188 XX Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
Figure 4.189 XX Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress at End of Test – Test 3
Figure 4.190 XY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
146
Figure 4.191 XY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3
Figure 4.192 YY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 3
Figure 4.193 YY Shear Strain of Medium Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 3
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx, εxy, and εyy strain was already varying
on the surface at ultimate stress. It then increased greatly at one increment of stress after
ultimate stress. It is also apparent that the left-hand side of the specimen experienced more
strain than the left-hand side; proven by the fact that more cracks developed on the right-hand
147
side than the left-hand side. This indicate that the test was not centric. The image of the
specimen at the end of test is attached below:
Figure 4.194 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of Medium Strength Concrete - Test 3
Table 4.42 Normal V and U Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
V U
0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
0.00022 2.180 0.00026 2.180
0.00025 4.360 0.00026 4.360
0.00024 6.540 0.00037 6.540
0.00028 8.890 0.00045 8.890
0.00033 11.013 0.00046 11.013
0.00036 13.250 0.00049 13.250
0.00037 15.282 0.00060 15.282
0.00042 17.549 0.00063 17.549
0.00046 19.934 0.00066 19.934
0.00048 22.005 0.00067 22.005
0.00056 24.037 0.00071 24.037
0.00056 26.343 0.00073 26.343
0.00060 27.996 0.00073 27.996
0.00064 30.625 0.00074 30.625
0.00066 32.831 0.00079 32.831
0.00067 35.251 0.00082 35.251
0.00057 37.452 0.00089 37.452
0.00033 39.380 0.00093 39.380
0.00000 41.455 0.00099 41.455
-0.00091 42.013 0.00088 42.013
-0.00222 41.638 0.00077 41.638
-0.00314 39.371 0.00069 39.371
-0.00613 37.243 0.00056 37.243
-0.00776 34.937 0.00051 34.937
-0.00999 32.700 0.00044 32.700
148
STRAIN (V)
45
40
35
30
Stress (MPa)
25
20
15
10
0
(0.002000) - 0.002000 0.004000 0.006000 0.008000 0.010000 0.012000
Strain
Figure 4.195 Normal V Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
STRAIN (U)
45
40
35
30
Stress (MPa)
25
20
15
10
0
(0.001200) (0.001000) (0.000800) (0.000600) (0.000400) (0.000200) - 0.000200
Strain
Figure 4.196 Normal U Strain of High Strength Concrete – Test 1
been multiplied by -1. The strain on v direction follows the same characteristic as theoretical
149
relationship of stress and strain. Strain also increase slowly up until ultimate stress. Significant
increase occurs after ultimate stress at 42.013 MPa. On normal u-strain graph it shows that it
lacks linear portion, however it follows the same trend; continual increase occurs up until
ultimate stress, followed by significant increase in strain at ultimate stress. The u-strain graph
possesses the very line due to data convergence.
attached below:
Figure 4.197 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.198 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
150
Figure 4.199 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
Figure 4.200 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
Figure 4.201 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 1
151
Figure 4.202 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at End of Test – Test 1
From the figure above it can be seen that εxx and εxy strain was already varying on
the surface at ultimate stress while and εyy strain is still relatively uniform. It then
increased greatly at one increment of stress after ultimate stress. It is also apparent that
generally the right-hand side of the specimen experienced more strain than the left-hand side;
proven by the fact the cracks develop more prominently on the right-hand side of the specimen.
However, there were also macro crack on the left-hand side, this indicates that the testing was
centric. The image of the specimen at the end of test is attached below:
Figure 4.203 Condition at End of Test of Specimen of High Strength Concrete - Test 1
152
V U
0.00000 0 0.00000 0
-0.00002 2.4416 -0.00002 2.4416
-0.00004 4.43848 -0.00001 4.43848
0.00004 6.60976 0.00001 6.60976
0.00004 9.03392 0.00002 9.03392
0.00005 10.9218 0.00009 10.9218
0.00001 13.407 0.00008 13.407
0.00005 15.37772 0.00011 15.37772
0.00003 17.71904 0.00011 17.71904
-0.00002 19.68104 0.00010 19.68104
-0.00002 21.96568 0.00011 21.96568
0.00003 24.09772 0.00015 24.09772
0.00000 26.19052 0.00016 26.19052
0.00008 28.39232 0.00015 28.39232
0.00015 30.738 0.00015 30.738
0.00025 32.82644 0.00013 32.82644
0.00034 35.15032 0.00020 35.15032
0.00042 37.33032 0.00016 37.33032
0.00055 39.46236 0.00030 39.46236
0.00066 41.60748 0.00032 41.60748
0.00184 42.96344 0.00052 42.96344
0.00228 41.7252 0.00046 41.7252
0.00282 39.31412 0.00007 39.31412
0.00318 37.3652 -0.00114 37.3652
0.00340 35.15468 -0.00222 35.15468
0.00319 34.008 -0.00333 34.008
153
STRAIN (V)
50
45
40
35
Stress (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
0
(0.0040000)(0.0035000)(0.0030000)(0.0025000)(0.0020000)(0.0015000)(0.0010000)(0.0005000) - 0.0005000
Strain
STRAIN (U)
50
45
40
35
Stress (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
