Heat of Hydration PDF

Advanced Application 4
Heat of Hydration Analysis by

Construction Stages
Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages
CONTENTS
Overview 2
Structural data for analysis model / 4
Material and thermal properties / 6
Analysis modeling ____________________________________________________________7
Setting work environment / 7
Defining material properties / 8
Defining time dependent material properties / 9
Linking general and time dependent material properties / 10
Structural modeling / 11
Division of element / 115
Defining Structure Groups / 119
Assigning elements to Structure Groups / 20
Defining Boundary Groups / 22
Defining Load Group / 26
Entering heat of hydration analysis data 26
Heat of Hydration Analysis Control / 26
Entering ambient temperature / 27
Entering convection coefficient / 28
Defining constant temperature condition / 32
Defining heat source functions / 33
Defining construction stages / 35
Structural analysis 38
Analysis results 38
Checking change in temperatures / 39
Checking change in stresses / 41
Checking time history graphs / 43
Checking results in animation / 47
1
Overview
The rate and amount of heat generation are important in concrete structures having
considerable mass. A rise in temperature accompanies thermal expansion, and non-
uniform cooling of mass concrete creates undesirable stresses. Thermal cracking in a
concrete structure tends to be wide and propagates through the structure. This naturally
has adverse effects on strength, durability and permeability. Moreover, mass concrete
structures are cast in many stages with construction joints. Individually constructed
segments exhibit different heat source properties and time dependent properties. Therefore,
construction stages must be incorporated in a heat of hydration analysis model to truly reflect
a real construction process.
Stresses due to heat of hydration are classified as Internal Constraining Stress and
External Constraining Stress. The Internal Constraining Stress results in from the
restraining effect of volumetric changes due to different temperature distributions within the
concrete structure. For instance, at the initial state of hydration, temperature differences
between the surface and inner parts result in surface tension. Whereas at a latter stage,
contracting deformations in the inner parts are greater than those at the surface, thereby
resulting in tension stresses in the inner parts. The magnitude of the Internal Constraining
Stress is proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and inner parts.
External Constraining Stress is caused by restraining the volumetric change of fresh
concrete in contact with subsoil or the substrate of previously cast concrete. The change in
concrete heat results in the change of volume, and the restraining effect is dependent on the
contact area and stiffness of the external constraining objects.
Heat of hydration analysis can be accomplished through Heat Transfer Analysis and
Thermal Stress Analysis. Heat Transfer Analysis entails the process of calculating the
change of nodal temperatures with time due to heat source, convection, conduction, etc.,
which take place in the process of generating heat of hydration of cement. Thermal stress
analysis provides stress calculations for mass concrete at each stage based on the change
of nodal temperature distribution with time resulting from the heat transfer analysis. The
stress calculations also account for time and temperature dependent material property
changes, time dependent shrinkage, time and stress dependent creep, etc.
This tutorial demonstrates the process of construction stage analysis and analyzes the
results for a foundation structure constructed in two stages or pours. The tutorial also
outlines the procedure of generating a construction stage model for heat of hydration
analysis and reviewing the analysis results:
2
Modulus of elasticity, Specific heat, Coefficient of

Enter general material properties
heat conductivity
Enter time dependent material Consider Creep & Shrinkage and change in modulus
properties of elasticity
Create elements, define boundary conditions & input

Create a structural model
loads
Define integration factor & initial temperature.

Input whether to consider Creep & Shrinkage and the
Heat of Hydration Analysis
calculation method.
Control
Select whether to use Equivalent Age and to
consider the self weight load.
Ambient Temperature Functions After entering ambient temperature and convection

Convection Coefficient Functions coefficient functions, use them to define convection
Element Convection Boundary boundary conditions
Assign constant temperature conditions to the parts,

Prescribed Temperature which do not undergo any temperature changes with
time
Heat Source Functions Enter heat source functions and assign them to the
Assign Heat Source corresponding elements
Pipe Cooling Enter relevant data if pipe cooling is used.
Define elements, boundary conditions and load

Construction Stage conditions corresponding to each construction stage.
Set initial temperature of elements being activated.
Perform heat transfer analysis and thermal stress

