B&SE_Volume 44_Number 2_June 2014 WUE eCrCaN Oe aoc JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL A ASSOCIATION FOR BRIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING OCA Ee eee Structural Engineering (Developments & Need for Improvement)ANALYSIS FOR FLEXURAL SHEAR AS PER IRC: 112 T. VISWANATHAN Director Aarvee Associates Architects, Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi ~ 110019 tvish123@hotmail.com Summary The shear clauses given in IRC: 112 are on the lines of fib “Modal code for Concrete Structures" 2010 and Eurocode 2 “Design of Concrete Structures". Hitherto checks were performed for Flexural and Torsional Shears only. In addition to these two shears, Interface shear due to concrete cast at different times, check for interface shear between flange and web and punching shear have also been added in IRC: 112. The general approach followed is truss analogy. The detailed procedure to be followed for checking the shear is outlined in the next few sections. Ultimate shear force has to be used in the analysis. Keywords: Designed shear reinforcement, variable strut angle method, crushing of strut, lever arm, cracked and uncracked sections. 41. Introduction The code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges IRC: 112-2011 was published in 2011. Till 2011, the design of bridges were carried out based on working stress method. The new code IRC: 112 uses limit State approach. After the publication of this code, IRC 18 and IRC 21 covering prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete were withdrawn, As per the earlier codes, the flexural shear and torsional shear checks were only carried out. In addition, the present code 58 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 Viswanathan born in 1946 obtained Master's Degree in Structural Engineering from Delhi Collage of Engineering and has spent more than 45 year in the field of Bridge Engineering. He is a member Im. | of Several codal committees of both IRC and BIS. He was associated with drafting of IRC: 112. Has published papers in Highway Journal, Indian Highways and Bridge and Structural Engineer. requires Interface shear due to concrete cast at different times, interface shear between flange and web and the punching shear are also to be checked. The design verification has to be carried out under Ultimate Limit State only. Designed shear reinforcement shall be based on truss analysis. ‘Though it may not be possible to cover the entire gamut of shear analysis given in the code, an attempt will be made to cover the flexural shear design in reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete beams in this paper. The fundamental approach of the code is that the shear resistance of concrete is assumed to be lost when the concrete is cracked. Hence the relief due to concrete has to be neglected and the shear reinforcement needs to be provided to resist the full shear. IRC:112 shall be referred to for the equations mentioned in this paper. 2. Design of Flexural RCC Members for Shear Shear capacity of members is dependent on the tensile strength of conorete. However the shear capacity of a member using M60 or higher grades of concrete shall be limited to M60 grade conerete only. Adoption of higher grades of concrete leads to slender web, thus increasing the height to thickness ratio giving rise to significantly high second order moment leading to failure of web at a lesser shear force The Bridge and Structural Engineerthan predicated by the code, The formula given in the code assumes failure by uniform crushing of concrete and not by buckling. Hence in order to avoid this situation, this restriction has been placed through an amendment to the code. 2.1 Members not requiring shear reinforcement 2.1.1 Membersubjected to uniformly distributed load The shear force to be considered is the shear force acting on the section without considering the relief offered by the forces generated due to chord inclinations if top and bottom surfaces are inclined. This holds good even when the structure is subjected to concentrated load also. The nearest section closest to the support can be taken at d and the applied shear force can be worked out. The shear capacity of section without shear reinforcement given by codal ‘equation 10.1 is Vode = [0.12K( BO pf)? + 0.15 oa] byd (1) but 0.12k(80p,f,,)°5 shall not taken less than 0.031 K3/? fy? Neo ep = A Dut liited to 02g k=t+ 200 <20 Al =< <0.02 he For notations code shall be referred to. The longitudinal reinforcement A,, shall have to be extended beyond the section by a distance /,,, +d. Where /,., the anchorage length and d is the effective depth of section. The above equation given for calculating shear capacity is empirical only. The Bridge and Structural Engineer Shear strength depends upon the tensile strength of concrete which in tum depends upon the compressive strength of concrete to the power 1/3, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and depth of section. The longitudinal reinforcement contributes to the shear resistance in two ways viz bydowel action and controlling the crack width which will influence the amount of shear that can be transferred across the cracks by aggregate interlock. Shear strength increases with increase in reinforcement ratio but the rate of such increase reduces, as the reinforcement ratio increases. Sectional depth also plays significant role on the shear strength which is called size effect, particularly for shallow depth members such as slabs. It shall be ensured that the shear capacity arrived by using codal Equation 10.1 shall be greater than the applied shear in order to avoid the shear reinforcement. However the minimum. shear reinforcement as per clause 16.5.2 shall be provided in beams. In case of slabs the same can be dispensed with due to transverse dispersion of loads. It is pointed out the stabs designed based on effective width need not be checked for flexural shear. In addition to above checks the strut capacity in compression against crushing of strut also to be checked as per equation 10.5 both at support and also where the section changes, which means any change in b,,d values. 