Sul: Applied Thermodynamics [isme4s] : Unit-10: Stearn Nogsalep: Intyoduction: Noggie ip defined op a Panpage of amoothiy varying cyonn~ pection by Meanp of which the prenpute energy of the Wovring duid ip converted into Kinetic energy: The shape of the nogele ip deniqned in puch a. way thot, twit pevtorm this conversion of energy with minimus lopnep. Working principle: Ente zl exit High Prepyuste Loo prepuce Lows veuoctty High vetocity, Meam. @ eam. 0 When a high prepruve, loo velocity seam hoop through the Nogsle, seam expandp ap a vemult, there usit be drop in prepnure. Thip dvop in preppure veducen the enthalpy Cheat content) of the stam. Since, there ip NO external work and heot honpler in the nosdte, the reduction in enthalpy of steam mupt be eaual to the tnctéope in Velocity of pear (Kinetic enerqy). Tn othewworda, pteam performa work upon ttpelt toy accelarating ttpelt +40 a hiqh velocity. Hence, steam commen out Ok the nostle ot tow Preppune and high vetocity. 0THE tupen of Nosale ot ditterent phapen of node: there are Mainty three ditterent typer of nosaten, they aye, 1. Cnvergent Note. &. Divergent nostle & Convergent divergent Nosale. |. Convergent Noggle + entry exit Direction of pteam TH the cropp- pecttion of the nossle decreapen continousiy trom entry 40 exit, then ft tp catted convergent Nogdte. &. Divergent Noggie : exit entry Divection Ob pteam Th the cropp-pectton of the noséle incvearep continounly trom entry 40 exit, then ft fp called divergent note.3. convergent - Divergent Nogste = Oivection of pteam entry exit Uy the cronp-pection of the nogtie Hist decreanep Hom entry to throat and then increoper trom thvoot to exit, then tt ip catted convergent- divergent noxste. Detinitions: | Sonic_velocity (a): Sonic velocity ip defined ap the velocity of the pound in the qiven medium ov uid. Tt ip denoted by the pymbol ‘a. Marthemoti caliy, Sonic Velocity, Where, = Expanpion inder of steam. P= prepnure of pteam (sme) Y= gpecitic volume ob pteam (6%/eq ). ne 1iss doy paturoted steam b dor mapethei ESS 2 initial dvynenp Araction of ® And, nel x nz uoas + O1%1 for wet pteam, where, BE ser,& Mach Numbey (4): Mach number tp defined op the yotio of Velocity of pteam (€) to the veiocity ot pound in thot pteom (a). Tt ip denoted by the pymbor ‘M- Mathemati catty, : Velocity of steam __ Mele Ree Mach Number, M =Vetoetty of pound in that steam TE Ml then the How tp cated pub-ponic. TL Mel then the How tp catted jonie. TL >I then the too tp cotted puper-ponic. Cominuity equation toy nosdle tow: Let up conpidey the tow ob pteam through the noggte. Op Cong 8 ug Let, f= Mapp of Meam towing per pecond (kes). A = Cropp-pectionar area. of nogzle at any pection novmal 40 the direction of How (m*). 0 = Specific vowme ob the pteam at the pame pection (wi/eq). C = Onitorm Verocity of the pteam — acronp the pection (e/e). therelore, According to Continuity eaustion, the mopp Mao vate at ony ection Yemnains Constant.BY ceneral yelationship between Areal), Verocty (c) and preqnuse (2) doy the Noggle f1owd+ conpidey the pteady, adiabatic and Arictiontenp How of pteam through o Nose. From continutty eguetion, we hove, the AG = conptont v ditleeniating, © dk+4 Adc - Ac d¥=o0 v v pe = by Ac on both siden. gA 4 de _ =0— © A @ sg to tind 4%) and (d¥s) : since the drow ip adiabatic and Argictiontenp, ps" = Conptant Where, n= Expangton index of pteam taxing 1oq on bath pidep.log P + 1 loqy = toq Cconntont) ditleeniating, n. Av =o 8 we a But, from the momentum eguation tov adiabatic and Hicktontens hod, cde = -Bdp + by c® on both piden, doz Yap —® e ce Suloptiturting © and @ tn ea O, we get dA - Xp - (+ #2) =0 A. Badp = oe ae Zar BAP dA 1 oP | APH A oP Le But, poric velocity, a= Vv npy i d&. dp | oe oy ae yap [ot ' ee afut, C= M (Mach number) o aa | s|- Thip ip the general Yelationship between atea, Velocity and prennuve or a nosdle How. EMP Velocity of steam though nogaie.T Derive an exprepsion tor veroeity ob peas coming cut ot the nosate] Entry Ditection of exit Pi.er, hi © Pa, Caha Wa Va, da o connidey a untt mapa of steam owing through the noggle ap frown in Kique. Let, Pi = preppure of pear at nogale entry. C =vetoctty of pteam at noadle entry. hi = enthalpy of pleat at noagie entry: VW, =Specitic volume of pteam ot noadle entry. 3: =Dotum of the nogsle at the why:it", Pa, Ca, ha, Ya ond Sa reprenpip the covvenponding Vatuep ot Nodsle exit. Let, w= Work trate Q = Heat tonptey By applying Meady tow energy esvartion (SFE) behoeen entyy ond exit of the nosste, We get, o+[h +o 44] _ [orgie aa] fin Since, Nossle ip hovigontal ($1 = Sa) Since, there Will be no heat and Work tranmey in the nodate. Q=0 and W=0 ~ Equation © becomes, ht ot = bet & a furlher, Velocity of steam at the eny of the Nossle ip very compared to the velocity ot the exit. therelove, “Ch can toe. Nequected. i he. iCy = Yalh-ha) 1h ‘hy and ha ove exprepped tn KI/Kq, we get Ca = ¥ axto® (hi-ho) 44.48 [(n-he) —@ Ce Equation ® yeprenptp the veroctty of pteam coming out of the nogate imeppective of the phape of the nosdte. In actual practice, there uttt be pome lonpep due to Hyiction tn the Nosale. Theretore by tonpidering the ebtect of Aviction, exit Vetoctty oF noasle ip given by, cae tay k. Cha) Where, K= Frictton lopp doctor. EYP condition toy marinum. dipcharge dough the Nose in term of Critical prenpute ratio. [ shoo thot, the critical prennuse ratio tp qiven_by (Ya) = (rin) "1 Derive the exprepnion tor martmum dinchorge though the Nogle in dexnp of critical prepruse vatio] Citicol preppute: The preppure at which the area ip minimum and dipcharge Pex unit avea tp Maximum tp termed op cyiticol Preppure . athe mapa of pteam owing through the nogdte in Kq/s tp given by, Where, AX= cropp-pecttonal area at the Nogsle exit. Ca = vetocity of steam ot the noggle exit. Ya = Specitic volume of pteam at the noiate exit. Totind Cs and Va WKT, Gain in Velocity of pteam = Drop in enthal py Se = work done during Rankine cycle ct 2 _n_[pe- awe] é n-1 ee ft, bef pel —_— = et Pi Since, the pteam towing through the nose Jonowp Pv" = congtant pv" = Paw" y o &: [P] ee we Pa. Aubptituting cs" © in ©, we get. ote oof BEB)" a n-1 ieee lierm : Gut, trom equation, Va = » (By =o aubptituting cat ® and © ta O, we have. me “ a ; oF po Se Pee [a | me A. Japa el a] 2|P 3(.) em i ey". (& a.my pay aes /eyen[e- ey] — © Mi Eauation © qivep the cipcharge of pteam through a converc|nt node. Tk ip Cleaw that the dipchayqe ip onty a. function of prepnure vatio (Jp) op expanpion index (N) and initial Values fixe Pr and "vi ove Known Ceonpstantp). Hence, tev maximum dipcharge of pteam, AG 2g 3 (pr) dq [OP -B] = [eet] [es a") =e (a) (= ee) 2)” i: » @) eG) = By" el bas) = (> -« & i —@ lie ~~Hence, the dipcharge of pteam trough the nogsle Witt be maximum when the