10 IoT PDF

IoT Concepts, Technologies,
Applications and Services
Prof. Dr. José Roberto de Almeida Amazonas - LCS/PTC/EPUSP

Thursday, November 1, 2012
Meaning of Things

Meaning of Things
✓ In the context of the Internet of Things, a “thing”

may be defined as a real/physical, digital/virtual entity
that exists, move in time and space, and is able to be
identified.

Meaning of Things
✓ In the context of the Internet of Things, a “thing”

may be defined as a real/physical, digital/virtual entity
that exists, move in time and space, and is able to be
identified.
✓ The identification can be made by means of

assigning identification numbers, names or
localization addresses.

Internet of Things - CASAGRAS
Definition
A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects

through the exploitation of data capture and communication
capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing and evolving
Internet and network developments. It will offer specific object-
identification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the
development of independent federated services and applications.
These will be characterised by a high degree of autonomous data
capture, event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability. -
Also actuation and control

Adding intelligence to objects
Interrogator Interrogator Interrogator
Object Object Object Object

+ Identifier + Identifier + identifier
+ Extended data + Extended data
carrier capacity carrier capacity
+ read/write and
processing capability
Interrogator Interrogator Interrogator
Enhanced functionality Object-to-Object Networking

and sensory capability communications capability

CASAGRAS inclusive model
Interrogator/ Host information

gateway device management
system
ID and additional
item attendant data Actuators
Wider area
communications
Physical interface zone
and networks

gateway management
device system
Actuators Internet+
Sensory data carriers
Actuators

gateway management
device system
Networked data carriers Further layers of data capture technology

Internet of Things key concepts and enabling
technologies
AIDC in the Physical Interface Zone
Context awareness Key concepts
Network access
AIDC: RFID, NFC, bar codes, biometry
Cloud computing
Enabling technologies
Network virtualization
Semantic web

Projects architecture - conceptual view
IoT middleware layer - LinkSmart
O1 Virtualization layer
Cloud
O2
O3
Internet +
...
...
On

LinkSmart architecture
Hydra Application
Context
Crypto Manager
Self QoS
Manager Manager Manager
Data Acquisition Component
Ontology Event Storage

Manager Manager Manager
Orchestration Manager
Framework
Policy
Application Device Application Service
Manager Manager
Device Device Device Device

Discovery Manager
Manager Manager
RF
Trust Manager
Device Service Device Service
Manager Manager
BT Proxy RF Proxy
BT
Network Manager
Physical Communication Layer

LinkSmart based IoT implementations
Some examples

IoT Applications and Services- through enabling Technologies,
Standards, Regulations and Governance
IP Independent
IP-Independent Enabling Internet Connected
Technologies
Networks
Communication
Systems
Internet- Routing
independent Internet-
y
Systems dependent
Applications
& Services Storage Applications
& Services
Computer
Processing
Protocols
Latent IoT Developments
Ph i l object-defined
Physical bj t d fi d World
W ld
Enabling Technologies – Object-connected
technologies & ICT principles
esday, September 13, 2011

Data carrier technologies

The data carrier technologies exhibit two key features. These are
the ability to store data and secondly the ability to read, and where
appropriate modify, the stored data by means of a suitable reader or
scanning device.
Such data carriers include:
Optically-encoded devices, including optical character recognition

and mark reading, bar codes and two-dimensional codes.
Magnetically encode devices, including magnetic stripe cards and

non-contact magnetic resonance devices.
Electronically encoded devices, including contact memory and

RFID devices.

"Wikipedia" encoded in
EAN-13 (GTIN-13) Code 39
number encoded
in EAN-13
barcode symbol.
GTIN-12 number First digit is
encoded in UPC-A always placed
barcode symbol. First outside the
and last digit are always symbol, "Wikipedia" encoded in
placed outside the additionally right Code 93
symbol to indicate Quiet quiet zone
Zones that are indicator (>) is
necessary for barcode used to indicate
scanners to work Quiet Zones that
properly are necessary for
barcode scanners
to work properly
'Wikipedia" encoded in
Code 128

An example of a
stacked barcode.
Specifically a PDF417 sample
"Codablock"
barcode.
The PDF417 bar code (also called a symbol) consists of 3 to 90 rows, each of which is
like a small linear bar code. Each row has:
• a quiet zone. This is a mandated minimum amount of white space before the bar
code begins.
• a start pattern which identifies the format as PDF417.
• a "row left" codeword containing information about the row (such as the row number
and error correction level)
• 1-30 data codewords: Codewords are a group of bars and spaces representing one
or more numbers, letters, or other symbols.
• a "row right" codeword with more information about the row.
• a stop pattern.
• a quiet zone.
All rows are the same width; each row has the same number of codewords.

