JIS Z 2343-1: 2001 Non-destructive testing— Penetrant testing— 7 Part 1: General principles— Method for liquid penetrant testing and classification of the penetrant indication, “duction JIS Z 2848-1 : 2000 has been prepared based on the first edition of SO/DIS 3452-1) Non-destructive testing—Penetrant testing—Part 1: Al principles published in 1997 without modifying the technical contents, but parts (classification of indications and discontinuities, marking, ete.) which are tated in the European Standard are added without modifying the contents of jer Japanese Industrial Standard. Annex A is normative and cited from the [ibe for jiropean Standard. oo. This Standard specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detéct [fiitinuities, e.g. cracks, laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to Cpatice of the material in manufacturing process or in service and products to Upgiigsted (hereafter referred to as “test objects”), and specifies classification of pen- gen indication by discontinuities. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but ee analgo be performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test Hegia.and they are not excessively porous. Examples of which are castings, forgings, HP ceramics, ete. 2 ‘Standard is not intended to be used for acceptance criteria and gives no in- iegition relating to the suitability of individual test systems for specific applica- cas Thié term “discontinuity” is used here in the sense that no-evaluation concerning | epabiity or non-acceptability is included. Methods for determining and moni- tinny the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be used are spegitied nals, Z. (2343-2 and JIS Z 2343-3. jor requirements for test equipment. in ue et ee a8 a3 ee ia E i a a B. E : a i : & Bo Eg & Sopa in this Standard, constitute provisions of this Standard. If the indication ae year of coming into effect is given to these referred standards, only the edi-~ ee if-indicated year constitutes the provision of this Standard but the revision and laniendment made thereafter are not applied. The normative references without the WJ1S1G.0431 Quolification and certification of non-destructive testing (NDT),per- | _ % sonnel for steel products émarks: Provisions cited from ISO 11484 : 1994 Steel tubes for pressure pur- 7 ‘poses—Qualification and certification of non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel are equivalent to the corresponding parts of the said stan- dard. tification Sz 2300 Glossary of terms used in nondestructive testingpe —Z 2343-1— JIS Z 2305 Non-destructive testing—Qualification and certification of Person. Remarks: Provisions cited from ISO 9712: 1999 Non-destructive testing—Qualj! fication and certification of personnel exe equivalent to the cam sponding parts of the said standard. a JIS Z 2348-2 Non-destrictive testing—Penetrant testing—Part 2: Testing of pais etrant materials - a Remarks: ISO 3452-2 : 2000 Non-destructive testing—Penetrant testin, Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials is identical with the. standard. JIS Z 2843-3 Non-destructive testing—Penetrant testing—Part 3 : Refere blocks Remarks: ISO 3452-4: 1998 Non-destrustive testing—Penetrant test Part 4: Equipment is identical with the-said standard. ISO 3059 Non-destructivie testing—Penetrant testing and magnetic particle ei | ing—Viewing conditions health Law and Fire service Law. ‘The penetrant testing products and equipment shalll be used with care and ways in compliance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturer. shall always be maintained in good condition. ‘There are legislation and regulation regarding health, safety, pollution ai age, ete. j aL 5 General requirements 2 5:1 General items General requirements shall be as follows: a) At the time of sélecting the test method, considering the kind and size of. discor tinuity anticipated, usage, surface roughness, dimensions and quantity of test,0 jects, and properties of the test medium to be used, the test method to be apa —Z 2343-1— sball be selected from those classified in the specification of Table 1, and the details of the operation shall be predetermined based on the procedure of 8. ‘The test shall be perforried by competent inspectors or under the supervision of competent inspectors. If the qualification of inspectors is required, the in- spectors shall be qualified by JIS Z 2805, JIS G 0431 or JIS W 0905, and shall , be qualified in accordance with, the other objective qualification test systems. When the combination of penetrants to be applied for test is used, the penetrants shall be used in accordance with recommendation of manufacturer. When any ‘8! other combination of penetrants-which is not recommended by the manufactur- ers is used, its application shall be verified before it is used. ° | pisUnless the parties concerned agree, any test of florescent type penetrant shall pnot be performed after any test of color contrast penetrant is performed. Se eae shall be cleaned and