preppure votio ip Critical. ia @, we get et @ of pimplitication, We 9 Maxirum dipchorge, By pubptitutin Ettect of Hviction in nogsle Pro: In the theoretical anarynia of noaaie, the expannion of pteam ipaphumed 40 be tpentvopic in Nature. i.e, the eect of diction ip Neglected. However, in practice, the veiocity of pteam Howing the Nogale ip Veduced due +0 Aictional eects. the Various ettects of Hyictional loprep ave ap toro, |. Expangion of Ateam ip more tpentropic ap a yepult enthalpy dvop ia Yeduced thereby decreaning the exit veroeity of pteom.@. the Hinai duynepn traction of steam ip tnereaped op a port oF Kinetic energy qetp Converted into heat due fo tyiction and thin heat ip Aloporbed by the ptear Yepulting in an increope in itp enthalpy: 3. The ppecitic volume of steam ip intyeaped ap the pteom leccomepn move dry due to Jvictional Yeheating. Noaate eHticiency (!)roaaie) : the AWiction between the noagte purtace and the owing Meam dendp to decyeone the velocity of pteam and increope the tinal drynens Hroction o pupetheat the pteam. the ebect of hiction ip taken ino account by introducing a factor called Noge ebficieney which ip defined ap the“yotio of the actual enthalpy chrop (with the tyiction) to the inentropic enthalpy drop Lwithout Aviction) behoeen the ame Working preppurey" Pr Ps = entholpylh) ee entropy (8) theretore, Nossie eHicieney, “Inogate = Actual enthote dvop Tpentvopic enthalpy dvop by ha. Wisse 2 Boksthe Vorioup tectop abtecting the nosate ebticieney include; 1. Madevial of the Noggie. a. Sige and phape of the nogsie. & Reynoldp number of the row. 4 Angle of divergence of the divergent portion of the niosare. S.Notute of the Htutd Mowing through the nogsle and tp pate. 6.Turbulence tn the huid and ity Mote. Superpaturated oy Metomoble tos tough Nossie + Ap pteam expandp in the nogale, it's Preppure and temperatise opp and op puch it ip expected that the pteam ptovt condenping when tt pyikep the paturation tine ap phown in h-& diagram betow. vatipon ~S\ Une (%=0.96) Batuvation Une However, this does fot happen because the Converging part ot the nosale tp po phort and the pteam verity tp po high that the Molecules of the pteam do not have pullicient time to cottect and form droplets Ao the Normal condennation depnot taxepplace. guch vapidexpanpion ip paid to be Metoptole and producen a puperpaturated Mate. In thip ptote of puperpoduration, the pteam ip undercooted to G tempevoture lepp that thot cowepponding td tp preppure. Thip Phenomenon ip known op pupanatuation, and the pteam that exits in the Wet region without tontaining ony leuid tp known op pupeypoturated pteart. Ettectp of supersaturation: the ettectp of puperpaturation in nosdie may toe Aummarined op Jontowsp, 1. There ip an increope tn the entropy and ppecitic volime of steam. 3. the heat drop ip Yeduced betow thet toy thermal eauitiorium Op a conpemuence the exit veroeity ot the pteam etp Yeduced. & Since the Meam ip Undeycooled to o temperature lepp than thot conepponding to t's preppure, the denpity of steam increapes and hence the mann of Meam dipcharqed also tneteonen . Note: Witpon line Yeprengentp the limiting condition of undercooting at which londenpation commences and tp apnumed +o veptove conditions of Normal thermal eguilibyium. the trow between theovetical aturated line and actual paturated Line tp called mMetoptoble tow oy upey patutated tow. ee