21.2 Members subjected to uniformly distributed load and concentrated loads In order to calculate the effects of concentrated load, clause 10.3.2(5) hastobe followed, However this clause is not suitable when the structure is subjected to multiple concentrated loads, moving loads, indirect and distributed loads. In bridges, we encounter mostly moving loads along with uniformly distributed load. A procedure will be suggested to tackle this situation. Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 59There are contradictions between clauses 10.3.2 (5), 10.3.3.3 (7) and clause 10.2.2.1. These are explained in the following table. Table No. 1 Comparison of clauses 10.2.2.1, 10.3.2(5) and 10.3.3.3(7). Design | As per clause | As per clause consideration) —10.2.2.1 | 10.3.2(5) and 10.3.3.3(7) Section to be |'d’ away from |'0.5d away from considered | support support because or arriving ihe first moving | at the shear load can occur reinforcement at‘0.5¢" and this load has to be included in computation of shear Loads tobe | When the loads | When the loads | considered for | are placed are placed shear when | between d between 0.5d the loads are [and 2.5¢ and d the shear placed closer |from support shall be reduced tothe support |coresponding | byB" factor to angle 0 = 45° | for arriving and 21.8", the Jat the shear load is assumed | reinforcement. tobe transferred to support directly through compressive | strut and | these loads | shall not be considered for arriving at shear reinforcement It Is suggested that the requirement as per clause 10.3.2 (5) and clause 10.3.3.3 (7) may be followed. Next question comes how to take care of the moving load occurring at different sections and also it is possible that there can be more than one concentrated load within the section 2d and loads also will occur beyond 2d at the same time. In order to take care of these loads the following procedure is suggested. (a) Workout the support reaction and shear at various sections due to dead load (b) It is assumed that there are three concentrated loads within a distance of 2d 60 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 (c) (@) fe) (fh (a) th) i) a located at a distance of 0.Sd, d and 1.5d. Any load ocourring between the support and 0.5d the same may be considered to act at 0.8d. Place the first concentrated load W, at 0.5d, W, will occur at d and W, will ocour at 1.5d. The B,, B, and B, factor will be 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75. Shear at section 0.5¢ (eft of section) Vep = V shear due to dead load + 8, (shear due to load (W,) +B, (shear due to load W,) + B,(shear due to load (W,) + shear due fo loads beyond 2. The shear worked out in the above step (d) should satisfy equation 10.1. Calculate the support reaction without introducing B factor and the support shear shall satisfy equation 10.5 for crushing of strut If there is a reduction in cross section within 2d or outside 2¢ this section shall also be checked against equation 10.1 and 10.5. Repeat the calculation by moving and placing the load W, at d and W, at 1.5 d and W, at 2d for cheoking the section d When the loads reach section 2d, and beyond 2d, the reduction factor need not to be applied and the shear shall be checked against equation 10.1. If the sections are able to satisfy equation 10.1, then no shear reinforcement is required to be provided. The support and the reduced sections are also able to satisfy equation 10.5 for crushing of strut, it can be concluded that the sections need no revision and is deemed to be safe in shear without shear reinforcement. However the beams are to be provided with minimum shear reinforcement and the same will be dispensed with in slabs. The Bridge and Structural EngineerThe force transfer by truss and arch action can be explained by the following diagram. Fig. 1(b): Force Transfer by “truss action” ‘| pomininmanin | Fig. 1(0): Transfer of forces by combined “direct arch action” and “truss action 2.2 Members requiring Designed Shear Reinforcement 2.2.1 Design Method Sections that are not able to satisfy equation 10.1, designed shear reinforcement needs to be provided. The codal equations 10.7, and 10.8 are arrived based on truss modal as shown in fig 10.2 (a) of code. The value @ for compression strut can vary between 21.8° and 45°. Hence the analysis is called variable angle method. Earlier 45° used to be assumed for the strut, hence it was called as fixed angle method Taking @ as the maximum strut angle permitted The Bridge and Structural Engineer the maximum capacity of the strut against crushing of concrete is obtained, Referring to equation 10.8. hey Vfog Maximum permissible shear stress = Gotg 4 tand fe fg P v=06 ii fg 0.485 for 0 = 45° (cot 0 + tan 0) =2 Maximum permissible shear stress agg xv x ASF 225 chan fog 2) In any Veo y section if the applied shear stress 5 is greater than 0.225 a,,, vf, then the section needs to be redesigned either by changing the bredth or sectional depth or the grade of concrete. The minimum capacity of strut can be worked out by taking @ = 21.8° Minimum shear stress for 8 = 21.8° to be considered in design av x 0.45 fy (2.5+0.4) eV fo = elles 0.155 cy fa (cota + tand) Pout lal (3) For any section if the applied shear stress works ‘out to be lesser than minimum shear stress,even, then the structure shall be designed for this minimum shear stress assuming @ = 21.8°. ‘Assumption of angle lower than this angle is not permitted. In case if the section registers shear stress lower than this value it shows that the section is over dimensioned from shear consideration. This can happen when the section is arrived from flexural consideration. If is on the lower side, the shear reinforcement will work out to below the concrete capacity also will be low and the additional longitudinal reinforcement required as per Equation 10.16 will be high. If happens to be on the higher side exactly the reverse will happen. If the assumption 6 = 21.8 satisfies the equation 10.8 for strut capacity, then assume 6 = 21.8" in equation 10.7 and evaluate the shear reinforcement. Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 61Alternative solution is the angle @ can be exactly worked out for the shear stress applied. | Applied shear stress @=0.5sin [ O225 oh, (4) Having decided the angle of strut, the equation 10.7 can be used to estimate the shear reinforcement. If thete is no axial force on the structure the a,,, shall be taken as 1.0. If there is anaxial force (like in case of pier, prestress in section) then «,, shall be calculated. The designers need not get confused for assumption of the angle by adopting the above method, It shall be noticed that angle @ will be varying from section to section. The entire calculation procedure in the form of a flow chart. represented Fig. 2: Flow diagram for design shear reinforcement in RCC beam 2.2.2 Maximum shear reinforcement in a section Maximum shear reinforcement that can be provided in @ section can be worked out when shear capacity of concrete is equal to shear capacity of reinforcement. At 45° maximum shear capacity of the section is mobilized. Substituting 6 = 45° in Equ. 10.8. Note v, Vase = eet be eMedia by (6) As the capacity due to reinforcement shall not exceed the capacity provided by concrete. Equating both these expressions Asy 1 Zhu $5 ow sft Bo A; 1 hus 55 Cows fe Betas $5 Aon fe ©) This is the codal equation 10.10 for maximum effective cross sectional area of the reinforcement for © = 45°. In the design calculation when the 62 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 shear reinforcement is provided and the LHS of the above expression works out to be more than RHS, it can be concludedconerete capacity is inadequate and section needs revision. 2.2.3 Members with inclined shear reinforcement When inclined shear reinforcement is provided, the procedure to be adopted issame as adopted forverticalreinforcementexceptthatthe inclination of shear stirrups wil enter into the calculation and the codal equation 10.11 and 10.12 shall be used. It should be kept in mind that the minimum angle of inclination of stirrups cannot be jess than 45° with the horizontal and 50% of total shear reinforcement requirement can only be provided by bent up bars. 2.2.4 Additional tensile reinforcement. The additional tensile force /,, in the longitudinal reinforcementdue to shear V;yshallbe calculated from fq = 0.5 Ve (cot 0 cot a), If angle © becomes steeper, this additional reinforcement will be less whereas the shear reinforcement will increase. If 8 chosen is on lowerside then the additional tensile stee! will be more and the shear stee! will be less. This steel will be provided over and above the requirement of flexural steel. However the total flexural reinforcement shall not exceed the steel requiredfor maximum bending moment. \ (ie) (Me fy , Should not be greater than Mep max Zz Alternatively this additionalsteel can bedispensed with if shift rule is followed as per clause 16.5.1.3 (9) of IRC 112. 2.2.5 Members loaded with concentrated loads and sections within 2d The code requires the section to be considered for arriving at the designed shear reinforcement based on the shear force acting at a distance of d away from support and for checking the crushing of concrete the shear acting at the face of the support (clause 10.2.2.1). In case of indirect The Bridge and Structural Engineer j | |} | FLOW DIAGRAM FOR RCC BEAMS Determine the applied shear stress v,,~ V,,/ D7 | I | | ; | { | | Estimate the maximum allowable shear stress 0.225 v f x | | i | | for strut angle corresponding to 0=45° I N@ Redesign the section vyes No| _ Determine 0 + | 00.5 sin'[v,, /0.225 v f 4] | a ra 3 | Take 6 yes Take Determined 8 =21.8° Calculate area of reinforcement: A,,,/S= Shear stress x b LF £08 8 Estimate Minimum shear reinforcement: Eq 16.5 Ensure spacing Limitation for vertical shear reinforcement: Eq 16.6 Note :v is 0.6 ( 1-fq/ 310) and f yys= 0.87 £ yx The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 63.support, both shall be checked at the face of the support. Clause 10.2.2.1 is contradicting clause 10.3.3.2(7) as explained before. When the concentrated loads are placed between 0.5d and 2d from the support, shear due to these loads have to be reduced by a factor 8 and cannot be ignored, Hence the nearest section to the support section will tum out to bed/2 and not d. Contradiction between the clauses are shown in table 1. These contradictions have to be resolved by the codal committee. Basically clauses 10.3.2 (5) and 10.3.3.2 (7) are not suitable for moving loads as it happens in bridges and is more suited for single concentrated static load. In order to comply with the provision of this clause, the procedure for computation of shear at a section will be outlined. Keeping aside these contradictions and considering section at 0.5d and also shear reduced by B factor, this section will be presented. It is possible to comply with subsection (7) of 10.3.3.3 when there is only one concentrated load and that is also it has to be static. Normally bridges are subjected to moving concentrated loads, Also more than one concentrated load will occur within 2a, It shall be kept in mind that loads will occur beyond ‘2d! also at the same time. This will make the analysis very complicated. Hence the reinforcement from both these loads i.e. for loads between support and ‘2d’ and loads placed beyond ‘2d! have to be added and provided, For loads within ‘2d’ codal equation 10.17 shall be used. For loads beyond ‘2d’ Eq. 10.7 shall be used by taking @ as 45°. Reason for assuming @ as 45° shall be explained later on. Any load ‘ocourring between support and ‘0.64’. shall be treated to be located at 0.64. For sections beyond ‘2d’, (The loads also will occur beyond '2c’) the variable strut angle method as described in previous section shall be followed. The code stipulates that the shear reinforcement for the concentrated load within ‘2d’ shall be provided within @ distance of 0.75a, where a, is the distance between the support and the load as shown in fig 10.6 of code. The reason for this, it has been found experimentally that the shear reinforcements provided closer to the support and to the applied load do not yield. Hence this restriction has been placed.Shear 64 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 reinforcement required for loads placed beyond "2d! for sections within '2¢’, this restriction need not be applied It may