(0.001000)(0.000500) - 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000 0.003500 0.004000
Strain
been multiplied by -1. The graph poses linear portion and increase continually. However, a
large strain appears one increment prior to the attainment of ultimate stress; at stress of 41.607
MPa. After the ultimate stress of 42.963 MPa is reached, the strain also appears larger; larger
than lower stress increment. The normal v-strain graph was multiplied by -1. There were
154
fluctuation after ultimate stress is attained due to convergence. It was then followed by large
strain appearing.
Additionally, it is important to note that the value of both direction of strain is negative.
This such occurrence is probable to happen given the condition of the crack of the specimen
post compression testing. The final condition might lead to error in reading.
In order to investigate this occurrence, a smaller region of interest to be determined the
strain of is set. The region of interest is attached below:
Figure 4.206 Region of Interest
The value of displacement is attached on the table below:
155
Table 4.44 Normal V and U Strain of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test 2
V U
Strain Stress Strain Stress
-0.00000 0.00 0.00000 0.00000
0.00001 2.44 -0.00001 2.44160
-0.00001 4.44 -0.00001 4.43848
-0.00002 6.61 0.00001 6.60976
-0.00004 9.03 0.00003 9.03392
-0.00008 10.92 0.00005 10.92180
-0.00008 13.41 0.00003 13.40700
-0.00009 15.38 0.00003 15.37772
-0.00011 17.72 0.00005 17.71904
-0.00015 19.68 0.00006 19.68104
-0.00018 21.97 0.00006 21.96568
-0.00023 24.10 0.00008 24.09772
-0.00026 26.19 0.00008 26.19052
-0.00033 28.39 0.00010 28.39232
-0.00036 30.74 0.00016 30.73800
-0.00042 32.83 0.00017 32.82644
-0.00047 35.15 0.00019 35.15032
-0.00052 37.33 0.00020 37.33032
-0.00057 39.46 0.00024 39.46236
-0.00062 41.61 0.00023 41.60748
-0.00102 42.96 0.00030 42.96344
-0.00110 41.73 0.00028 41.72520
-0.00124 39.31 0.00014 39.31412
-0.00150 37.37 0.00017 37.36520
-0.00172 35.15 0.00052 35.15468
-0.00178 34.01 0.00092 34.00800
The data are then plotted into graph of:
Strain (V)
50
45
40
35
Stress (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-0.00050 0.00000 0.00050 0.00100 0.00150 0.00200
Strain
Figure 4.207 Normal V train of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test 2
156
Strain (U)
50.00000
45.00000
40.00000
35.00000
Stres (MPa)
30.00000
25.00000
20.00000
15.00000
10.00000
5.00000
0.00000
-1.00E-03 -8.00E-04 -6.00E-04 -4.00E-04 -2.00E-04 0.00E+00 2.00E-04
Strain
Figure 4.208 Normal U Strain of High Strength Concrete on Smaller ROI – Test 2
From the figure above, it can be concluded that on smaller ROI, the v strain is negative
means, while the u strain is positive. This indicates that the result on full ROI might be due to
error occurring on the edge of the specimen and not the whole data interpretation of the
specimen.
attached below:
Figure 4.209 XX Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
157
Figure 4.211 XY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
158
Figure 4.213 YY Strain of High Strength Concrete at Ultimate Stress – Test 2
From the figure above it can be seen that at ultimate stress εxx, εxy, and εyy strain
is still relatively uniform. It then increased greatly after the increment stress is reached;
significant difference is present at the end of test. It is also apparent that generally the left-
hand side and middle of the specimen experienced more strain than the right-hand side;
However, there were still macro crack visible on the right-hand side of the specimen. This
indicates that the testing was centric. The image of the specimen at the end of test is attached
below:
159
V U
0.00000 0.000 0.00000 0.000
-0.00003 2.250 -0.00003 2.250
-0.00001 4.683 -0.00012 4.683
-0.00001 6.671 -0.00009 6.671
-0.00008 8.868 -0.00010 8.868
-0.00011 11.070 -0.00005 11.070
-0.00012 13.093 -0.00003 13.093
-0.00010 15.395 0.00003 15.395
-0.00015 17.597 0.00002 17.597
-0.00015 19.707 0.00009 19.707
-0.00015 22.075 0.00009 22.075
-0.00022 24.242 0.00000 24.242
-0.00029 26.217 0.00008 26.217
-0.00035 28.689 0.00015 28.689
-0.00043 30.803 0.00022 30.803
-0.00050 32.962 0.00032 32.962
-0.00059 35.242 0.00040 35.242
-0.00065 37.247 0.00047 37.247
-0.00076 39.593 0.00052 39.593
-0.00083 41.778 0.00064 41.778
-0.00090 43.600 0.00089 43.600
160
STRAIN (V)
50
45
40
35
30
Stress (MPa)
25
20
15
10
0
0.00E+00 1.00E-04 2.00E-04 3.00E-04 4.00E-04 5.00E-04 6.00E-04 7.00E-04 8.00E-04 9.00E-04 1.00E-03
Strain
STRAIN (U)
50
45
40
35
Stress (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
(0.0010000) (0.0008000) (0.0006000) (0.0004000) (0.0002000) - 0.0002000
Strain
Ultimate stress on this particular stress was not reached due to the limitation of the test
machine; Machine is only capable of imposing 100 ton of load. It is important to mention that
the values of strain had been multiplied by -1. There were points that fluctuates due to data
161
convergence; where the values increase and decreases, however, the general trend still
increases as stress increase.
attached below:
162
It can be seen from the three figures above that the loading during test was not centric.
