Eastern Mediterranean University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Handout

COURSE: Fluid Mechanics (MENG353)

Semester: SPRING (2015-2016)

Name of Experiment: Impact of a jet

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Hacışevki

Assistant: Amir Teimourian
Submitted by:
Student No:
Group No:
Date of experiment:
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EVALUATION
Activity During Experiment & Procedure 30 %

Data , Results & Graphs 35 %

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to Questions 30 %

Neat and tidy report writing 5%

Overall Mark

Honor Pledge:
By electronically submitting this report I pledge that I have neither given nor received
unauthorized assistance on this assignment.

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1. Introduction
In this experiment, the force generated by a jet of water will be measured as it strikes a flat
plate or a hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate
in the jet.

2. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Figure 1 shows that the arrangement in which the bench supply is led to a vertical pipe
terminating in a tapered nozzle. This produces a jet of water which impinges on a vane in a
form of a flat or a hemispherical cup. The nozzle and the vane are contained within a
transparent cylinder at the base of the cylinder where there is an outlet by which the flow may
be directed to the weighing tank.

The vane is supported by a lever which carries a jockey weight, and which is restrained by
a spring. The lever may be set to a balance position (as indicated by the tally suspended on it)
by placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and adjusting the knurled nut above the
spring. Any force generated by the impact of the jet on the vane may now be measured by
moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally shows that the lever has been restored
to its original balance position.

Fig.1 Arrangement of the Impact of a Jet Apparatus

 3. Description of Apparatus
Figure 2 shows the arrangement, in which water supplied from Hydraulic Bench is fed to a
vertical pipe terminating in tapered nozzle. Consider a symmetrical vane about the x-axis as
shown in Fig.2. A jet of fluid flowing at the rate of m (kg/s) along the x-axis with velocity

u0 (m/s) strikes the vane. Because of the vane, flow is deflected through angle  so that the
fluid leaves the vane with velocity u1 (m s) as shown. For convenience, changes in elevation
and also changes in piezometric pressure (in the jet) from striking the vane to leaving it are
neglected.

The rate at which momentum in the x direction entering the system is mu (kg.m
0 s2) . The

 u1 cos (kg.m s2 ) in the direction of x. The

rate at which momentum leaving the system is m
net force on the jet in x direction is equal to the rate of momentum change; therefore:

 F    mV   mV
x
out in

Vout  u1 cos , Vin  u0

F   mu1 cos   mu0  N 

 is the momentum-flux correction factor , assume, it is equal to one, thus:

F  mu1 cos  mu0  N  (1)

Fig.2 sketch of Flow over Vane

For the case of flat plate instead of a vane, we may assume that  90 , so cos  0 , then the
force exerted from plate to fluid is:
 FP  mu0  N  (2)

Which is independent of u1 .

For the case of hemispherical cup, we may assume that  180 , so cos 1 and

Fh  mu0  u1   N  (3)

Since changes in the piezometric pressure and elevation are neglected, the maximum value of
u1 can be u0 (where there is no energy loss) so that the maximum possible value of the force
on the hemispherical cup is 

Fh  2mu0  N  (4)

It means twice the force on the flat plate.

4. Results and Calculations

Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm

Cross-sectional area of nozzle (A)  78.5 mm2  7.85105 m2

Mass of jockey weight  0.600 kg

Distance from the center of vane to pivot of lever  0.150 m

Height of vane above nozzle outlet s = 35 mm=0.035 m

Weight of jockey weight, W=Mg =0.600  9.81=5.89 N

When it is moved a distance y (m) from its zero position, the corresponding force Fw (N)
on the vane is obtained by taking moments about the pivot, as:

L  Fw W  y 0.150  FW  0.6  g  y (5)

FW  4gy

The mass flow rate is calculated as

m  uA kg s


Where the velocity u (m s) at the exit of the nozzle is given by:
 m
u0  (6)
A

The velocity u1  m s  , of the jet as it strikes the vane, is less than the velocity u0  m s at the

exit of the nozzle because of the deceleration due to gravity, and u0 may be calculated from
the expression

u 12 u 02  2gS (7)

S 35mm is the height of vane above nozzle tip.


u1  u02  0.687 (8)

Recorded values of quantity collected, measured time, and jockey displacement y should be
presented in Table 1 and Table 2, together with the ensuing calculations.

Calculations (Flat Plane) :

1. For ṁ;

t:63 sec - (1000)(0,015)/63 = 0,238 t:43 sec - (1000)(0,015)/43 = 0,348

t:33 sec - (1000)(0,015)/33 = 0,455

2. For U0;

U0: (0,238)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 3,03 U0: (0,348)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 4,43

U0: (0,455)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 5,80

3. For U1:

U1: √(3,03)^2 − 0,687 = 2,91 U1: √(4,43)^2 − 0,687 = 4,35

U1: √(5,81)^2 − 0,687 = 5,74

4. For Fp;

Fp : (0,238)(3,03) = 0,721 Fp : (0348)(4,43) = 1,542

Fp : (0,455)(5,80) = 2,639

5. Fw ;

y= 12 mm (0,012m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,012) = 0,471 y= 60 mm (0,060m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,060) = 2,354

y= 35 mm (0,035m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,035) = 1,373

 Table 1 Results for flat plate

Mass of t y m u0 u1 FP Fw
Water(kg)
(s) (mm) (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)

15 63 12 0,238 3,03 2,91 0,721 0,471

15 43 35 0,348 4,43 4,35 1,542 1,373

15 33 60 0,455 5,80 5,74 2,639 2,354

Calculations (Hemispherical) :

1. For ṁ;

t:44 sec - (1000)(0,015)/44 = 0,341 t:35 sec - (1000)(0,015)/35 = 0,429

t:32 sec - (1000)(0,015)/32 = 0,469

2. For U0;

U0: (0,341)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 4,34 U0: (0,469)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 5,97

U0: (0,429)/(1000)(7,85*10-5) = 5,46

3. For U1:

U1: √(4,34)^2 − 0,687 = 4,26 U1: √(5,97)^2 − 0,687 = 5,91

U1: √(5,46)^2 − 0,687 = 5,39

4. For Fh;

Fh : (0,341)(4,34+4,26) = 2,93 Fh : (0,469)(5,97+5,91) = 5,57

Fh : (0,429)(5,46+5,39) = 4,65

5. Fw ;

y= 40 mm (0,04m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,04) = 1,57 y= 100 mm (0,1m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,1) = 3,92

y= 110 mm (0,11m) , Fw : 4(9,81)(0,11) = 4,32

 Table 2 Results for hemispherical cup

Mass of t y m u0 u1 Fh Fw
Water(kg)
(s) (mm) (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)

15 44 40 0,341 4,34 4,26 2,93 1,57

15 35 100 0,429 5,46 5,39 4,65 3,92

15 32 110 0,469 5,97 5,91 5,57 4,32

FP&FH AGAINST TIME

6 5.57

5 4.65

4
FP&FH (N)

2.93
3 2.639
Fh

2 1.542 Fp

0.721
1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TIME (SEC)
5. Questions for Further Discussion

What would be the effect on the calculated value of Fh , if  ≠ 180º, (assume a 

between 165º and 180º and then find the relative error for Fh )

1- Drive an expression for percentage error, and order of accuracy for Fh , if each

consisting parameter has an exact error value ( u0  u0  u ,       ,

D  D  D ).
2- Show a sample calculation for the results.
3- Specify the error sources in this experiment.
4- Write your own conclusion about this experiment.