be noticed that crushing of strut shall be checked for sections within ‘2d’ when the loads are placed within ‘2d’ as per equation 10.5 of the code. However loads also occur beyond 2d. Similarly the shear stress has to be computed from both these group of loads and checked. If we look at Eq. at 10.5 and 10.8 and if 0 is substituted as 45° in Eq. 10.8 and z replaced by ‘d’ Eq. 10.5 is obtained. This gives @ clue that for section between the support and 2d, the @ value has been assumed, as 45° only, Hence the Eq.10.5 assumes the strut angle to be as 45°. By assuming a different strut angle in Eq. 10.8, for loads located beyond 2d and Eq. 10.5 for loads within 2d the two struts will have two different stress flelds for the sections within 2d and hence the results cannot be superposed. The code is silent in this respect. For this reason for sections within 2d, the @ value has also to be assumed as 45° for loads located beyond 2d in equations 10.7 and 10.8, When the loads are placed beyond 2d, and the sections are also beyond 2d the strut capacity as per varying strut angle method using equation 10.8 shall be used. A simple procedure for arriving at the shear reinforcement for sections between support and 2d when the loads are occurring within 2d and also beyond 2d at the same time is explained below. The dead load shear effects shall be computed and added to the live load shear effects as shown below. Following procedure may be adopted to arrive at the shear reinforcement for sections within 2d due to live loads. a, Choose the sections between ‘ "2d' starting from 0.8d. b. For explanation purpose it is assumed that there are three concentrated loads viz w,, w, and w, occurring between ‘0.5d’and ‘2d at distances of a,,, a2 and a,, at ‘0.5d’, ‘a’ and ‘1.7d’, respectively from the support. Reduction factors to be used for loads will be B, = (0.5d/ 2d = 0.25); B, = (d/2d=0.5) and f, = (1.7d / 2d = 0.85), respectively. The reduction factor is not applicable if loads are not acting from upper side of member, like suspended loads, load from supported beam etc, .5d' and The Bridge and Structural Engineer aoe©. Place w, at a,, and workout the shear at support and the reinforcement between support and ay, by using Eq. 10.17. This reinforcement is to be provided within a distanceof0.75a,, betweenloadandsupport. For convenience if the reinforcement is divided by 0.75, then the total reinforcement In the zone a,, can be obtained. d. Reduction factor shall be used to reduce this shear reinforcement. Let this be Ayys. fe. Next place w, at ap. Repeat steps o and d and arrive at the reinforcement to be provided within a distance of a,p. Let this be Asa: f. Similarly keep load w, at a, and repeat the calculation. Reinforcement to be provided within a distance a,, can be worked out, Let it be A,,s. Effects for each of these loads are to be evaluated separately. g. Consider loads beyond ‘2d’ and arrive at the reinforcement to be provided between support and distance a,, using support shear assuming @ = 45° in Eq. 10.7. No reduction factors are to be used to arrive at the shear reinforcement due to these loads. Let this reinforcement be Agu. Shear force / a, Aya = Ses f2/ Ba Pare The dead load shear reinforcement can be added to these live load shears. force a Maus Be se eee! | yd h. Add the shear reinforcements arrived in steps d, e, f and g as shown below. Arrive at the total reinforcement to be provided in zone a,;. In zone a,, the reinforcement will be Aart fe xa, + fos av; + Agua + Agus i. Repeat the above calculations for other sections between ‘0.6d’ and ‘2d’ by placing the leading concentrated load at the chosen sections viz ‘d’, '1.5d’ and '2d' (for reinforcements between ‘d’ and ‘2d’) and arrive at the reinforcement. If ‘2d’ distance is not significant, reinforcement provided from the support within ‘0.5d’ can be The Bridge and Structural Engineer continued upto '2d' to make it simple. When the process is repeated for section ‘d’ and reinforcement is arrived, the reinforcement artived from support to ‘0.5d!’ section would be governed by earlier calculation as the shear at section would be severe by earlier placement of load. By placing the load at d the analysis would cover the region between 0.5d and d. Further analysis can cover sections between d and 1.5d and 1.5d to 2d left, j. The shear force also shall be arrived at all these sections without using reduction factor and the capacity of conorete shall be checked as per Eq. 10.5 of the Code. However the problem will arise as this shear has to be combined with the shear due to loads placed beyond 2d. For checking the crushing of strut due to loads between ‘support and 2d and beyond 2d the following procedure may be adopted, (1) Estimate the shear force Vzp, due to loads placed within 2d without applying the reduction factor B and the shear stress ves (2) Estimate the shear force Vep, due to loads placed beyond 2d and the shear stress Yeo yz (3) Estimate the shear force Vep, due to dead load = Yeo. yz (4) Add the shear stress arrived in step 4, 2and 3. Combined shear stress = Yeo , Veoa , Veo. (7) Dud * by2 * byz which should be less than 0.8v fone wants to simplify the calculation forchecking the crushing of concrete calculate the total shear force and caloulate the allowable shear force by adopting 0.5 b,z v f,y by replacing the d, by z in Eq. 10.5 and compare. This will simplify the elaborate calculation. It shall be kept in mind that for loads beyond 24, the angle @ has been assumed as 45°. Under this condition only both struts effects can be superposed. Hence while arriving at shear reinforcement for loads beyond Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 652d using equation 10.7, 6 to be taken as 45°, k. Forsections beyond ‘2d’, Eq. 10.7 and 10.8 of the Code, shall be used and the sections shall be designed |, If there is a reduction in concrete cross section anywhere within the structure the reduced section also be checked. 2.2.6 Computation of lever arm In the code it has been mentioned to use lever arm of 0.9d. This is only valid for beams with flanges of (T beams). The lever arm 0.9d is not applicable in the following cases. (1) Circular sections. (2) Beams without flanges (ie.) rectangular beams. (3) Beams of varying width. (4) Cross section having axial forces. (8) Prestressed concrete beams, For circular section it shall be taken as 0.9d, 2k, where d,=r+2 where r is the radius of circular, section and r, is the radius of longitudinal reinforcement disturbed in a circle. In other cases after compieting the flexural analysis the internal lever arm shall be worked out and the same be taken as z for arriving at the shear reinforcement. This is a conservative method. Another approach can be followed by using truss analysis when reinforcement is yielding for arriving at the z value. Calculate the forces in steel and arrive at the depth of compression chord, The distance between the CG of the compression chord and the reinforcement will give the required lever arm distance. This will be explained by taking two ‘examples. 2.2.7 Examples to evaluate lever arm. (a) Example 1 Grade of concrete = M45 Grade of steel fe = 500 Cover = 50 mm, Bar dia = 20 mm, 66 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 Depth = 250 mm, Bredth = 1000 mm, Ast provide d = 20.65 om? day 190 mm From truss analysis the depth of compression chord assuming reinforcement is yielding 2065. 7 4545x1000 *438m™ Lever arm 190 - a 167.83 mm (0.88d) 0.88d close to 0.9d because the width of compression flange is wide. (b) Example 2 Concrete grade = M45 for beam, B= 500 mm, D = 1000 mm dq = 950 mm, Ast = 10965 mm? From truss analysis depth of compression chord 10965 500 eee te . 0.45 x 45 x 500, con Lever arm = 950 i 12.5 mm (0.75d) Thus it can be seen that 0.9d will not always hold good. In the first case it is close to 0.9d as the section is not a balanced section and having a wide flange. In the second case the NA axis, depth is 0.617d from flexural analysis which is a balanced section and also having no flange. For rectangular section having no flange to assume 0.9d is un-conservative. Hence the designer is advised to follow the lever arm obtained from the flexural analysis. Similarly for beams of varying width and for members having axial forces the lever arm shall be worked out. For prestressed concrete section it will be dealt in the next section. 2.2.8 Check for shear both by IRC: 112 and IRC: 21 1 Flanged beam Section £ 8 Mix grade M35 Reinforcement 415 Breadth of web 0.32 m, eek eON ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer6. Depth of section 1.7 m. 7. _ Effective depth 1.6 M. 8. Shear due to seff weight 24.70t 9. Shear due to crash barrier and footpath = 8t ot 10. Shear due to wearing coat = 14, Shear due to carriageway live load = 28.4t 12, Shear due to Footpath live load = 3.4t. 13. Total shear force for IRC 21 computation = 68.5. Ultimate shear forceas per IRC: 112 = 1.35 x 24.7 + 1.358 +1.75x4 + 1.50 x 28.4 + 1.15% 3.4 = 98t. (2) Analysis as per IRC: 112 98x 104 3200.9 «4600 um permissible shear stress with @ = 45° = o225%25~06|1- 25] 310. 4.19 Nimm? > 2.13N/mm? Shear stress = =2.13Nimm? Mai 0 Section need not be revised. Minimum shear stress with 0=21.8=0. 195«95x06[1- 24] -2886N/ma 310. ® cannot be assumed less than 21.8°. Shear reinforcement required as per Equ. 10.7 assuming 6 = 21.8°. 82x10" o754mn? mn 0.91600 xcot21.8% 7 18 Provide 2 legged stirrups 8 mm dia at 130 mmeic. (b) Analysis as per IRC 21 Shear stress _ 68.5x104 3201600 Section needs no revision. =1.33Nimm? <2.3 Nimm? For provided longitudinal reinforcement allowable shear stress = 0.44 Nimm? Net shear force = 68.5 ~ 44 x 0.32 x 1.6 = 46.0t Boy 48x 10* Tan = = 1.4375mm7)mm s 200%1600 The Bridge and Structural Engineer Provide 2 legged strips 10 mm dia @110 mmole ‘Thus it can be seen that the saving in shear steel is obtained when the limit state code is adopted. The main factor is the cot 6 which reduces the reinforcement, In order to show the estimation of strut angle in the same problem let us increase the live load reaction to 70t, (c) For IRC: 112 Computation. Additional ultimate shear 1.50 (70 ~ 28.4) + 98 = 160t The shear stress 160x104 Soa = 2 Z = 390x09%1600 3.47 Nimm? < 4.19 Nimm’ > 2.886Nimm? No revision of section is required. As it exceeds the minimum strut angle concrete capacity, the angle has to be found out. A Strut angle 0 = 0.5 sin' [4] = 27.95, Using @ = 27.95° in Eq.10.8 Vv 3 Ra max=1.0%32000.9:1600%0. ¢: = 10. 04635 (cot27.95+tan27.95) 19° 15.75 (788+ 0.530) Applied shear 1600 KN. The formula forestimation of angle is justified. = 460800 0.532 1602KN Anyangle assumedbelowthis valuewillnotsatisty the requirement forcrushing of concrete. Hence the estimation of correct angle is important. Aaw 1600x10* s 415 1.637 meni 0.91600 #12 «1.88 1.15 Required reinforcement 2 legged stirrups 10 mm. dia at 95 mmole (d) Checking by IRC: 21 shear force = 111,0t g = 111x108 320%4600 2.46Nimm? < 2.33N/mm? shear stres: Section needs no revision. Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 67Net shear force will be = 87.61 Aay _ 88.0x 104 S ~ 200«1600 Required reinforcement = 2 legged stirrups 10 mm dia at 57 mmelc =2.75mm7imm Summarizing the results Table 2: Comparison of reinforcements Shear for | Ultimate Reinforcement | Reinforcement working | shear | required as por | required as per | _ stross Re: 112 IRC: 24 method int 68.50 90 | : | Forchocking |980 0.754 metinm | 1.4375 mm? concrete 2L8 mm @ 130 | mmto 46.0 for artving oe 21-10 ren alshear @r0e reinforcement 1110 160 : Forchocking 160 |1.637 mme/mm |2.78 mim concrete AAOmmaS | 2-10 mm @S7 88,0 for anving awn cle mate at shoar reinforcement Thus the shear reinforcement works out to be lesser when the design is carried out as per IRC 112. If the shear design is not governed by mandatory minimum strut angle then the reduction in shear reinforcement will be around 40%. 2.2.9 Prestressed concrete sections 2.2.9.1 Design Philosophy There will be three distinct sections in prestressed conerete structures, a) Sections where no tensile stress is developed (i¢) whole section is in compression, b) Sections which ere un-cracked where flexural tensile stress under maximum bending moments less than fayccs!Y ©) Cracked sections. The code is silent about the sections covered in (a) regarding the design of shear reinforcement. However solution will be suggested. In case of section covered under (b) the principal tensile stress has tobe restricted to f,y.o5/Y,andthe shear capacity shall be worked out. When the section is cracked it shall be treated as a RCC section 68 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 and the shear reinforcement will be calculated as described earlier. When the shear force applied is more than the capacity of the section (for un-cracked section} this would amount to the incipal tension exceeding the permissible limit. Under this circumstance also the section shall be deemed to have cracked and the analysis shall be carried out as a R.C.C section. While calculating the shear reinforcement, the increase in prestressing force at ultimate state can be made use of, As flexural analysis generally gets completed before the shear analysis, the force in the cable is known, The force in the cable after losses is also known once the serviceability limit state check is carried out. The difference in the force between the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state is available for resisting the shear. This can be taken as resisting force which can be added to the capacity and shear reinforcement can be provided accordingly. This procedure will achieve the compatibility between flexural analysis and shear analysis. The force in the cable after accountingforall losses has already been included while calculating the shear force. The web width for the calculation shall be assumed as follows: (1) For grouted metal ducts where outer diameter of duct ¢ is greater than b,/8 then by for design = b, ~ 0.5 26 When 4 is less than b,/8 the b,, for design =b, (2) For plastic ducts and for ungrounded metal ducts b,, design = b,, ~ 1.25 Eo. 2.2.9.2 Design concrete sections procedure for prestressed a) _ In case of simply supported beams, some sections close to the support will be in total compression under prestress and external Moment. There is no guidance in this code as well as in Eurocode for designing this section. It appears following amendment is proposed to be issued for the Eurocode by the authorities. Sections which are under full compression underrelevantmomentand the compressive The Bridge and Structural Engineer tforce in the less compressive chord is at least equal to fy 4 compressive force in web the lever arm shall be taken as 0.9 times of total depth. ‘Mg can be arrived from Eq. 10.16 of code by taking @as 45° as the section is closer to the support the failure plane will be steeper. b) _ Insections which are un-cracked where the tensile stress induced in the section under prestress and extemal moment is less than Faycog/tm the section is deemed to have un- cracked and the shear capacity may be asin Sie nnn 6G. Compesite. SS. ate Precast, Bes (@) Section (0 Sbeor ses ve tetonds on precast, ‘erm alone estimated at the centroidal axis by using the following formula. Vado = 2 a + hepa ®) If the section is not at the centroidal axis, then the equation to be applied is. Pe Maa “ade *Srenig) —(@) When cening is the bending stress af that section due to prestress and other external loads under ultimate loads. For the symbols the code may be referred to. One of the common case is the analysis. of shear in precast beams with cast institute deck ‘slab which is not covered by the code. The shear capacity can be analyzed at the CG axis of the composite section Verde = (Tosa shear sess 2 Shear sess de to ‘saisous! loads oa ‘omerite beam Fig. 3: Distribution of Shear Stress in Composite Beams Let V,1 is the shear force due to weight of precast beam alone acting on the precast section. A Shear stress t, ok i | (10) “b’ is breadth of precast Bear Aye is the area of precast beam above the CG of composite section. pe is the distance between CG of A,, and the CG of composite section Jo is moment of inertia of precast section. ‘The additional shear that can be applied on the composite section is 'b Von = aez Wiets + fas Ts) Tis the moment of inertia of composite section. A, is the area of composite section above the CG of composite section. The Bridge and Structural Engineer is the distance between CG of the area A, and the CG of composite section. iis the total compressive stress due to prestress and loads applied on the precast section (and also loads applied on the composite section in case, if the section other than CG is considered) with appropriate partial factors at the composite section centroid. Capacity of section = V,, + Vig If the shear capacity works out to be more than applied shear then the section is considered safe and no designed shear reinforcement need to be provided. However minimum shear reinforcement as per relevant clause shall be provided. If the applied shear force is more than the capacity of the section then the principal tension would exceed fex.o¢/7m and consequently the concrete looses it's strength to carry shear and hence the section has to be provided with shear reinforcement as per cracked section. Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 69This formula has the following restrictions. 1) This formula shall not be applied for continuous structures. 2) B factor for reduction of concentrated load shall not be used for calculating the shear force to check against this equation, 3) Where the variation of width occurs, the formula has to be modified suitably. 4) This formula is applicable for checking the capacity at centroidal axis. For sections other than centroidal axis the width has to be taken accordingly. 5) Calculation of shear resistance is not required for sections falling between the support and the section which contains the intersection of elastic centroidal axis and line inclined from the inner edge of the support at angle of 45° ¢) For cracked section the design shall be carried out as out lined in the design of RCC Beams. For cracked sections within 2d subjected to concentrated load the procedure as out lined earlier shall be used for artiving at the shear reinforcement and the concrete strut capacity shall be checked against the permissible stress Of 0.5 Gey VF. For cracked sections beyond 2d the strut capacity shall be calculated using factor a, in the equation 10.8 and for arriving at the shear requirement equation 10.7 shall be used. A flow diagram showing the steps are shown below Fig. 10.4. In continuous structures, the span region, region around intermediate supports would crack and the cracked section analysis shall be followed. Closer to the end support, sections would not crack. Hence the method outlined when the whole section is in compression can be followed. Adjacent to this section, the section would generate tensile stress but within fuxos/yn and it can be treated as uncracked section. Only area around contra flexure sections where there is a possibilty of all the three situations can arise and the respective method as indicated can be followed. Further in case of continuous structures if the section experiences both hogging and sagging moments, both situations have to be examined along with the associated shear as the effective 70 Volume 44 | Number2 | June 2014 depth to the prestressing steel would vary for both these situations leading to the change in lever arm distance. The higher shear reinforcement out of the two situations has to be provided. 2.2.9.3 Estimation of lever arm z The value z = 0.9d given for RCC section will not hold good and shall not be used for prestressed sections. From the flexural analysis, the lever arm arrived can be used in the calculation. In simply supported beam there will be three regions. The sections which are fully in compression, z can be taken as 0.9h where h is the depth of section but subject to the condition mentioned earlier. Wheretensile stress in the section is less than the limiting value the lever arm will not be required and minimum shear reinforcement is only to be provided. For the cracked section, CG of prestressing steel shall be worked out. The CG of the compressive stress block shall be worked out. The Distance between the two CG's will give the lever arm. 2.2.9.4 Additionaltensile force in the prestressing steel due to shear The spare capacity available in prestressing steel can be used to carry this additional tensile force arising out of shear. If the cable is drapped the inclination has to be taken into account. However if it is decided to carry this additional longitudinal force both by un-tensioned steel and prestressing steel, located at different heights the force shall be allocated in each of these reinforcement in the same ratio of their respective original forces arrived in the flexural analysis. This procedure will maintain the same lever arm arrived during the flexural analysis. However additional longitudinal reinforcement can be provided to take care of this longitudinal force arising out of shear. As this reinforcement will be located below the prestressing steel, the lever arm will be lowered. This increase in lever arm can be omitted in the analysis and conservatively the prestressing steel only can be utilized for flexural and shear analysis. 2.2.9.5 Worked out example Example of Prestressed Box Design for Shear: Span of box 31.00M, Grade of Concrate M40, Loading class 70R or Two lane of class A. Prestressing, 10 cables of 19 T 13 and 2 cable, of 12 T 13.Cross section of box shown below, The Bridge and Structural Engineer: FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PRES GET] Eimate he Towural onside siress ‘Under Maximum BM. Yes No, The section is ‘The section is uncracked cracked Estimate the shear capacity [Estimate the shear capacity i Using Equation 10.4 Using Equation 10.1 ‘is this capacity of No iguthedcar] _No fs this capacity of section > Applied Max >— PalEotecenimeor ete section > Applied Max shear cinforcement shear [Yes Yes Provied minimum Provied minimum Reinforeement Reinforcement Estimate applied shear stress Mag! Pak Ensure spacing Linfation Ensure pacing Limitation Equation 16.6 Equation 16.6 [Estimate che Maximum Allowable shear {This route does not sitess= 00225 vf a happen in PSC beams) Tepid ax sear sets? he Tmaaimum allowable ‘heat srest Revise the section v= 06(1- £8) Yes Is applied shear stress Determine 8=0.5 sin” Take @= 21.8" ‘Shear reinforcement A, /S= Shear stress xb,/f,p01 8 Sa O87 fy Estimate Minimum sh | sure spaci Telnforcement’ Bq 163 Equation 16.6 Fig. 4: Flow diagram for design shear reinforcement in prestressed beam The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014ef £1 ry Fig. 5: Cross Section of the Box Girder The following are the Design Parameters: Allowable tensile stress f,, = Section 1-1 22 33 4A Support | 0.9D us ua Distance in mm from ° 18 3.88 115 11.63 155 support Cross sectional area of | 6.90 6.90 6.90 5.38 514 5.14 box m? CG of Section form 1.09 4.09 1.09 12 1.22 1.22 bottom i'm Cable force after all 20784 21040 21400 21838 22136 22192 losses in KN Cable ecoenticity from | 0.32 05 0.62 0.83 09 0.91 CG of section in’ m Average compressive 3012 3049 3101 4059 4307 4318 stress P/A in kN/m? Zm? 4.16 446 4.16 3.99 3.96 3.96 Zym? 35 35 35 2.68 2.52 2.52 P Pe 144 0.52 -0.09 0.48 “0.72 0.78 az Top fiber stress due to prestress in MPa P Pe 491 6.05 6.89 10.82 12.24 1233, wz Bottom fiber stress due to prestress, in MPa 1 = Moment of inertia 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.24 3.08 3.08 in mt Ultimate shear force in | 5640 5000 4100 3150 1750 620 kN vertical component of 1825 1472 898 365 o 0 prestress force in kN Net shear force in kN 3815 3628 3202 2785 1750 620 72 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 The Bridge and Structural Engineer ae i | Bisa: eeSection pas | aa “85 us ua 3ue Utiate moment in 1ge0s | 31720 | 38700 kNm Stress atbottom due to | 0 2685 5316 11836 | 15357 | 16928 moment kNim? 2.69 5.32 11.84 184 16.32 in MPa Resultant Stress due 491 3.36 187 =1.02 39 “3.99 to prestress effect and applied moment in MPa Comparing with uncracked | Uneracked | Uncracked | Uncracked | Cracked | Cracked allowable tensile stross of 1.4 MPa S=Ax=momentofthe | 2.416 24is | 2.418 1.95 1.88 1.88 area above CG about CG in m? Breadth of web by in| 2(600-0.5x| 1110 tio | 21938-05x| 2x300= | 600 mm 90) =1410 90) 586 600 face 1.746 1.746 1.746 0.964 0.988 0.983 Pe Ss _ | essales mene) 25 2495 2590 2764 Note: 6,, axial stress due to presiress at CG Shear capacity 4338 4366 4382 2664 La wenn Applied | Formula not applicable we Ves * Fp fo shearis | — section is cracked greater. hs