dried. Then suitable penetrants are applied to the test ‘| ggea and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate penetra- on time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the de- “joper applied. This absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the ‘“fscontinuities and may give a clearly visiblé enhanced indication of the discontinu- "E-should complementary NDT be required the penetrant inspection shall be per- ‘formed first unless agreed upon between the contracting parties so as not to intro- ‘face contaminants into open discontinuities. If penetrant inspection is used following ther NDT technique, the surface shall be cleaned carefully to remove contami- fants before application. & Process sequence The sequence of operations is illustrated for the general ; ase in Annex A (normative). Testing generally proceeds through the following stages. oe and precleaning (see 8.2) ‘Application of penetrant (see 8.3) Excess penetrant removal (see 8.4) sean Application of developer (see 8.5) Inspection (see 8.6) ' “Recording (see 8.7) a --Postcleaning and protection (see 8.8) BA Equipitent The equipment for carrying out penotrant testing depends on the ee size and shape of the parts to be tested. For the requirements of equip- Ment, see. IS Z 2343-4. 5. Effectiveness The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upou many s such as. 3) Types of penetrant materials and testing equipment i —637—oS (i —Z 2343-1— b) . Surface preparation and condition ©) Material under examination and expected discontinuities d) ° Temperature of the test surface ©). Penetration and development time ° Viewing conditions, g) ete. 6 Products, sensitivity and designation 6.1 Product family Various test systems exist in penetrant testing as showitd _ Table 1. A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetran|4 testing materials: Penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer. When : tested in accordance with JIS Z 2343-2 the penetrant and excess penetrant remoyé shall be from one manufacturer. 62 Testing products The testing products are given in Table 1. Table 1 Testing products Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Doveloper ‘Type | Designation | Method | Designation Form Designation =| 1 | Fluorescent penetrant | A | Water = | Dry powder 11 | Cotoar eontrast 1B | Lipophiicemulsier | b | Water soluble penetrant 1 Oitbased emulsiser | | water guspendable m1 | Dual purpose 2 Rinsing with a | eatconieon tat (Guorescent colour running water contrat ponoaad) = see we) ee eee © | Water or solvent based | © D | Hydrophilic emulsifier for special application'}|*¥ 1 Optoal reine tex pole ereepy| cote 2 leer nate : aimed) fl 8 Final rinse (water) B | Water and solvent , NOTE: For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing product complying with particulét requirements with regard to flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other contaminants, see JIS Z 2343-2. 6.3 S€nsitivity The sensi ing reference block as described in JIS Z 2343-3. The assessed level always réf to the method used for type testing of the approved product faihily. 4 6.4 Designation The approved product family to be used for penetrant testing fs given a designation comiprising the type, the method and the form for the testi products and a figure which indicates the ‘sensitivity level achieved by test with the type 1 reference block as described in JIS Z 2343-3. —638—se 2 saan jesignation of an approved product family comprising for a fluorescent penetrant |pjsvater as excess penetrant remover (A) and a dry powder developer (a) and: - item sensitivity of level 2 is the following penetrant testing system when using ays -Z 2343-1 and JIS Z 2343-2 giving the example: . US product family: JIS Z 2343-1-LAa-2 a ‘Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested fe +1 General The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with the mate- en be tested and the use for which the part is designed. a Compatibility of penetrant testing products The penetrant testing ma- ‘als shall be compatible with each other. ‘sPenetrant materials from different manufacturers shall not be mixed during the ‘filial filling of the facility. Dragout losses shall not be replaced using penetrant Peierials from different manufacturers. “73° Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under exami- ‘nation é ». In most cases the compatibility of products can be assessed prior to use by means of the corrosion test detailed in JIS Z 2343-2. ‘The chemical or physical properties of some non-metallics can be adversely af- “2° fected by penetrant testing materials, their compatibility has to be established “ before inspecting parts manufactured from, and assemblies that include, such materials. In situations where contamination might occur it is essential to ensure that the penetrant testing materials do not have a deleterious effect on fuels, lubricants, hydraulie fluids, ete. For parts associated with peroxide rocket fuel, explosive stores (these include all items containing explosive propellant, initiating or pyrotechnic materials), oxygen equipment or nuclear applications the compatibility of penetrant test: ing materials shall require ee consideration. “Written test procedure When contractually required a written test proce- shall be prepared and approved prior to the examination. 