Perform analysis
analysis
Analyze temperature distribution and variation of

Check analysis results
thermal stresses with time
* Pipe cooling is not included in this tutorial for clarity in demonstrating the interaction of the two concrete
parts while analyzing the results of heat of hydration analysis.
3
Structural data for analysis model
This example represents a simple foundation structure often encountered in practice. It

consists of subsoil mass and two parts of mass concrete cast in two stages as shown in
nd st
Figure 1. The 2 pour takes place after 170 hours of casting the 1 pour. Heat of hydration
nd
analysis is performed for the period of 930 hours after casting the 2 concrete mass.
If the subsoil mass interfaced with the concrete, is modeled as soil springs to represent the
boundary condition, the transfer of the concrete heat cannot be properly represented.
Therefore, we will create a model which includes the foundation having properties of specific
heat and thermal conductivity, to closely represent the true behavior as shown in Figure 1.
Subsoil mass : 24 x 19.2 x 3 m

st
Mat foundation (1 pour) : 14.4 x 9.6 x 2.4 m (170 hours)
Mat foundation (2nd pour) : 14.4 x 9.6 x 2.4 m (930 hours)
Cement type : Low-heat of hydration cement
Figure 1 Heat of hydration model for construction stages
4
In this tutorial, due to symmetry of the structure, we will model and analyze only one quarter of
the entire structure as shown in Figure 2. The use of symmetry not only reduces the analysis
time, it also provides convenience in checking the internal temperature and stress distribution.
Figure 2 Heat of hydration model for construction stages (1/4 symmetry model)
5
Material and thermal properties
The material and thermal properties are summarized in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Material and thermal properties
Part
Lower foundation Upper Foundation Subsoil
Property
Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.25 0.25 0.2
3
Density (kgf/m ) 2400 2400 1800
Rate of heat conduction (kcal/m hr ℃) 2.3 2.3 1.7
Convection Surface exposed

12 12 12
coefficient to atmosphere
2
(kcal/m hr℃) Steel form 12 12 -
Ambient temperature (℃) 20 20 -
Casting temperature (℃) 20 19 -

2
91-day compressive strength (kgf/cm ) 270 270 -
Compressive strength gain coefficients a=13.9 b=0.86 a=13.9 b=0.86 -
91-day modulus of elasticity (kgf/cm )

2
2.7734×105 2. 7734×105 1.0×104
Thermal expansion coefficient 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5
Poisson’s ratio 0.18 0.18 0.2

3
Unit cement content (kg/m ) 320 320 -
Heat source function coefficients K=33.97 a=0.605 K=33.97 a=0.605 -
This example uses low heat of hydration cement. The maximum adiabatic temperature rise
(K) and reactive velocity coefficient (a) are based on experimental values pertaining to the unit
cement content.
6
Analysis modeling
Setting work environment
Open a new file ( New Project) and Save it as „Heat of Hydration.mcb‟.
File / New Project

File / Save (Heat of Hydration)
Select a unit system, which is often used for thermal property data, namely m and kgf, as
shown in Figure 3.
Tools / Unit System

Length>m ; Force> kgf 
Figure 3 Assigning a unit system
7
Defining material properties
Define the properties of mat foundation and subsoil.
Model / Properties / Material

General>Material Number > 1 ; Name>(Mat Foundation) ; Type>Concrete
Concrete>Standard> ASTM(RC) ; DB>C4000
Thermal Coefficient>Celsius (on)
Thermal Transfer>Specific Heat>(0.25) ; Heat Conduction>(2.3) 
General>Material Number>2 ; Name>(Subsoil) ; Type>User Defined

Modulus of Elasticity>(1.0e+8) ; Poisson’s Ratio>(0.2)
Thermal Coefficient>(1.0e-5) ; Weight Density>(1800)
Thermal Transfer>Specific Heat>(0.2) ; Heat Conduction>(1.7) 
Figure 4 Defining material properties
8
Defining time dependent material properties
Define time dependent material properties to account for creep, shrinkage and change of
modulus of elasticity.
Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Creep/Shrinkage)

Name>(Creep/shrinkage) ; Code> ACI
Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days>(2700000)
Relative Humidity of ambient environment (40~99)>(70)
Volume-surface ratio>(0.12)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage>(3)
Init Curing Method>moist cure
 Refer to “Using Material factored ultimate value
Midas Civil > Model >
Type>ACI Code ; Slump>(0.12) ; Fine aggregate percentage>(40)
Properties > Time
Dependent Material Air content>(4) ; Cement content>(320) 
(Elasticity)” in the Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength)
Type>Code
On-line Manual.
Name>(Elasticity) ; ; Code>ACI
Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days (f28)>(2700000)
Concrete Compressive Strength Factor (a, b)>(13.9, 0.86) 
Figure 5 Defining time dependent material properties
9
Linking general and time dependent material properties
It is now necessary to link the previously defined general and time dependent material
properties as per Figure 6.
Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material Link

Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>Creep/Shrinkage
Time Dependent Material Type>Elasticity>Elasticity
Select Material for Assign>Materials>1: Mat Foundation
Operation>
 Even if Effective Modulus

is used to consider Creep,
select the Creep / Shrinkage
functions and link them to
general materials to assign
elements for which the
creep is to be calculated.
Figure 6 Linking general and time dependent material properties
10
Structural modeling
First, generate a plate element representing the base of the subsoil mass by creating a node
at a lower corner and extending it to the remaining corner nodes. This plate element is then
extruded into a solid using Extrude Elements.
Point Grid (off) ; Point Grid Snap (off) ; Line Grid Snap (off)
Node Number (Toggle on)
Top View
Auto Fitting
Model>Nodes> Create Nodes
Coordinates (0,0,0) ; (12,0,0) ; (12,9.6,0) ; (0,9.6,0)
Model>Elements> Create Elements
Elements Type>Plate
Type>Thick (on)
Material>1 : Mat Foundation
Nodal Connectivity>(1, 2, 3, 4) 
Figure 7 Creating a plate element representing the base of subsoil mass
11
Using Extrude Elements, create a solid element.
Iso View
Model>Elements> Extrude Elements
Select All
Extrude Type>Planar Elem.  Solid Elem.
Source>Remove (on)
Element Type>Solid ; Material>1: Mat Foundation
General Type>Translate ; Number of Times = 1
Translation>Equal Distance (on) ; dx,dy,dz>(0, 0, 7.8) 
Figure 8 Creating a solid element
12
Division of element
Next we divide the element using Divide Elements. The size of mesh depends on the total
configuration. We should also pay attention to the parts, where we anticipate significant
changes in stresses, for fine meshing. The subsoil part does not need fine meshing, and
yet it needs to be meshed such a way that no significant change in stresses takes place
within an element. For the sake of simplicity, we will divide the element uniformly as shown
in Figure 9.
Model / Elements / Divide Elements

Select All
Divide Elements>Element Type>Solid ; Equal Distance
Number of Divisions x: (15) ; y: (12) ; z: (13) 
Hidden (Toggle on)
Node Number (Toggle off)
Display>Node tab>Node (off)
Figure 9 Division of solid element
13
Now that we created a mesh consisting of brick elements using Extrude Elements and
Divide Elements, we will now delete unnecessary elements from the overall model.
Front View
Shrink
Model>Elements> Delete Elements
Select Window (① in Figure 10)
Type>Selection ; with Free Nodes (on) 
Front View
Figure 10 Deleting elements
14
Now change the view point to Left View, and delete the elements which do not belong
to the model.
Left View
Model>Elements> Delete Elements
Type>Selection ; with Free Nodes (on) 
Iso View
Z Left View
Y
Figure 11 Deleting additional elements
15
When we created the 3-D solid element using Extrude Elements, we assigned it as a
concrete material. We will now revise the material to that corresponding to the soil material.
Tree Menu>Works tab

 Change Element
Parameters can be
Front View
also used to change Select Window (① in Figure 12)
the properties of 
Properties>Material>2: Subsoil (Drag & Drop)
elements.
Drag & Drop
Figure 12 Assigning subsoil material properties
16
Defining Structure Groups
In order to perform construction stage analysis, we need to define the element and boundary
condition groups that activated or deactivated at each construction stage. These groups
are then used to define the construction stages. First, we create Structure Groups.
C Group>Structure Group >New… (by right-click on Structure Group)

Define Structure Group>Name>Subsoil 
Define Structure Group>Name>Mat Foundation (Lower part) 
Define Structure Group>Name>Mat Foundation (Upper part) 
Figure 13 Creating Structure Groups
17
Assigning elements to Structure Groups
We now assign relevant elements to the Structure Groups created and, thus, define the
Structure Groups. First, we group the elements pertaining to the subsoil into the Subsoil
Structure Group.
Tree Menu>Group tab

Structure Group>Subsoil (Drag & Drop)
Drag & Drop
Figure 14 Defining the Structure Group “Subsoil”
18
Assign Structure Groups for the Mat Foundation, 1st poured lower part and the 2nd poured
upper part.
Tree Menu>Group tab