Hence section is cracked Shear reinforcement | Not required Not required | Not required] Required Min tobe | Minto be | Minto be Provided | Provided Provided Sections not cracked but shear capacity is Jess than the applied shear, adequate shear reinforcement needs to be provided based on Eq. 10.8 If the section is cracked also shear reinforcement needs to be provided as the capacity of section to resist the shear without shear reinforcement will be virtually negligible due to absence of any appreciable amount of tensile reinforcement. The Bridge and Structural Engineer To calculate the shear reinforcement the most important parameter required is lever arm Z Which is obtained from bending analysis. Analyzing Section 4~4 Assuming the stress in the cable corresponding to the yield strain (Assumption steel yields) Force in 10 cables of 19113 = 0.87 x 3492 x 10 = 30380 KN Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 7302 cables of 12113 = 0.87 x 2205 x 2 = 3837 KN Total Tensile force = 34217 kN To balance this tensile force, the neutral axis will ‘occur at 0.18M for top Lever arm = 0.80 + 0.83 - .09 = 1.54 M. Note: all cables are provided in one row. Moment this force can resist = 34217 x 1.84 = 62694 kNm > 31720 kNm. Z= 1.6 M for ease of calculations Mean compressive stress at section 4 - 4 4059 kN/m? Max allowable stress 0.67 x 40000 _ 2 a = (te 4082, 7 17866 KNIm? gy =(1+ sane) 1.227 ogy = 1.23 0=45° Capacity at @ = 45° = 1.23 x 0.118 x 40000 x 2 x 0.293 x 1.6 = 5443 KN and with @ = 21.8 capacity = 3736 KN. Actual shear force at section 4-4 is 2785 kN 2785 Shear stress = —— = 2970 kN? 250.293%1.6 Asy 2.97293 Taki it 8 = 2.5, min —* = ————— See mS O87 «Ax 2.5 = 0.964 mm/imm, 10 @ 150 will give = 1.048 mm2imm For section 5.5 mean compressive stress = 4307 kNim? Allowable compressive stress 17866 KN/ 0-87 ,. 40000) 15 ep < 0.25 fixe Oem = (1 + 0.24) Max allowable shear force = 1.25 x 0.118 x 40000 x 2.x 0.30 x 1.6 = 5664 KN if 8 = 45° and with @ = 21.8 capacity = 1.25 x 0.081 x 40000 «2x 0.3 x 1.6 = 3888 KN Shear force at the section = 1750 kN 1750 2 tress = 170.1823 kNIm’ Shear stress = 5g Area of shear reinforcement As, __1.823x300 Ss 0.87x414x25 im? ( = 0.66 mm?/mm Adopting 2L10 @ 200 mm 2L reinforcement 0.7854 x2x100 200 Hence adopt 10 @ 200: in each web and provide same reinforcement in the next section 6 - 6 also. provided is = 0.785 mm?/mm, At other sections provide minimum reinforcement Minimum reinforcement O7eg 3000725 Abin y= Ste rere he a5 By examining the capacity at a point 350 mm below deck slab, 350 form top (below cantilever) = 0.329 mm/mm Prestress effect and Moment effect are shown below. Section 1-1 22 | 33 | 44 | 55 | 66 Effect of prestress in Nimmé at the above point 2.02 148 | 1.19 | 1.79 | 1.54 | 1.54 ‘Moment effect at the above point 0 +138 | +2.74 | +4.aa | 840 | 5.75 Total effect at the above point 202 | 286 | 287 | 593 | 6.94 | 7.86 1% Moment of area of Deck and Haunch aboutcG | 7.91 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 1.70 Tby 220 | 2.20 | 220 [7.086 | 1.087 | 7.087 s oe —— ee Sep hs | ine 2442 | 2746 | 9203 | 3417 | 3274 ie 4813kN | 5372 | 5976 | 3478 | Not applicable Be Io te TA Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 The Bridge and Structural EngineerThis section has more shear resisting capacity than at CG of section. Hence the designer has to check at other location on the cross section in case of doubt that capacity may work out to be less than the capacity at the CG of section. 23 Precast segmental with unbonded tendons construction In case of precast segmental construction with unbonded prestressing reinforcement in the tension chord at ultimate state, the joint would ‘open which means that the available depth for the compression field gets reduced to a value h reduced sectionas shown below. Flexural stress Figg cot 8 FFig. 6: Reduced Depth for Precast Segmental Construction From the flexural analysis h reduced should be found out. If h reduced works out to be less than 50% of the depth of section, the prestress shall be increased and the depth shall be brought back at least to 50% of the original depth. Once this is done fh reduced Veo =byvig (cotd + tana) Vep is the applied shear force. @ shall be evaluated and it shall not exceed 45°. If @ works out to be more than 45° prestress shall be further increased and consequently f reduced will increase so that @ reduces below 45°, Similarly if 6 works out to be lesser than 21.8° then @ shall be taken as 21.8°. The shear reinforcement shall be provided as per equation 10.9 of the code. Aaw Veo SW reduced fyy COLO (12) (13) This reinforcement shall be provided over a length of h reduced cot @ from both ends of the segments but limited to segmental length. The Bridge and Structural Engineer 2.4 Minimum reinforcement Minimum reinforcement need not be provided in case of slabs and shall be provided in beams, Minimum reinforcement ratio to be provided is 072 fix i (14) Pravin 3. Conclusions It can be seen that adoption of new code for leads to considerable economy. ing it may appear that the code is complicated. However after the publication of this article and explanatory handbook, the analysis for shear would become fairly simple. All the formulae given in the code have been derived in the explanatory handbook to be published by the Indian Road Congress. A couple of clauses in the code contradict each other as pointed out in the article. Itis expected that the committee would soon resolve these issues and remove all contradictions. In some areas the code is also silent. These areas also require attention. Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 75References Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges IRC: 112-2011 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures part 2 - Concrete Bridges. Designer's Guide to EN1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 2: 76 Volume 44 | Number 2 | June 2014 Conerete Bridges by CR. Hendy and DA ‘Smith Background to the fib model code 2010 Shear Provision - Part 1 Beams and Slabs Structural Concrete 14 (20B) No.3 by Viktor Sigrist, Evan Bentz, Miguel Fernaden Ruiz, Stephen Foster, AurelioMuttoni, The Bridge and Structural Engineer