Lorem ipsum "This is an example The QR Code for

boilerplate text as Aztec symbol for the Wikipedia URL.
four segment Data Wikipedia" encoded "Quick Response",
Matrix 2D in Aztec Code the most popular 2D
barcode in Japan, is
promoted by
Google. It is open in
that the specification
is disclosed and the
patent is not
exercised.

Radio Frequency Identification

Introduction to Radio Frequency
Identification
RFID, short for Radio Frequency IDentification, is a technology that enables
identification of a tag (that is normally attached with an entity) by using
electromagnetic waves. The function served by RFID is similar to bar code
identification, but line of sight signals are not required for operation of RFID.
Important components of an RFID system are:
• An RFID reader (also called transceiver) with an antenna and a transceiver,
• A transponder (Also called a tag) that includes an antenna and a chip).
Parameter Bar Code RFID
Frequencies used for tag reading Optical frequencies Radio frequencies
Type of communication Line of sight communication Non-Line of sight communication
Physical limitation exists. It is very Can carry relatively large volume of

Data Volume
difficult to read a very long barcode. data.
Very limited range, less than a feet or
Range of data readability Can be read up to several feet.
two.
Expensive, but likely to cost less as
Cost Cheap
more industries adopt the technology.

Identification
Benefits of RFID
The following are the benefits of RFID Systems:

• Non-line of sight identification of tags.
• Unattended operations are possible, minimizing human errors and high cost.
• Ability to identify moving elements that have tags embedded.
• Larger area of coverage. Up to several feet.
• Can be used in diverse environments, including live stock, military, and scientific areas.
• RFID can be used in addition to Bar Code. These two technologies can be complementing each
other.
• Automatic integration with back end software solutions provide end to end integration of data in real
time.
Disadvantages of RFID:
• Expensive compared with Bar code

• Bulkier, due to embedding of electronic components in the tag. However, with advanced techniques,
it is possible to reduce the size, and weight of the tags to a large extent.
• Prone to physical/electrical damage due to environmental conditions. For example, tags that are
subjected to space exploration may encounter extreme temperatures. The tags required to be
designed for a given application, and may be costly when designed for use under extreme
environmental conditions.

Identification
Examples of RFID Tags

Identification
RFID Based Door Lock

Networking Technologies

6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet
Companion Lecture Slides
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-

Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative
Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA
Figures on slides with book symbol from 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded
Internet, Shelby & Bormann, ISBN: 978-0-470-74799-5, (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons
Ltd

v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 7

Enabling Technologies:
Cloud Computing

Enabling Technologies:
Network Virtualisation

CASAGRAS inclusive model
3. QoS, QoE
Heterogeneity
Multiple
providers
=> Net. Virt.
gateway device management
system
ID and additional
item attendant data Actuators
Wider area
communications
1.Tens of millions
Physical interface zone
and networks
items
gateway management
device system
Actuators Internet+
Sensory data carriers
Actuators

gateway management
device system
Networked data carriers Further layers of data capture technology
2. Scalability issues
Services delivery
=> Cloud computing

Conclusions:
• IoT depends on enabling technologies

• Cloud computing is a means to deal with scalability and
service delivery issues
• Network virtualisation is a means to decouple service delivery
from infrastructure provisioning
• Cloud computing and network virtualisation provide the
evolutionary path to become IoT a practical reality

User-centered process or procedure
Information /
Information / data update
data
Knowledge and
I IDs decision support
P r ID
Providers
U ID Progression
USER in user needs
satisfaction
Service support S S P IDs

personnel
Knowledge and
A S IDs support
Equipment /
asset support U T IDs
Energy M IDs Exploiting identifiers in other processes for
information gathering, statistics, management,
Materials L IDs
control and decision support
E IDs
IIDs - Information identifiers SSPIDs - Service Support Personnel IDs MIDs - Materials IDs
PrID - Providers IDs ASIDs - Asset IDs LIDs - Location IDs
UID - User IDs UTIDs - Utility IDs EIDs - Event IDs (time stamps)

Some of our proposals:
1.Energy efficiency program

2.Item-attendant ICT applied to healthcare services
3.Item-attendant ICT applied to cultural services

Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Things:
Ubiquitous Energy Awareness (manufacturing)
Blinders Lighting
device • User ID
• User preferences
Actuator Actuator
• Time of the day Network
Building 1
• Room function manager

• Energy savings goal Eletropaulo
Person + • Internal light intensity
Light RFID tag • External light intensity
intensity
sensor RFID reader
Energy
Internet+ distribution
company
Blinders Lighting
device • User ID
• User preferences
Actuator Actuator
• Time of the day Network
Building 2
• Room function manager

• Energy savings goal
Person + • Internal light intensity
Light • External light intensity
Networking
RFID tag
intensity Social networks
sensor RFID reader
Citizenship

Item-attendant ICT applied to
healthcare services

healthcare services
✓All over the world the health system suffers from:

high costs,
poor control of medical procedures,
long delays to provide assistance to the
patient.
✓ The available control systems are limited to
record administrative events and provide financial
reports.
✓ They hardly contribute to the decision make
process and do not integrate the medical care
into their working flows

healthcare services

healthcare services
✓ The need for identification is of primary
importance in addressing most if not all of the
problems for annual losses associated with errors
and uncertainties, particularly in respect of:
➡ Adverse patient events.
➡Crime, comprising fraud, theft and other
criminal acts.
➡Hospital acquired infection.
➡Drug errors.
➡Clinical negligence.
➡Occupational health and safety.
➡Maintenance of medical equipment.
General Patient Pathway (environment)
Universitary Hospital; HC
Reception - Reception - Reception -
Notification Notification Notification
attendance & attendance & attendance &
& notes & notes & notes
administration administration administration
General
Out-patient
Practitioner In-patient
Patient Referral
(GP)
Consultation Consultation Pathology &

& Initial & Further other services
investigations Appointment Investigations (X-ray, imaging etc)
Booking Treatment
Electronic & Care
Letter
Minor treatment Telephone Specification of
& medication Treatment & Discharge Mortality
Arrangements
Home
Home Out-patient Post-mortem
Pharmacy
Home Follow-up
/
Tertiary Care
Time Line
Primary Care Secondary Care
Source: Prof. A. Furness

Patient-centered process or procedure
Patient-centered
process or procedure
Information /
Information / data update
data
Knowledge and
I IDs decision support
P r ID
Practitioners
P a ID Progression
PATIENT in patient
support / care
Service support S S P IDs

personnel
Knowledge and
A S IDs support
Equipment /
asset support U T IDs
Energy M IDs Exploiting identifiers in other processes for
information gathering, statistics, management,
Materials L IDs
control and decision support
E IDs
IIDs - Information identifiers SSPIDs - Service Support Personnel IDs MIDs - Materials IDs
PrID - Practitioner IDs ASIDs - Asset IDs LIDs - Location IDs
PaID - Patient IDs UTIDs - Utility IDs EIDs - Event IDs (time stamps)

An architecture to implement item-
attendant ICT in healthcare

An architecture to implement item-
attendant ICT in healthcare
In this work we propose an IoT-based architecture of a medical care system that integrates
the various operations theaters of a hospital. Some examples are:
‣administration of ambulance calls;
‣remote monitoring of vital signals;
‣automatic storage and retrieval of patient's medical history;
‣hospital admission;
‣requirements and tracking of medical examinations, lab tests etc;
‣prescription and administration of medicines;
‣tracking of equipments;
‣administration of assets maintenance;
‣precise monitoring of costs;
‣staff and patients access control.

Axes of the new economy - creative currency
mediation: business model
Environment
Social
networking
Objects
Value
Generation
Manufacturing
Creative
currency
Culture

IoT-enabled libraries and museums networking
$aberes
O2 talento$
alegria$ Cloud
SiBi
O1 IoT middleware layer - LinkSmart
Virtualization layer O7
MIS
O3
Europeana O8
O4
Internet +
O5 Judaica O9
O6 O10
$aberes Biblioteca
talento$ Nacional
alegria$

Smart Cities

Technology + IoT + Solutions to Urban Problems
=

Definition(s)
“They express the need of a city radical reformulation

through the global economy era and society
based on the knowledge.”
Carlos Leite, agricultural and environmental engineer, and architect

Definition
“A city can be defined as ‘smart’ when investments in human and social

capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication
infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality of
life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory
governance.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city