Structure Group>Mat Foundation (Lower Part) (Drag & Drop)
Select Window (② in Figure 15)
Structure Group>Mat Foundation (Upper Part) (Drag & Drop)
Drag & Drop
②
Drag & Drop
Figure 15 Defining Structure Groups for Mat Foundation (Lower & Upper Parts)
19
Defining Boundary Groups
We now create boundary groups as Figure 16.
C Group>Boundary Group >New…

Define Boundary Group>Name>CS1 

 Boundary Surface Define Boundary Group>Name> CS1-Boundary Surface 
group represents the Define Boundary Group>Name> CS2 
construction joint
surface between the
1st and 2nd pours.
Figure 16 Creating Boundary Groups
20
Next, we enter the Subsoil boundary conditions for each group.
We will create a multi-window showing Front View (in Model View) and Left View
(in Model View : 1) for the ease of modeling.
Window / New Window

Left View ; Hidden ; Shrink
Point Grid (off) ; Point Grid Snap (off) ; Line Grid Snap (off)
Model View
Window / Tile Horizontally
Zoom Fit (Model View & Model View : 1)
Model / Boundary / Supports
Boundary Group Name>CS1
Options>Add

 Solid elements do not Support Type>D-All (on) 
retain rotational degrees
of freedom. Therefore, we
need to restrain only
translational DOFs.
Figure 17 Defining Subsoil boundaries
21
Since it is a 1/4 symmetrical model, we need to specify the symmetric boundary condition.
First, we will enter the symmetry condition pertaining to the 1st pour.

Boundary Group Name>CS1 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dx (on) 
Boundary Group Name> CS1 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dy (on) 
Front View
X axis –
symmetric condition
Left View
Y axis –
symmetric condition
Figure 18 Entering symmetric boundary conditions
22
We continue on to specify the symmetric condition for the 2 nd pour.

Boundary Group Name>CS2 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dx (on) 
Boundary Group Name> CS2 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dy (on) 
①
Front View
X axis –
symmetric condition
Left View
②
Y axis –
symmetric condition
Figure 19 Entering symmetric boundary conditions
23
Defining Load Group
Define Load Groups and Load Cases to include static load in the construction stages of heat
of hydration analysis. Static load cases entered in heat of hydration analysis must be input
as Construction Stage Load Type.
Model View> Maximize

Group>Boundary Group >New…
Define Boundary Group>Name>Self 
Load>Static Load Cases
Name>Self 
Type>Construction Stage Load (CS) 
Figure 20 Definition of Load Group & Load Case
24
Heat of hydration analysis can consider static load cases for construction stage analysis.
First, self weight is assigned.
Load>Self Weight
Load Case Name>Self
Load Group Name>Self 
Z : (-1) 
Figure 21 Inputting self weight
25
Inputting heat of hydration analysis data
 For assigning the Heat of Hydration Analysis Control

conditions for analysis,
refer to “Heat of
Hydration Analysis” in Now that the analysis model is completed, we will enter the required data noted below (time
Analysis for Civil 
integration factor, initial temperature & stress output location) for heat transfer analysis.
Structures and the
Online manual – Using
Midas Civil > Analysis >
Analysis / Heat of Hydration Analysis Control
Hydration Heat Analysis
Control. Final Stage>Last Stage
Integration Factor>(0.5)

Initial Temperature>(20)
 The Initial Temperature
Element Stress Evaluation>Gauss
can be superseded by the
values entered in the Creep & Shrinkage (on) ; Type>Creep & Shrinkage
Compose Construction Creep Calculation Method>General
Stage for Hydration dialog
box.
Number of Iterations=5 ; Tolerance=0.001

Use Equivalent Age by Time & Temperature (on)
 If creep is to be
considered by reducing
the modulus of elasticity
without using general
creep functions, select
Effective Modulus.
 If a general creep
function is to be used,
define the function and
select General.
Figure 22 Data entry for Heat of Hydration Analysis Control
26
Inputting ambient temperature
Ambient temperature is now entered as a function of time. This example assumes a

constant temperature of 20℃.
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Ambient Temperature Functions