2 Preparation‘and precleaning Contaminants, e.g. scale, rust, oil, grease or {paint shall be removed, if necessary using mechanical or chemical methods or a com- ‘Sbination of these methods. Precleaning shall ensure that the test surface is free ‘fom residues and that it allows the penetrant to enter any discontinuity. The cleaned trea shall be large enough to prevent interference from areas adjacent to the actual clest surface. ~ —639- —Z. 2343-1——Z 2343-1— 8.2.1 , Mechanical precleaning Scale, slag, rust, ete., shall be removed using 644 able methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion, blasting, high pressure water. }]stf ing, etc. These methods remove contaminants from the surface and generally incapable of removing contaminants from within surface discontinuities. In all and in particular in the case of shot blasting, care shall be taken to ensure th able chemical cleaning agents, to remove residues such as grease, oil, paint org ing materials. Residues from chemical precleaning processes can react with penetrant and gfe} reduce its sensitivity. Acids and chromates in particular can greatly reduce the iiss rescence of fluorescent penetrants and the colour of the colour contrast péneff ter rinsing. 8.2.3 Drying As the final stage of precleaning, the parts to be tested shall be’ oughly dried, so that neither water nor solvent remains in the discontinuitie 8.3 Application of penetrant tested by spraying, brushing, flooding, dipping or immersion. Care shall be taken to ensure that the test surface remains completely we throughout the entire penetration time. & » 8.3.3 Penetration time The appropriate penetration time depends on thé} erties of the penetrant, the application temperature, the material of the part:t@ tested and the discontinuities to be detected. —640—: LZ 2343-1— | gixcess penctrant removal HY General The application of the remover medium shall be such that no pen- LSE ot is removed from the discontinuities. Spray rinsing or wiping with a damp cloth Care shall be taken to minimizé the effect of mechanical action caused by the rinsing method. The temperature of the water shall not exceed 50°C. [[s Solvents Generally, the excess penetrant shall be removed first by using a ‘fee lint-free cloth (or paper). Subsequent cleaning with a clean lint-free cloth (or ie: er) lightly moistened with solvent shall then be carried out.’ Any other removal ique shall be approved by the contracting parties particularly when solvent re- \Borer is sprayed directly on to the part to be tested. aad” P Emulsifier f e Hydrophilic (water-dilutable) To allow the post-emulsifiable penetrant removed from the test surface, it shall be rendered water rinsable by applica- iief an emulsifier. Before the application of the emulsifier, a water wash should formed in order to remove the bulk of the excess penetrant from the test sur- ée and to facilitate a uniform action of the hydrophilic emulsifier which will be Ee subsequently. ‘The emulsifier shall be applied by immersion or by foam equipment. The con tration and the contact time of the emulsifier shall be evaluated by the user through ests according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The predetermined emulsi- fer “contact time shall not be exceeded. After emulsification, a final wash shall be .d out as described in 8.4.2. ia L2 Lipophilie (oil-based) To allow the post emulsifiable penetrant to be re- foved from the test surface, it shall be rendered water-tinsable by application of an “{ilsifier. This can be done by immersion or flooding.’ The emulsifier contact time all be evaluated by the user through pre-tests according to the manufacturer's [eThis time shall be sufficient to allow only the excess penetrant to be removed fiom the'test surface during the subsequent water wash. The emulsifying time shall {ot be Xceeded.. Immediately after emulsification, a water wash shall be carried fit as déscribed in 8.4.2. ; 81.5 Water and organic solvent First the excess water washable penetrant shiall % removed with water (see 8.4.2). Subsequent cleaning with a clean lint-free cloth L paper, lightly moistened, with organic solvent shall be then carried out. a Hi 6 Excess penetrant removal check During excess penetrant removal the” 45t surface shall be visually checked for penetrant residues. For fluorescent pen- ‘Ents, this shall be carried out under a UV-A source. The minimum UV-A irradi- ce at the test surface shall not be less than 3 W/m? (300 nW/em®). a ~641——Z 2343-1— a When facing excessive background on parts after excess penetrant | ~ been carried out, the decision on future action shell be taken by a suitably gilli person certified in 5.1 b). e 8.4.7 Drying In order to facilitate rapid drying of excess water, any droplets puddles of water shall be removed from the part. a) ‘Wiping with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or paper b) Evaporation at ambient temperature after hot water drip ©) Evaporation at elevated temperature @ Forced air circulation e) A combination of the eee listed under a) to d) approved. 