It is shown by uneven strain distribution on the surface of the specimen tested. The rate of
strain on left-hand, right-hand, top, and bottom of the surface also varies. The strain should be
minimum in the center of the plane; minimum strain was not found to be located in the center
of the surface. However, there were no significant crack that was present anywhere on the
surface; due to not reaching ultimate stress. The condition of the specimen at the end of test is
attached on the figure below:
4.3. Error Analysis
The results from data computation shows significant errors that might occurred during
either data computation or the experiment itself. There is no way to measure the error
percentage as the use of LVDT was designated as a way to match the picture and loading rather
than calculating the actual displacement. However, the error can be analyzed by comparison to
theories that were used as references.
The first possible source of error is the quality of speckle pattern. The images below
show the example of speckle patterned that was imposed on respectively low, medium, and
high strength concrete:
163
Figure 4.222 Speckle Pattern on Specimen
As can be seen from the figure above, the boldness of the speckle pattern and the uniformity
of the surface color differ. This is suspected to have influence the accuracy of the data
computation. The pattern imposed on low strength concrete is the least bold out of the 3; this
is due to the fact that after the pattern was imposed it was left for a few days before testing is
conducted. The surface of the high strength specimen does not have a uniform color. These
two factors might cause confusion during the analysis conducted by NCORR due to the fact
that the colors are not easily distinguishable from one another. The medium strength concrete
specimen has the most optimum grayscale difference.
This suspicion is supported by the fact that the time taken to analyze each of the data
differs greatly. The time taken to analyze the images of low-strength concrete are
approximately 1500 seconds per picture; multiple by approximately 15 pictures per testing, the
total time for NCORR to analyze one test is 6-7 hours. The time taken to analyze medium-
strength concrete was 180 - 360 seconds, making analysis of one test of more or less 20 pictures
to be 1 – 2 hours. The time taken to analyze high strength concrete was approximately 30
minutes to 60 minutes per picture, making analysis of one test to be approximately 1 day.
This shows that NCORR needs adequate speckle pattern and greyscale difference to
ease the analysis. This links to the accuracy of the outcome of the analysis. Provided that the
speckle pattern is adequate, the outcome should have higher accuracy.
Movement on the images also determine the accuracy on the results. Any slight
movement recorded by camera will be interpreted as movement of speckle pattern by NCORR.
In reality, the movement captured on the images are often due to imprecise procedure. The
camera used for the experiment was that of an older model possessing no option for wireless
clicking. Hence, the use of shutter remote had to be employed. However, after a few tests, it is
found that even manually clicking on shutter remote cases movement. An automated function
had to be used to eliminate error due to movement and vibration.
164
Another prominent error is the significant increase experience on the increment stress
of 0 to 5 MPa on some sample. The source of the error is suspected to be from the experiment.
The first probable reason is that the load reading started prior to when the load to be imposed
actually touched the surface of the specimen. This will read to no displacement on NCORR
analysis. Later on, when the load actually touched the surface, the amount of displacement and
strain will increase drastically. This will result in significant difference of displacement in a
small increment of stress.
Additionally, another probable cause of error is due to the fact that the number of
subsequent images taken were not adequate. The images were taken using low-speed
continuous photo-taking option provided by the camera. However, during the beginning of the
loading; where the load increase in a great speed, hence resulting in only 1 image to be used
for the stress increment of 0 – 6 ton. Therefore, the occurrence of significant increase of
displacement and strain during the beginning cannot be evaluated since only 1 picture is
available for the stress increment.
The fact that the pictures of the specimen was taken not straight and titled to one side
might also contributes to error. This might result in different interpretation of data.
Furthermore, it is also possible that the point chosen for strain analysis; on top right, can
actually be out of the plane of interest. This means that it is not actually part of the specimen.
This will eventually lead to error.
There were also disturbances during the experiment that might affect the result of the
analysis. The most prominent one being people unknowingly walk in the path of light source
during experiment. This causes difference in the grayscale on the picture taken. Another
important disturbance is the vibration causes by the fan located above the testing machine. This