Function Name>(Ambient Temperature)
Function Type>Constant
Constant>Temperature>(20) ; 
 Select User type and

enter the Time and
Temperature variations,
if they are not constant.
 If ambient temperature
varies at different
locations due to exposure
to the atmosphere, being
partly immersed in water,
etc., a number of Ambient
Temperature Functions
can be defined and
applied.
Figure 23 Entering ambient temperature function
27
Inputting convection coefficient
Next we enter the convection coefficient as a function applicable at the concrete surface.
 User type can be
used if the heat
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Convection Coefficient Functions
exchange condition
between the concrete Function Name>(Convection Coeff)
surface and the Function Type>Constant
atmosphere varies
with time due to the
Constant>Convection Coefficient>(12) ; 
change in curing
conditions.
Figure 24 Entering convection coefficient function
28
 Boundary Surface We now assign the previously defined ambient temperature and convection coefficient function
group represents the to the concrete surface, which is exposed to the atmosphere. Depending on the construction
construction joint
surface between the
stages, the surface exposed to the atmosphere changes as well. Accordingly, we assign the
1st and 2nd pours. corresponding ambient temperature and convection boundary conditions to the previously
defined CS1, CS1-Boundary Surface and CS2. First, we assign the ambient temperature
and convection coefficient to the concrete surface exposed to the atmosphere at the time of
st st nd
1 pour. Since the concrete surface between the 1 and 2 pours will not be exposed to the
nd
atmosphere at the time of the 2 pour, it is defined as another group.
Window / New Window

Window / Tile Horizontally
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Element Convection Boundary
Option>Add/Replace
Convection Boundary>Convection Coefficient Function>Convection Coeff
Ambient Temperature Function>Ambient Temperature
Selection>By Selected Nodes 
Front View
Left View
Figure 25 Defining convection boundary at the 1st pour stage
29
We now define the convection boundary condition at the surface joining the 1st and 2nd pours.

Boundary Group Name>CS1-Boundary Surface
Option>Add/Replace
Front View
①
Left View
Figure 26 Defining convection boundary condition at the boundary surface
30
We now move on to define the convection boundary surface of the 2 nd pour.

Option>Add/Replace
Select Window (② in Figure 27) 
Front View ①
Left View ②
Figure 27 Defining the convection boundary condition at the 2nd pour stage
31
Defining constant temperature condition
We enter a constant temperature condition for those parts where temperature remains
unchanged. Assign a constant temperature to those surfaces, which have not been
assigned the symmetric boundary condition or the convection boundary condition (for
example, boundary surface in contact with the soil).
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Prescribed Temperature

Option>Add
Temperature> Temperature (20) 
Front View
Left View
Figure 28 Inputting a constant temperature condition
32
Defining heat source functions
Heat source functions define the state of emitting heat in the process of hydration, which are
dependent on the type of cement and unit cement content. For commonly used concrete
mix design, maximum adiabatic temperature rise and reactive velocity coefficient are
automatically calculated based on experimental equations and entered if the cement type,
casting temperature and unit cement content are specified.
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Heat Source Functions

Function Name>(Heat Source Function)
Function Type>Code
 This example assumes 
Function>Maximize adiabatic temp. rise (K)>(33.97)
that low hydration heat
cement is used, and Reactive velocity coefficient (a)>(0.605) ; 
experimental values of „K‟
& „a‟ are considered. 
Function>Maximize adiabatic temp. rise (K)
Reactive velocity coefficient (a)
 Refer to “Heat of
Hydration Analysis” in the
Analysis Manual.
 If experimental value for

the maximum adiabatic
temperature rise for
concrete is available, the
“User” Function Type can
be used. The “User”
Function Type can be
inputted either by Heat
Source or by Temperature Figure 29 Defining heat source function
method.
33
Assign the defined heat source function to the concrete.
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Assign Heat Source

Option>Add/Replace
Heat Source>Heat Source Function 
Figure 30 Assigning heat source function
34
Defining construction stages
Using the previously defined Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and Load Group, we will
now specify times for heat of hydration analysis and initial temperature. We will first define
st
the construction stage CS1 for the stage of 1 concrete pour.
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Define Construction Stage for Hydration
Stage> Add> Name>(CS1)
Initial Temperature>(20)

 Times inputted in Step>Time(hr)>(10 20 30 50 80 120 170)
Step are accumulative, Element>Group List>Subsoil ; Mat Foundation (Lower part)
not incremental.
Activation>
Boundary>Group List>CS1 ; CS1-Boundary Surface
Activation> 
Load>Group List>Self
Activation> 
Figure 31 Defining the stage for 1st concrete pour
35
We then define the construction stage CS2 for the 2nd concrete pour. The duration for the
nd
heat of hydration analysis will be 930 hours after the 2 pour.
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Define Construction Stage for Hydration
Stage> Name>(CS2)

