Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
On May 27, 2006, many people died and infrastructure damaged due to a 5.8 Richter scale
shallow earthquake. The distribution of damage buildings and houses is different in each sub district and
has uneven pattern, particularly due to different geological, geotechnical, and seismic properties. One of
methods to study those factors is using qualitative microzonation that give an illustration of susceptibility
level of an area in response to the earthquake. This method relies on existing subsurface information,
could be claimed as a desk study or preliminary seismic microzonation. However, a qualitative
microzonation conducted in Yogyakarta City reveals that this method is suitable to shows appropriate
representation with damage infrastructure.
boreholes. The Sleman Formation is thought to be frequency of resonance and significant for the
Upper Pleistocene to Holocene in age. The frequency range above.
Yogyakarta Formation forms the surface outcrop In study area, the thickness of Quaternary
throughout most of the lowland area of the sediments is homogen. The thickness of all
Yogyakarta Basin from the Merapi Middle Slopes type of Quaternary sediments is more than 45
to the coast. It constutes the upper part of the m (Class 3) (Figure 5).
former Younger Merapi Volcanics. It consists of 4. Lateral variation in the thickness of the
an interbedded sequence of sands, gravels, silts, Quaternary sediments to account for the
and clays. The amount of clay increases excitation of local surface waves and
southwards. resonances. It is often observed during
The study area is part of Yogyakarta earthquakes, that lateral heterogeneities can
Formation (MacDonald & Partners, 1984) (Figure excite local surface wave, which, due to their
1). Based on boreholes data Sleman Formation strong attenation only propagate a limited
undernearth the Yogyakarta Formation, and distance, but within this range, can
undernearth Sleman Formation, there is Sentolo significantly increase the duration and
Formation, which predominantly consists of amplitude of ground motion. At least for the
limestone, also consists of marls, tuffs, and areas covered by Quaternary gravels, the
conglomerates. parameter for lateral variation also rates some
effects of subsurface and surface topography.
QUALITATIVE MICROZONATION Basin type structures and topographic features
can be subject to resonance phenomena.
The qualitative microzonation is based on Based on borehole data, gradient of study area
seven parameters that qualitatively characterized is less than 0.01, that means there is no lateral
the local soil conditions and the expected variation in the thickness of the Quaternary
influence in amplification during the earthquake. sediment in study area (Class 0) (Figure 6).
Detailed description of the scheme is given in 5. The fifth parameter considers the potential of
Noack & Fäh (2001). Those 7 parameters are: liquefaction. This factor is limited to water-
1. The consolidation of the Quaternary deposits saturated, cohesionsless, granular sediments at
expressed by their age. The lower a sediment depths less than 10 m. Liquifaction potential
is consolidated, the lower its shear wave in the rating scheme is expressed by the depth
velocity and the higher is the expected to the water table.
amplification during earthquakes. The study area is divided into 3 classes
The study area is consist of Quaternary depend on the depth of water table (Table 1)
sediment (Yogyakarta Formation) which (Figure 7).
thought to Holocene in age (class 2) (Figure 6. The sixth parameter characterizes the
2). It is shown by 32 borehole data (Figure 3) differences in shear wave velocity given by
and geological map of study area. the lithology of the PreQuaternary sediments
2. The type (grain size and lithification) of the underneath the Quaternary gravels.
Quaternary sediments. As the qualitative rule Geologically, they are bedrock, but
it can be assumed that, the smaller the grain seismically, these sediments belong partly to
size of a sediment, the lower the shear wave the soft sediments. This can be expected from
velocity. the interpretation of ambient noise
The study area divided into 4 classes depend measurements, that clearly show low
on the lithology (Table 1) (Figure 4). fundamental frequencies of resonance
3. The thickness of the Quaternary sediments between 0.4 – 1 Hz that can only be explained
weighted by their type. The thickness of the by low shear wave velocities of some of the
sediments define the frequency band at which Tertiary sediments (Fäh, et al., 1997 vide
amplification effects occur. The thicker the Noack & Fäh, 2001) in the order of 500-900
soils, the lower the fundamental frequency of m/s.
resonance. Assuming the simple model of one There is no outcrop of Tertiary sediments in
layer over a half space the expected study area, so we can conclude no lithologic
amplification is maximal at the fundamental
PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
Conclusion
TABLE 1. Schematic representation of the application of the qualitative rating scheme. The local contribution of
each characteristic parameter are mapped on 25 × 25 grid. The zonation map is the sum of all the different
contributions at each grid cell (modified from Noack & Fäh, 2001). The parameters are modified appropriate with
Yogyakarta and surrounding area condition
TABLE 2. Buildings and houses damage of Mei 27, 2006 earthquake from Jogja Media Center (2007)
FIGURE 1. Regional geological map of Yogyakarta Basin (modified from MacDonald & Partners, 1984)
PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
FIGURE 3. Fence diagram of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.
PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
FIGURE 6. Lateral variation of Quaternary sediments in Yogyakarta City, based on boreholes data.
FIGURE 9. Lateral influence of the master fault, i.e. the Opak Fault, based on geological map.
PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition