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1 Introduction
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
01. Ans: (b) s I. L .T
f(t)
Fourier transform of x(t) is
X x t e jt dt
Slope=1
1
e at e jt dt
2
0 1 2 t
e dt
f(t) = r(t) – r(t – 1) – u(t – 2) at 2 jt
03. Ans: (a) 2
at
j 2
Sol: The convergence of Fourier transform is e e 2 a
4a
dt
along the j-axis in s-plane.
j
Let p a t
04. Ans: (a) 2 a
Sol: j dp a dt
2
j0 e 4a
X e dp
2
p
a
o
0
e
p2
dp
–j0
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3 Postal Coaching Solutions
2 10. Ans: (a)
e 4a
2Aa
X
F. T
Sol: f ( t ) A.e
a t
F( j)
a a 2
2
2
4a
X e 11. Ans: (d)
a Sol: m(t) = f(t) cos2t
Apply Fourier transform
07. Ans: (d) 1
M(f) = [F( 2) F( 2)]
Sol: The EFS expression of a periodic signal x(t) 2
F( – 2) F( + 2)
is x(t) = c
n
n e jn0 t
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Chapter 2
Amplitude Modulation
Carrier message
So, highest frequency component in the Tuned ckt
signal m(t) is 100 + 500 + 500 = 1100 = 1 MHz + 5 kHz
Gain = 0.5
BW = 2 1100
BW = 2200 Hz
S(t) = 0.8 10cos2106t
P(t) + 0.58cos25000tcos2106t
07. Ans: (a) 1
Sol: P(t) = u(t) u(t1) 4
= 8(1+ cos 25000t ) cos2106t
8
0 1
4 1
1 1 = = = 0.5
* 8 2
g(t) = P(t) *P(t) = 0.8
0 1 0 1
AC
=4
g(t) 2 A C 0.5 0.5
=0.5
4
fcfm fC fc+fm
=
0 1 2
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7 Postal Coaching Solutions
Amin = 5V |m(t)|max =1
= 0.1 b
2
A max A min a
=
A max A min 1 2 1
PSB PC PC PC
1 2 2 2
= = 0.33 2
3 b
1 2 1
2
A max A min a
AC =
2 b a
2 1 2
10 5 a b
= = 7.5 V
2
AC(1+)=AC + Ac 12. Ans: 0.125
10V = 7.5 + 2.5
Sol: s(t) = cos (2000t) + 4cos (2400t)
+ cos (2000t)
m(t) = 0 A
Here 4cos (2400t) is the carrier signal.
AC(1– ) = AC – AC cos (2000t) and cos (2000t) are the
5V = 7.5 2.5
sideband message signals.
1
Amplitude deviation AC = 7.5 = 2.5 V
3 42
Pc = =8W
2 = 0.1 Ac22 = 2.5 2
Ac2 = 25 V
Which must be added to attain = 17.5 1 1
Pm = =1W
2 2
11. Ans: (d) Pm 1
= 0.125
Sol: Modulation index Pc 8
= ka |m(t)|max
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3
Chapter Sideband Modulation Techniques
f = 3(2fm) = 12 kHz
2.4 5.5 8.6 11.8
f
= =6
fm
So, J02() is decreasing first, becoming zero
and then increasing so power is also behave
S(t) = 5.J
n
n (6) cos 2(f c nf m ) t
J2(6) = 0.2429 ;
2R 2(0.365) 2 2(0.391) 2
Pf c 4 f m A
2
= 41.17 Watts
? PT = c
PT 2R
08. Ans: (d)
A
2 J 2 ()
Pfc 4f C 0 J 2 () J 2 () J 2 () J 2 () A C2
2 1 2 3 4 Sol: Pt = (R =1)
m R 2R
AC2 J02 () 2 100
Pfc 4f J1 () J22 () J24 () = = 50 W
2
m R 2
Pf c 4 fm Power in components
0.2879 % Power = 100
0.5759 = 57.6 % total power
PT 1
2
41.17
07. Ans: (c) = 100
50
Sol: m(t) = 10cos20t = 82.35%
fm = 10 Hz
09. Ans: (d)
inserting correct signal and frequency Sol: In frequency modulation the spectrum
k f A m 5 10 contains fc nf1 mf2, where n & m =
= =5 0, 1, 2, 3………
fm 10
A C J 0 () 10. Ans: (c)
A C J1 ()
2 A C J 1 () Sol: Given fc = 1MHz
2
2 A J () fmax = fc + kf Am
C 2
A C J 2 ()
2 kp = 2 kf
2 A C J 3 ()
A C J 3 () kp
2 2 kf =
2 2
1
fC-3fm fC-2fm fC-fm fC fC+fm fC+2fm fC+3fm =
2
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12 Communication Systems
= 10 6 10 5 10 6 0.5 10 5
1
fi = fc f
2 = fc kf Am
10 5 10
6 4
= 100103 10103 (m(t))
= 10 3 50 10 3 = 110 kHz & 90 kHz
= (103 + 50) k 13. Ans: (c)
= 1050 kHz. Sol: S(t) = Ac cos (2fct + kpm(t))
fmin = fc −kf Am
1
1 d i(t)
= 10 6 10 5 fi i (t)
2 dt
2
= 1 d (2fct + kpm(t))
10 0.5 10
6 5
2 dt
10 6 5 10 4 = fc +
1 d
k p m( t )
2 dt
= 10 3 50 10 3 kp 1 kp
3 f max f c f 4 10 3
= (10 − 50) k 2 10
3 c
2
= 950 kHz 4
11. Ans: (d) 100 kHz 4 10 3
2
f
Sol: = 102 kHz
fm
1
f min f c k p
f 10 3
=
fm 4
f = fm = fc – 2 kHz
fmin = 98kHz
= kp Am fm
i(t) = 2 fi(t)dt
d
m( t )
i ( t ) 2[f c 2k (f m ) cos m t ]dt
2
dt
2
i(t) = 2fct + (2fm)2 k cos m t
m t
0 2 4
i(t) = ct + mk sin mt –4 –4
–4 –4
4.41
1000
R= fIf = 15 MHz
C min f
l min fL o = 3500 MHz
fs fLo = fIF
05. Ans: (a) fs = fLo + fIF = 3515 MHz
Sol: fs(range) = 88 - 108MHz fsi = image frequency = fs 2 fIF
Given condition fIF < fLO, fsi>108 MHz = 3515 215
fsi = fs + 2×IF = 3485 MHz
fsi > 108 MHz
fs + 2IF > 108 MHz
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Chapter 6
Random Variables & Noise
dx 1 SYY (f ) H(f ) S XX (f )
2
dy 1 y 2 H(f) = j2f
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16 Communication Systems
2
H (f ) 4 2 f 2 08. Ans: (b)
3
1 x2
3
SYY (f ) 4 2 f 2SXX (f ) Sol: E(X) = x.p( x )dx = 1
The Noise power at the output of the LPF is 1
4 2 1
10 3
1 x3
3
N o SYY (f )df E(X ) = x p( x )dx = 7/3
2 2
10
1
4 3 1
10
No 4 f 10 6 df 7 4
2 2
Var(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2 = 1
10 3 3
10
f
6
= 2 4 10 2 2
df
0 09. Ans: (d)
10 3 Sol: RXX(t1, t2) = E[X(t1)X(t2)]
= 2 4 2 10 6
3 = E[Acost1Acost2]
= cost1cost2 E[A2] [E [A2]= 1/3]
No = 0.0263W 1
= cost1cost2
3
fA(A)
06. Ans: (a)
Sol: Given,
SN(f)
PSD of Noise = 0 0/2
2
T = 27° C 300K 2
=
12
variance 0
PSD of Noise f(Hz) 1/2 1
Pn = K.T.B 12
E[A2] = 2 + [E[A]]2
0 = KT
1 1
= 1.3810-23300 =
12 4
PSD 0 4 1
2 E [A2] = =
12 3
1.38 10 23 150
10. Ans: (b)
207
23 Sol: RXY (t1, t2) = E[X(t1)Y(t2)]
10
Let t2 t1 =
=
1 1 6400
400 2000 6 =
Y(f) = j2f 1 e j2 ft d X(f)
2 Y (f )
H(f) =
E[X(t)] = 0 X (f )
[ The given function is periodic = j2f( 1 e j2 ft d )
function] 2
H(f ) = 4cos2ftd
SX()
SYY(f) = |H(f)|2SXX(f)
400(104) = 42f2(2cos(ftd))2SXX(f)
At SYY(f) = 0
6
1
ftd = (2n+1)
2t d
(103)
0 9 10 1
f = 2n 1
11
2 0.5 10 3
12. Ans: (a) f = (2n+1)103
Sol:
H(f) = j2f f = (2n+1)f0
+ f0 = 1 kHz
X(t) Y(t)
14. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Overall H(f) = j2f 1 N0/2 H(f)
2 N0/2
RX() = e
Y(t) = X(t)*h(t)
|H(f)|2 = (42f2+1)
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18 Communication Systems
B0
e j2f
B0 –T T J
N 0 j2 f N
R y e df 0 0
B0
2 2 j2
B0
f
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0
t2 J
1 t1 –T 0 T
t 1 t 2 multipleof
2B
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19 Postal Coaching Solutions
Both gp(t) and X(t) have zero mean, The ac power contained in X(f) is
Average therefore equal to f0.