 Define the initial Initial Temperature>(19)
temperature for the
Step>Time(hr)>(10 20 30 50 80 120 170 300 400 500 600 750 930)
elements that are
activated at the Element>Group List>Mat Foundation (Upper part)
corresponding stage. Activation>
Boundary>Group List> CS2
Activation>
Boundary>Group List > CS1-Boundary Surface
Deactivation>
Figure 32 Defining element and boundary groups for the 2nd pour stage
36
From the Model View, we can check if the Construction Stages are properly defined.

Stage>CS1
 User can either
select a stage on the
Stage Toolbar or use Display
the keyboard arrows
to toggle between Misc tab
different stages while Element Convection Boundary of Heat of Hydration (on) ;
the Toolbar is
Prescribed Temperature of Heat of Hydration (on) ;
activated.
Heat Source for Heat of Hydration (on) 
Figure 33 Checking the defined construction stages on the Model View

(Stage for the 1st concrete pour)
37
Structural analysis
We have thus far completed a construction stage model for heat of hydration analysis. We
can begin the analysis.
Analysis / Perform Analysis
Analysis results
In this example, the major cause for thermal stresses is due to the temperature differences
within the concrete mass resulting in internal constraints. Recapping the overview, Internal
Constraints are caused by unequal volume changes. Initially, cooling surface and warm inner
parts cause tension at the surface and compression at the inner parts. At a later stage,
after the rise in temperature due to heat of hydration reaches the peak level, the cooling
(contracting) inner parts relative to the surface cause tension in the inner parts and
compression at the surface. The magnitude of the stresses is proportional to the
temperature differences between the inner parts and surface. It is also anticipated that the
two concrete masses of two separate pours of different ages will exhibit different heat
transfer characteristics.
We will analyze the characteristics of thermal stresses in concrete by reviewing the results of
heat of hydration analysis reflecting construction stages by graphics, tables, graphs,
animations, etc.
38
Checking change in temperatures
We will check temperature distribution at each step of the construction stages based on the
heat of hydration analysis. Figure 34 shows the maximum temperature distribution at the
st
stage of the 1 concrete pour.
Rotate Dynamic (adjust the model view point so that the boundary planes of
symmetry can be seen as shown in Figure 34. – Ctrl+Mouse wheel can be also used)
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Temperature

Stage Toolbar>CS1
Step>HY Step 6, 120 Hr
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 
st
Figure 34 Temperature distribution (1 pour stage)
39
Next, we will check the temperature distribution at the construction stage 2. The fact that
the analysis accounted for construction stages, we note in Figure 35 that heat source action
progresses in the lower part of the mat foundation, which was already cast.
Stage Toolbar>CS2
Figure 35 Temperature distribution (2nd pour stage)
40
Checking change in stresses
st
We will check the stress distribution of the 1 concrete pour. Figure 36 depicts the stress
distribution at which the maximum tension stress occurs on the surface. We will change the
unit system to kgf & cm to check stresses.
Status Bar> kgf ; cm

Stage Toolbar>CS1
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Stress
Stress Option>Global ; Avg.Nodal
Components>Sig-XX
Status Bar
Figure 36 Stress distribution (1st pour stage)
41
We will check the stress distribution at the 2nd pour stage. As shown in Figure 37, the
nd
boundary surface of the first pour shows tension stresses at the early stage of the 2 pour.
The tension stresses at the boundary surface are caused by the increase in volume due to
nd
increased temperature in the 2 pour. This exerts tension on the previously cast concrete.
Stage Toolbar>CS2
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Stress
Stress Option>Global ; Avg.Nodal
Components>Sig-XX
Figure 37 Stress distribution (2nd pour stage)
42
Checking time history graphs
We will check the graphical results of heat of hydration analysis at various construction
stages for specific points. Generally, a user checks the parts where maximum tension
stresses are anticipated. In this example, we will select a few points simply based on
convenience to sufficiently demonstrate the trend of the analysis results as shown in Figure
38. We will first assign the nodes for generating results.
st
1 pour concrete: Interior (1476), Surface (1988)
nd
2 pour concrete: Interior (2308), Surface (2818)
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

