SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

THE EF F ECT OF P OTAS S IU M -S ALT MU D S ON GAMMA RAY,

AN D S P ON TAN EOU S P OTEN TIAL MEAS U REMEN TS

by

J . W. COX
S c h k u m be rg e r o f Ca n a d a , Ca lg a ry , Albe rta , Ca n a d a

L. L. Ra y m e r
S c h lu m be rg e r-D o ll Re s e a rc h Ce n te r, Rid g e fie ld , Co n n e c tic u t

AB S TRACT

In te rp re ta tio n s o f th e Ga m m a Ra y a n d S p o n ta n e o u s P o te n tia l c u rv e s g e n -
e ra lly a s s u m e th e p re s e n c e o f s o d iu m c h lo rid e a s th e d o m in a n t s a lt in bo th
th e fo rm a tio n w a te r a n d th e m u d filtra te . Ho w e v e r, p o ta s s iu m - s a lt m u d s
a re in c re a s in g ly be in g u s e d by th e o il in d u s try . Th e p o ta s s iu m c a tio n is
s ig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t fro m th e s o d iu m c a tio n in its ra d io a c tiv e a n d e le c tro -
c h e m ic a l p ro p e rtie s .

N a tu ra l p o ta s s iu m c o n ta in s a ra d io a c tiv e is o to p e w h ic h e m its g a m m a
ra y s . Th u s , th e p re s e n c e o f p o ta s s iu m s a lts in th e m u d s y s te m m a y c o n -
tribu te to Ga m m a -Ra y to o l re s p o n s e . S in c e th e Ga m m a Ra y is u s e d qu a n -
tita tiv e ly in m a n y g e o lo g ic a l s e qu e n c e s a s a n in d ic a to r o f c la y c o n te n t, a
w a y to c o rre c t fo r th e e ffe c t o f p o ta s s iu m in th e m u d c o lu m n is d e s ira ble .
Co rre c tio n m e th o d s a n d c h a rts ba s e d o n la bo ra to ry m e a s u re m e n ts and
fie ld o bs e rv a tio n s a re p re s e n te d .

Th e e ffe c t o f te m p e ra tu re o n th e re s is tiv ity o f p o ta s s iu m m u d s is a ls o

brie fly d is c u s s e d . F ro m d a ta a v a ila ble , it a p p e a rs to be s im ila r to th a t
fo r N a Cl m u d s .

On th e ba s e s o f fie ld o bs e rv a tio n s a n d la bo ra to ry w o rk , th e e le c tro -

c h e m ic a l p ro p e rtie s o f p o ta s s iu m -c h lo rid e a n d p o ta s s iu m -c a rbo n a te muds
a n d m u d filtra te s a re d is c u s s e d . Ac tiv ity re la tio n s h ip s a re p ro p o s e d , and II
th e in flu e n c e o f th e s e s a lts o n th e S P c o m p o n e n t p o te n tia ls - -n a m e ly , th e
liqu id - ju n c tio n , m e m bra n e , a n d bi -io n ic p o te n tia ls - -is d e s c ribe d .

S e v e ra l fie ld e x a m p le s a re p re s e n te d .

IN TROD U CTION

Lo g in te rp re te rs h a v e in th e p a s t g e n e ra lly assumed th e p re s e n c e of

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SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

s o d iu m c h lo rid e , N a Cl, a s th e d o m in a n t s a lt in th e fo rm a tio n w a te r, mud

filtra te , a n d d rillin g m u d .

To d a y , h o w e v e r, th e o il in d u s try is m a k in g in c re a s in g u s e o f d rillin g
m u d s in w h ic h th e d o m in a n t s a lt is o n e o f p o ta s s iu m . Co m m o n ly e m p lo y e d
a re p o ta s s iu m c h lo rid e (KC1) a n d p o ta s s iu m bic a rbo n a te (KHC03 ). Th e
p o ta s s iu m a n d s o d iu m c a tio n s d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly in bo th th e ir e le c tro -
c h e m ic a l a n d ra d io a c tiv e p ro p e rtie s . In c o n s e qu e n c e , th e Ga m m a Ra y
‘a n d s p o n ta n e o u s p o te n tia l (S P ) m e a s u re m e n ts re c o rd e d in a w e ll d rille d
w ith a p o ta s s iu m - s a lt d rillin g m u d m a y c liff e r s u b s ta n tia lly fro m th o s e
w h ic h w o u ld h a v e be e n re c o rd e d i f th e s a m e w e ll h a d be e n d rille d w ith a
m o re u s u a l s o d iu m -c h lo rid e mud.