(a) The power of the periodic component
gp(t) is therefore, (d) If the sampling rate is f0/n, where n is an
1 T0 / 2 2 1 integer, the samples are uncorrelated.
g p t dt C g p 0 They are not, however, statistically
T0 T0 / 2 2
independent. They would be statistically
(b) The average power of the random independent if X(t) were a Gaussian
component x(t) is process.
E[X2(t) ] = Cx(0) = 1
18. 19. Ans: (a)
Sol: Sol: TA = 50ok
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7
Chapter Noise in Analog Communication
T T
v 02 (t) dt
S N NS 23 1
T
2 2
1 1 i
T T
Lt cos θ m(t) dt 0
T
2
S N 24dB
i dB
1 1
4
cos 2 θ Lt m 2 (t) dt
T T T
04. Ans: (c)
1
cos 2 θ Pm
4 S 1
Sol: = 10 dB ; FOM =
N i 3
02. Ans: (a)
Sol: S 1
= 10 = 3.33
N 0 3
TX RX
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8
Chapter Baseband Data Transmission
1
11. Ans: (a)
Sol: (fs)min = ( f s1 )min+ ( f s 2 )min
0 + ( f s 3 )min + ( f s 4 )min
= 200 + 200 + 400 + 800
P (f n 2 k ) 1
n
= 1600 Hz
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25 Postal Coaching Solutions
Rb = (nfS) + 0.5%(nfS)
13. Ans: (b) 0.5
= (9 12k) + (912k)
Sol: Number of patients = 10 100
ECG signal B.W = 100Hz = 108540 bps
(Qe)max (0.25) %Vmax
2Vmax 0.25 15. Ans: (b)
Vmax
2 2 n 100 Sol: To avoid slope over loading, rate of rise of
2n 400 the o/p of the Integrator and rate of rise of
n 8.64 the Base band signal should be the same.
n=9
fs = slope of base band signal
Bit rate of transmitted data = 109200
= 18kbps 32 103 = 125
= 28 Volts.
14. Ans: (a)
16. Ans: (b)
Sol: Peak amplitude Am
Sol: x(t) = Emsin2fm(t)
Peak to peak amplitude Am
dm( t )
Qe < slope overload distortion
2 2 TS dt
takes place
PCM maximum tolerable = 0.2% Am
2 fS < Em2fm
Peak to peak 2A / m 0.2 f S
= = Am < Emfm ( = 0.628)
L 2L 100 2
2A m 0.628 40K
( = ) < Emfm
L 2
L = 500 fS = 40 kHz 4 kHz < Emfm
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26 Communication Systems
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9
Chapter Bandpass Data Transmission
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10
Chapter Noise in Digital Communication
5
25
Noise Ratio Signal Power = x 2 f(x)dx = volts 2
5
3
Vpp 10
01. Ans: (b) Step size = 0.039 V
L 28
Sol: Signal to quantization noise ratio only
depends on no. of quantization levels (L) 2
Nq = 0.126 mW
and no. of bits per sample(n) 12
For sinusoidal input SQNR = 1.76+6n dB Signal to noise ratio, SNR in dB is
= 1.76 + 6×12
= 73.76 dB signal power
SNR 10 log
Noise power
For uniform distributed signal = 6ndB
= 6×12
= 72 dB 25/3
10 log
3
0.126 10
4.9 0 0.3
1
[x (4.95)] dx 2
x3
0.3
( x 0.7) 3
1
10 =
5
4.8
3 0 3 0.3
1
[x (4.85) ] 10 dx .....(50 times)
2
4.9
=
0.33
(0.3) 3 (0.4) 3
0.05 3 3 3
1
( x 0.025) 2
dx = 0.198
0
10
0.1
1 08. Ans: (b) .