>Node Define>Node (1476) ; Stress Components> Sig-XX 
>Node Define>Node (2818) ; Stress Components> Sig- XX 
2818
2308
1988
1476
Figure 38 Defining nodes for generating graphs
43
The time history graph for an interior point (node: 1476) during the 1st pour is shown below.
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1476-X(on)
Graph Type> Stress + Alw. Stress Graph (on) ; Temperature Graph (on)
Crack Ratio Graph (on)  Normal (on)
X-Axis Type>Time 
1st Pour
Figure 39 Time history graph of stresses at an interior point of the 1st pour
44
Next, we will review the results of time history of a point (node: 1988) on the construction
st nd nd
joint surface between the 1 and 2 pours. We will also note that the expansion of the 2
st
pour due to temperature rise exerts tension on the 1 pour.
Results/ Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1988-X (on)
Graph Type>Stress + Alw. Stress Graph (on)
Temperature Graph (on)
1st Pour
Figure 40 Time history graph of stresses at a surface point of the 1st pour
45
We will finally check the temperature time history of the interior and surface points during the
st
1 pour.
Results / Hear of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1476-X(on) ; N1988-X(on)
Graph Type> Temperature Graph (on)
Interior (1476)
1st Pour
Surface (1988)
Figure 41 Temperature history graphs of interior and surface points of the 1st pour
46
Checking results in animation
Finally, we will review the change in temperature (or stress) by construction stages by
animation.

Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) ; Animate
Animation Details>Animate Contour (on) ; Repeat Full Cycle
Construction Stage Option>Stage Animation>From>CS1 ; To>CS2 
Record 
Close
In order to save the animation in a file, click the Save button while the animation is in
progress, upon which it is saved as an .avi file.
Close
Save Record
Figure 42 Checking change in temperature by animation
47

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Heat of Hydration PDF

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Advanced Application 4

Heat of Hydration Analysis by

Modulus of elasticity, Specific heat, Coefficient of

Create elements, define boundary conditions & input

Define integration factor & initial temperature.

Ambient Temperature Functions After entering ambient temperature and convection

Assign constant temperature conditions to the parts,

Pipe Cooling Enter relevant data if pipe cooling is used.

Define elements, boundary conditions and load

Perform heat transfer analysis and thermal stress

Analyze temperature distribution and variation of

Structural data for analysis model

This example represents a simple foundation structure often encountered in practice. It

Subsoil mass : 24 x 19.2 x 3 m

Figure 1 Heat of hydration model for construction stages

Material and thermal properties

The material and thermal properties are summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Material and thermal properties

Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.25 0.25 0.2

Rate of heat conduction (kcal/m hr ℃) 2.3 2.3 1.7

Convection Surface exposed

Ambient temperature (℃) 20 20 -

Casting temperature (℃) 20 19 -

Compressive strength gain coefficients a=13.9 b=0.86 a=13.9 b=0.86 -

91-day modulus of elasticity (kgf/cm )

Thermal expansion coefficient 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5

Poisson’s ratio 0.18 0.18 0.2

Heat source function coefficients K=33.97 a=0.605 K=33.97 a=0.605 -

Setting work environment

Open a new file ( New Project) and Save it as „Heat of Hydration.mcb‟.

File / New Project

Tools / Unit System

Figure 3 Assigning a unit system

Defining material properties

Define the properties of mat foundation and subsoil.

Model / Properties / Material

General>Material Number>2 ; Name>(Subsoil) ; Type>User Defined

Figure 4 Defining material properties

Defining time dependent material properties

Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Creep/Shrinkage)

Figure 5 Defining time dependent material properties

Linking general and time dependent material properties

Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material Link

 Even if Effective Modulus

Figure 6 Linking general and time dependent material properties

Figure 7 Creating a plate element representing the base of subsoil mass

Using Extrude Elements, create a solid element.

Figure 8 Creating a solid element

Model / Elements / Divide Elements

Figure 9 Division of solid element

Figure 10 Deleting elements

Figure 11 Deleting additional elements

Tree Menu>Works tab

Drag & Drop

Figure 12 Assigning subsoil material properties

Defining Structure Groups

C Group>Structure Group >New… (by right-click on Structure Group)

Figure 13 Creating Structure Groups

Assigning elements to Structure Groups

Tree Menu>Group tab

Drag & Drop

Figure 14 Defining the Structure Group “Subsoil”

Tree Menu>Group tab