8.5 Application of developer removal of excess penetrant. 85.2 Dry powder Dry powder may only be used with fluorescent penetrants,; developer shall be uniformly applied to the test surface by one of the following #2 niques: dust storm, electrostatic spraying, flock gun or fluidized bed or imme ‘The test surface shall be thinly covered; local agglomerations are not permitte be carried out by immersion or by spraying with suitable equipment in accordance the approved procedure. Immersion time and temperature of the developer s evaluated by the user through pre-tests according to the manufacturer's instruct _ The part shall be dried by evaporation and/or by the use of a forced air ein tion oven. BE ~ spl be cari in accordance with the approved procedure. Immersion time’ temperature of the developer shall be evaluated by the user through pre-test.j sible to ensure optimum results. Al op 642—-~Z 2343-1— [he part shall be dried by evaporation and/or by the use of a forced air circula- ‘oven. || [f, Solvent-based developer The developer shall be applied by spraying uni. ee iy. The spray shall be such that the developer arrives slightly wet on the sur- (Ge, rine a thin, uniform layer. ' 456. Water or solvent based for special application (e.g. peelable developer) ee 2 an indication that needs to be recorded is shown with the penetrant inspec- Fiprocess thé following procedure shall be useid:: é Bh Wipe-off developer with a Cee ‘> apply the same penetrant by any convenient means, then follow exactly the same -| process as initially used, up to application of the developer. 5 After excess penetrant removal and drying of the part, apply the peelable de- veloper as recommended by the manufacturer. When the recommended development time has elapsed, carefully peel off the a ‘developer coating. Indication(s) appear(s) on the face of the coating which was "in direct contact with the part. i 7 Development time The development time should be between 10 min and ‘ifmin, longer times may be agreed between the contracting parties. The develop- ee time begins. Generally, it is advisable to carry out the first examination just ier the application of the developer or as soon as the developer is dry. ‘This facili- ias'a better interpretation of indications. 5 The final inspection shalll be carried out when the development time has elapsed. oh, for visual examination, such as magnification instruments or contrast spec- ‘fades, can be used. {.. NOTE: The diameter, width or intensity of the indication provide limited ii information. 52 Viewing conditions §62.1 Fluorescept penetrants Photochromatic spectacles shall not,be worn. sufficient time shall be allowed for the operator’s eyes to become dark adapted, ioe inspection booth, usually at least 5 min. ¥, UV radiation shall not be directed in the operator's eyes. All surfaces which ean viewed by the operators shall not fluoresce. No paper or cloth which fluoresces under UV light shall be in sight of the opera- —643-pe a —Z 2343-1— A UV-A background lighting may be provided, if necessary, to allow the ope) to move freely inside the booth. _The test surface shall be viewed under a UV-A radiation source, in accord, and reflections are avoided. . 8.7 Recording Recording may be done by any of the following methods. a) Written description b) Sketch ©) Adhesive tape 4) Peelable developer e) Photograph ) Photocopy 8) Video : 8.8 Postcleaning and protection only in those cases where the penetrant testing products could interfere with Ful quent processing or service requirements. 8.9 Retesting If retesting is necessary, e.g. because no unambiguous evaleag remove penetrant residues remaining in the discontinuities. 9 Test report and its form beg . 9.1 Test report The test report shall contain the following information with, erenge to this Standard. Z : 8) Information on the part tested . ~ Designation ~ 5 — Dimensions r 6442 2343-1— = Material — Surface condition [dest results (description of discontinuities detected) : Test location, date of testing, name of the operator {yName, certification and signature of the test supervisor ia 3. Form The layout of a form that can be used for the test report is given in jigiéx B Gnformative). It-shall include all the details relating to the method which {important for the evaluation of the test results, and additional information re “jling to the parts to be tested, although this data should be modified, as appropri. Pe lopending on the type of part. If anothér form is used it shall contain all the “ ‘nformation detailed in items 9.1 from a) to h). |<)'The test report may be omitted if a test procedure