causes slight movement in the picture; however, the slight movement can greatly affect the end
result of the experiment.
Error resulting from the sample can also be taken into account. It is probable that during
casting, the mixing of the concrete batch was not done adequately thorough. This results from
the inhomogeneity of the sample which might explain why some parts of the sample develops
crack faster than other parts. It is also probable that the load distribution from the plate during
compression testing is not even.
It is not possible to know for sure which of the sources causes the error; more than
likely, the errors were caused by the accumulation of the sources listed above.
165
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTIONS
5.1. Conclusion
There were a few conclusions that can be taken from the research. It is found through
this research that digital image correlation (DIC) can be conducted using simple equipment;
conventional DSLR camera. The images produced by the camera was adequate to track down
the speckle pattern and results in the generation of displacement and strain distribution to be
studied further. However, it is only sufficient to track down crack pattern. Further researches
and development are necessary to study stress – strain curve using DIC.
The clear indication that occurs on all the experiment is that all samples in v-
displacement displaced downwards; indicating that the it reduced in size due to the
compression. However, in u-direction, as opposed to ideally displacing to two directions, most
of the sample displaced heavily to one side; mostly to the left-hand side of the specimen. This
indicates that the loading process is not centric. This is also supported by the result of strain
results. The normal u-strain values are negative and the normal strain in u direction are mostly
also negative, indicating that it moves to the left-hand side.
Another clear indication obtained by this research is that the loading conducted was not
centric or the load was not evenly distributed on the specimen. As the stress was also not
uniformly distributed on the specimen, the strain that was resulted from the test was not
expected or typical to what is known to be the theoretical value.
Considering some considerable error occurring in this research, it is found that DIC
analysis require extreme precision. The most crucial step is during the compression testing;
photo has to be take precisely to eliminate error sources, and during imposing of speckle
pattern. During recording of the picture, it is important that the picture is taken straight and free
of movement. The speckle pattern should be imposed correctly in consideration with colours
and contrast.
Additionally, from the DIC results and picture at end of test taken, it can be concluded
that more cracks appear on 25 MPa concrete, followed by 35 MPa, and 45 MPa concrete
possessing the least number of cracks. The crack distribution on all strength of concrete are
mostly predominant on one side.
166
The study that was conducted is a qualitative study based on digital images. In order to
study the topic quantitatively further researches needs to be conducted.
5.2. Recommendations
There are a few recommendations that can be applied to further research on DIC. The
recommendations include recommendations for compressive testing and the DIC analysis
itself. Recommendations are made on the basis of the results of the experiment with the hope
of reducing error on the next research.
It is apparent from the research that the loading is not centric. A new procedure and
method should be employed to ensure that the loading conducted in the lab to be centric and
the stress is uniformly distributed. It is also important to check neatly whether or not the loading
is placed exactly in the center prior to the testing.
Speckle pattern that is imposed has to be bold and the color difference between the
pattern and the surface has to be prominent. Specimen should be tested immediately after the
pattern was imposed to avoid the pattern fading away or absorbed in the specimen. The side
that is to be imposed with pattern should be the one that poses the most uniform color.
Additionally, during recording of the images, it is important to keep the picture steady
and free from any disturbance; movement, vibration, or changes in light as it can lead to error
in reading. It is important to take the picture straight to eliminate error when choosing ROI and
eventually will affect the interpretation of data.
During DIC analysis, provided that it is conducted using NCORR, during installation it
is important to check the compatibility of the compiler and the MatLab series and do necessary
adjustment.
As this is a preliminary study using DIC in the lab, more researches are encouraged to
study further about DIC and its application for strain and displacement study.
167
REFERENCES
Vacher, P., Dumoulin, S., Morestin, N., Mguil-Touchal, S. 2013. Bidimensional Strain
Measurement Using Digital Images. Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 213 Part C.
Salmanpour, A.H., Mojsilović, N. 2013. Application of Digital Image Correlation for