[(x 0.075) dx .....(100 times)
2
]
0.05
10 Sol: Since, all the quantization levels are
4.9 0.05
equiprobable,
1 1
50 (x 4.95) dx 100 (x 0.025)
2 2
dx a
10 10 1 1 2
5
4.9
0
0.05
4 dx 3
a
a
3
(x 4.95) 3 (x 0.025) 3
5 10
3 5 3 0 09. Ans: (a)
2/3 2/3
5 10 1 4
x 2 f ( x ).dx x .dx
2
[(0.05) 3 (0.05) 3 ] [(0.025) 3 (0.025) 3 ] Sol:
3 3 4 81
2 / 3 2 / 3
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31 Postal Coaching Solutions
104
The time instant which occurs the maximum
50 cos(2π 10
τ ) cos(4π 106 t 2 π 106 τ) dt value is its time period T = 2
6
S 02 ( t ) S 01 ( t ) 2E s1 2E 2
N N N N
2
B2 B
A 2T T A T/2
2 2 T
t
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32 Communication Systems
2 Es π Constellation 2:
Pe 2 Q sin 2
N0
M
s1(t) = a1 ES1 = a2
Where Es is the average symbol energy s2(t) = a.2 ES2 = a2
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33 Postal Coaching Solutions
6
1
6
1
1 1 a2
Pe0 dr 1 VTH Q(a) = 1 10 e –8 2
4
VTH
4
a=6
Decision error probability when = –0.3 mean = 6 –0.3 = –1.8
Pe0 P0 Pe1 P1
so E (y) = E(x)+E(z)
1
1 VTH 1 1 1 VTH 2 = 6 – 1.8 = 4.2
4 3 6 3
1 VTH 21 VTH
( 4 .2 ) 2
Pe so BER = Q (4.2) e 2
12 18
For minimum decision error probability, 0 . 0001
–1 VTH 1 10 4
For VTH = –1
1 1 1
BER (min value) 10. Ans: 1.414
12 6 Sol: When the signal is transmitted through a
Decision error probability = 1/6 channel BER = Q[ r ] .
08. Ans: (c)
AWGN
Sol: The optimum threshold value is Channel 1
2 P( x 2 ) x12 x 22 +
x
x1 x 2 n P ( x ) 2 2 X
1 AWGN
Channel 2
x1 = 1, x2 = –1
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35 Postal Coaching Solutions
(0.5).e
2 n
0
.dn , with 107
T
= 4 g 2 ( t )dt = 0.5 e-10
0
1
When a ‘0’ is Transmitted:
E d ,a 4 1 dt 4
2
Yk = Nk
0
For error to occur, Yk > 10-6
1/ 2 2 1
2
E d ,b 4 2t dt 2t 2 dt P(1/0) = P(n) d n 0.5 e 10
0 1/ 2 10 6
0
3 = 0.5 e-10
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36 Communication Systems
Chapter
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Chapter 13 Optical Fiber Communication
01. Ans: (d) 03. Ans: (b)
Sol: NA = 0.25 Sol: Power loss = 0.25dB/km
C For 100km, the power load = 100 × 0.25
n2 = 25 dB
V
C The optical power at 100km
n2 = 10 log0.1×10–3 – 25
C
= –65 dB
r In dBm
n 2 r 2.4375 –65 dB + 30 = –35 dBm.
n2 = 1.56
04. Ans: (c)
NA n 12 n 22 Sol: Numerical Aperture is used to describes
( NA) 2 n 12 n 22 light gathering (or) light collecting ability of
an optical fiber.
n 1 NA 2 n 22
(0.25) 2 2.4375 05. Ans: (c)
Sol: The refractive index of the cladding material
10 should be less than that of the core.
2 .5
4
06. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (d) Sol: Fibers with higher numerical aperture
V2 exhibit greater losses and lower bandwidth.
Sol: Number of modes M =
2 2
1 2a
= ( NA) 2
2 2
Here a = core radius
= wavelength
= refractive index profile.
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