fulfilling the requirements of Gubclausé 8.1 is submitted, containing the information mentioned in sub-clause 9.1 ‘ym a) to d) and if the information under e) to h) are documented in an appropri- ‘manner. “10° Classification of indications and discontinuities "40.1 Classification of indications bo ‘The procedures of classification of indications The indications shall ste\classified according to the following procedures. a Indications shalll be classified after indications have been detected and confirmed ate be false indication according to the methods as given in 8. If repair or modification is required, indications shall be classified before and 2i12 Classification of indications Indications shall be classified according to Bhechape and conditions, as follows. Indications due to cracks Indications of flaw that have been confirmed to be cracks according to 8.6. Linear indications Indications that are not due to cracks, the length of which is not less than three times of the width. —645——Z 2343-1— 8) ‘Circular indications Indications that are not due to cracks, which not belong to linear indications. . b) Continuous indications Indications where more than one indication cated almost on a straight line continually, and the distance between adjati indications is not more than 2mm. The length of indications shall be, wile’ otherwise specified, the sum of the lengths of individual indications and.4; tance between adjacent indications. ©) Seattered indications Indications where more than one indication are seat) tered in a specified area. ing to 10.1. : : sh b) . After indications are removed, discontinuities appearing on the surface of 8H: object shall be observed, and the dimensions shall be measured and rect lens or etching shall be used. val 10.8. Discontinuities shall be classified according to the shape and conditions follows. Independent discontinuities Individual independent discontinuities shal a) classified into the following 3 kinds. 1) Cracks Discontinuities that have been confirmed to be cracks. 2) Linear discontinuities Discontinuities that are not due to cracksf, 3) Circular discontinuities Discontinuities that are not due to cracks/wth do not belong to linear discontinuities. b) Continuous discontinuities Discontinuities where cracks, linear discontinuyi and circular discontinuities are continually located almost on a straight] ¢) Scattered discontinuities Discontinuities where one or more diseontinul 28) “are scattered in a specified area. The scattered discontinuities shall be asse! according to the kind of discontinuities, the number of discontinuities, and sum of the individual lengths. ie2 2384— they shall be marked as follows. The method of marking shall be so selected subsequent handling will not erase or discolor the marking. * In the case of 100 % inspection By stamping, etching, or coloring (burnt carmine), the symbol “P” shall be marked on the test object. ‘Where the test object is difficult to be marked with the symbol “P’, it shall be marked by coloring in burnt carmine. Where the test object is difficult to be marked with the above-mentioned methods, the method described in the test record shall be used. Jn case of sampling inspection All the test objects of the accepted Jot shall be marked with the symbol “®, or coloring (yéllow only), applying thé specifi- cation of a).as appropriate.SZ 2343-1— . Annex A (normative) 5 9 Main stages of the penetrant examination text of this Standard. Dry Tpply watersvasbable “Apply postemalsinable ‘Apply solvent renaea ‘peaetrant and allow pouetrant and allow pouetrant and all contact time contact time contact time ~N Weer ani] [Watarwash sae ‘Water sprayrinso | [Apply lipophilic ‘ is rmeme| ia Se] | alow ena! tine Apply hydrophilic emulsifier and allow contact time ‘Water wash ‘Water wash Dy | ‘Apply aqueous ‘Apply now oqoesil ls Tiguid developer “low 6 dy . Dovalopment ime . — 8 Inspect < . Clean s I 3 aq Protect if requiredZ, 2343-1. Annex B (informative) Example of a test report Example of a test report ‘Test report Reference No.: F Subreference No.: Penetrant testing ‘Test report no: ____ Sheet ___ of __ sheets Parts: issioned by: Manufacturing no. jssion order no: * Drawing no further details, eg: Weld plan no. Test follow-up plan no. Weld no: Sheet no Unit no: Part no. Cast no: ‘Model no.: (eg. specification, test direction, delivery condition) (further details, e.g. free from corrosive constituents, in accordance with JIS Z 2843-2) Batch no. Batch no: Batch no. ‘Excess penetrant removal (further details, e.g. anticarrosive agents): Emulsifying time: Drying Development time: Posteleaning: Deviations from the test instructions: Deviations from JIS Z 2843-1: for discontinuities: details of location, types, distributions, results sizes and number; sketch) St location: Test date: Operator’s name: Siisluation 0 acceptable: whom acceptable: ‘cordance with fest instructions): sks: supervisgg: Certification: ‘Date: Signature: © mraisiionet/expert: Date: Signature: Date: Signature: —649—