Strain Measurement of Large Masonry Walls. Paper presented at Institute of Structural
Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Belrhiti, Y., Pop, O., Germaneau, A., Doumalin, P., Dupré, J.C., Huger, M., Chortard, T.
(2016). Reinfinment of Digital Image Correlation Technique to Investigate The Fracture
Behaviour of Refractory Materials.
Zhang, J., Xiong, C., Li, H., Li, M., Wang, J., Fang, J (2004). “Damage and Fracture
Evaluation of Granular Composite Materials by Digital Image Correlation Method”
SNI 03-1974-1990: Metode Pengujian Kuat Tekan Beton
American Society for Testing and Materials. “Standard Practice for Making and Curing
Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory”, No. ASTM c 192/c 192M-05. Annual Book
of ASTM standards, Vol 04.02.
J Blaber, B Adair, and A Antoniou. 2015. "Ncorr: Open-Source 2D Digital Image

Correlation Matlab Software." Experimental Mechanics

Concrete Digital Image Correlation Punya Nadia

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN OF CONCRETE

NADIA PUTRI WIJANARKO

STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN OF CONCRETE

Submitted as requirement to achieve the undergraduate title

NADIA PUTRI WIJANARKO

Depok, 1st July 2019

Nadia Putri Wijanarko

Name : Nadia Putri Wijanarko

STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY .............................................................................. ii

STATEMENT OF LEGITIMATION .............................................................................. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................... xxi

LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 22

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................ 165

Figure 2.1 Iterative Process to Obtain Displacement Field ............................................ 10

1.2. Problem Identification

1. How is the displacement of concrete cubes observed with DIC?

Table 1.1 Concrete Strength of Specimen

Low Strength (MPa) Moderate Strength High Strength (MPa)

6. Concrete that are to be tested has the same dimension of a cube 15 x 15 x 15 cm

1.5. Brief Content

The brief content of this study is consisted of:

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Digital Image Correlation Principle

2.1.1. Spackle Pattern

2.1.2. Acquiring Images of Specimen

2.1.3. Algorithm to Process the Data

Where: ΔS = initial image’s area of correlation pattern

with: 029 = 23 (,9 , .9 )

Figure 2.7 Iterative Process to Obtain Displacement Field

Source: Vacher et al, 199

The principle base of Green-Legrange tensor of strain value is expressed as:

2.2. Application of DIC

DIC is a recent technology that is being continually developed. DIC is an experimental

Figure 2.13 Test Setup of DIC on Large Masonry Wall

Figure 2.14 Result of DIC on Large Masonry Wall

The DIC analysis is conducted on Magnesia-Spinel material or more commonly known

Where: f and g = grey level picture at subset D

Figure 2.16 Dissection of DIC into a 2P-DIC

Equation 2.17 Correlation Coeeficient – 2P DIC

T5e T5e Tfe Tfe

Figure 2.18 Result of Horizontal Displacement Curve

Based on the generated displacement, visualisation of microcrack and macrocrack can

Figure 2.19 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on DIC Analysis

Figure 2.20 Visualisation of Micro and Macro-crack on 2P-DIC Analysis

analysis on deformation of materials with smooth deformation. Hence, FT is not as accurate

Equation 2.21 Correlation Coefficient Along Line

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

Where: f and g = grey level point at F and G

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

Correlation coefficient using WT coefficient is proven to be 40% narrower than that of

Figure 2.23 FT Coefficient

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

Figure 2.24 WT Coefficient

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

Figure 2.25 Deformation Contour of Fiber Reinforced Mortar

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

Figure 2.26 Displacement Field on Sandstone

Source: ACTA MECHANICA SINICA, Vol. 20, No. 4

2.3. Computer Aid Program