Definition
“Smart and intelligent cities have a modernization potential because they are
not events in the cybersphere, but integrated social, physical, institutional, and
digital spaces, in which digital components improve the functioning of socio-
economic activities, and the management of physical infrastructures of cities,
while also enhancing the problem solving capacities of urban communities.”
Prof. Nicos Komninos, Schaffer and others: Smart Cities and the Future Internet:
Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation

Smart Cities Objectives and Advantages
•Smart + connected communities

•Sustainable economy growth
•Economy efficient and management
•Quality of life
•City of the Future: networked information, integrated systems
•Management and operational efficiency of resources
•Private and public partnership

Smart Cities Applications

Infrastructure
Tags embedded in the city

Reference:
YRP Lab
Prof. Ken Sakamura
MSc Chiaki Ishikawa

Tags Embedded in Places
Sightseeing guide
Buildings with information
Reference:
YRP Lab
Prof. Ken Sakamura
MSc Chiaki Ishikawa

Infrastructure
Support physically disabled people
Reference:
YRP Lab
Prof. Ken Sakamura
MSc Chiaki Ishikawa

Equipment Management
Tags contains information of the equipment
Needs a reader to get the information
Reference:
YRP Lab
Prof. Ken Sakamura
MSc Chiaki Ishikawa

Congestion pricing
Users pay taxes according to the period of the day
Main idea: reduce traffic congestion in periods of peak

Flow monitoring
Cameras monitor the flow of vehicles
Provides congestion prevision
Sends alerts to transit agents
Changes the lights time (reduce traffic)

Bus monitoring
•Buses tracked by GPS

•Prediction of arrival at the bus stop
•Hand GPS to monitor the buses

Construction
Management of concrete
Guarantee of quality
Reference:
YRP Lab
Prof. Ken Sakamura
MSc Chiaki Ishikawa

Construction
Historical information of houses

Security
Cameras system on the streets

Recognition of gunshot
Facial recognition
Sensors wired in the city
Prediction of critical climate events
Warns people and team to evacuate the risk areas

Sustainable City
Enable management of the used energy

Uses solar panel
Generation and energy storage

Item-attendant ICT applied to healthcare services

Other Applications

Building blocks of Research for the
Internet-Connected objectS
BRICS
Harmonized and Integrated Architectural Framework

leading towards realistic Roadmaps

iRIoT - interdisciplinary Research for the Internet of Things
iRIoT has been created by a group of professors from the Escola

Politécnica (Engineering School), Law School, School of
Communication and Arts of the University of São Paulo to develop
joint research. It is the materialization of the common knowledge
that IoT is interdisciplinary and multidimensional. Its first
initiative is the development of the Building blocks of Research
for the Internet Connected objectS - BRICS project - that aims at
creating a tool to build realistic IoT roadmaps for Brazil and South
America.

More information

www.iotbrasil.com.br

www.smart-iot.com.br

www.iotzine.com.br

IoT Concepts, Technologies,
Applications and Services
End!
Prof. Dr. José Roberto de Almeida Amazonas - LCS/PTC/EPUSP

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IoT Concepts, Technologies,

Applications and Services

Prof. Dr. José Roberto de Almeida Amazonas - LCS/PTC/EPUSP

Thursday, November 1, 2012

✓ In the context of the Internet of Things, a “thing”

Thursday, November 1, 2012

✓ In the context of the Internet of Things, a “thing”

✓ The identification can be made by means of

Thursday, November 1, 2012

A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Interrogator Interrogator Interrogator

Object Object Object Object

Enhanced functionality Object-to-Object Networking

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Interrogator/ Host information

Interrogator/ Host information

Interrogator/ Host information

Networked data carriers Further layers of data capture technology

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Context awareness Key concepts

AIDC: RFID, NFC, bar codes, biometry

Thursday, November 1, 2012

IoT middleware layer - LinkSmart

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Data Acquisition Component

Ontology Event Storage

Device Device Device Device

Physical Communication Layer

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

esday, September 13, 2011

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Such data carriers include:

Optically-encoded devices, including optical character recognition

Magnetically encode devices, including magnetic stripe cards and

Electronically encoded devices, including contact memory and

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Lorem ipsum "This is an example The QR Code for

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Radio Frequency Identification

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Parameter Bar Code RFID

Frequencies used for tag reading Optical frequencies Radio frequencies

Type of communication Line of sight communication Non-Line of sight communication

Physical limitation exists. It is very Can carry relatively large volume of

Thursday, November 1, 2012

The following are the benefits of RFID Systems:

• Expensive compared with Bar code

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Interrogator/ Host information

Networked data carriers Further layers of data capture technology