F o r in te rp re ta tio n o f Ga m m a Ra y o r S P c u rv e s re c o rd e d in KC1 o r
KHC03 m u d s y s te m s th e tra d itio n a l e qu a tio n s a n d c h a rts , a s u s e d to in te r-
p re t th e s e c u rv e s in N a Cl s y s te m s , re qu ire m o d ific a tio n . Qu a n tita tiv e
u s e o f th e Ga m m a Ra y c u rv e re c o rd e d in a p o ta s s iu m m u d re qu ire s c o r-
re c tio n fo r th e ra d io a c tiv ity c o n tribu te d by th e m u d its e lf. F o r th e in te r -
p re ta tio n o f th e S P c u rv e (g e n e ra lly fo r th e p u rp o s e o f d e te rm in in g th e
fo rm a tio n -w a te r re s is tiv ity , R w ) th e s p e c ia l e le c tro c h e m ic a l p ro p e rtie s
o f p o ta s s iu rn s a lts m u s t be ta k e n in to a c c o u n t.

Th e o re tic a l in v e s tig a tio n s , la bo ra to ry m e a s u re m e n ts , a n d fie ld in v e s -

tig a tio n s a re u n d e r w a y to m o re p re c is e ly d e fin e th e re s p o n s e s o f th e
Ga m m a Ra y a n d S P lo g s to p o ta s s iu m -s a lt d rillin g m u d s in ty p ic a l bo re -
h o le e n v iro n m e n ts . U n til th o s e s tu d ie s a re c o m p le te d a n d c a n be p u t in to
a m o re c o h e re n t fo rm fo r p u blic a tio n , te c h n iqu e s a re n e e d e d fo r in te r-
p re tin g th e Ga m m a Ra y a n d S P c u rv e s re c o rd e d in th e m a n y w e lls a lre a d y
d rille d a n d be in g d rille d w ith p o ta s s iu m -s a lt muds. Th is p a p e r p re s e n ts
s o m e p re lim in a ry te c h n iqu e s . Th e y a re ba s e d p rim a rily o n fie ld o bs e rv a -
tio n s bu t a re s u p p o rte d , in p rin c ip le , by th e o re tic a l c o n s id e ra tio n s and
la bo ra to ry in v e s tig a tio n s .

RAD IOACTIVITY EF F ECTS OF P OTAS S IU M MU D S

Th e K40 is o to p e o f p o ta s s iu m is a s o u rc e o f n a tu ra l g a m m a ra d io a c tiv ity y ,

a n d n a tu ra l p o ta s s iu m n o rm a lly c o n ta in s O. 0118 p e rc e n t by w e ig h t o f th is
ra d io a c tiv e is o to p e . Th u s , th e u s e o f a p o ta s s iu m s a lt in th e m u d in tro -
d u c e s a s o u rc e o f ra d io a c tiv ity in to th e m u d s y s te m . Th e Ga m m a Ra y to o l
re s p o n d s to g a m m a ra y s fro m ra d io a c tiv e p o ta s s iu m in th e d rillin g m u d
ju s t a s it re s p e n d s to g a m m a ra y s fro m ra d io a c tiv e e le m e n ts in th e fo rm a -
tio n ro c k o r fro m a n y o th e r ra d io a c tiv e s o u rc e .

Th e in c re a s e d c o u n tin g ra te s o f Ga m m a Ra y lo g s ru n in p o ta s s iu m - s a lt
m u d (a s c o m p a re d to th o s e m a d e in n o n -ra d io a c tiv e N a Cl m u d ) h a s be e n

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 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

m -

●O -

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:
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M - ‘,2 X ~a ~h2 3 2
:
a 1
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m -

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?0 40 Jo m loo 120 140 140 lW 200 am m 240

CM AN N @l k
L , , 1 , , , , , ,
J .2 a .3 * s 4 70 T LOLI LZ 1314 1s Lb L? 1 .8 1 .? 20 21 U 1 ,3 ‘m u 24
C?4 t RGY LWfL 1hWV l

Fig, 1 Co m paris o n o f gam m a-ray s pe c t ra o bt ain e d wit h a pu ls e an aly z e r o n

a s am ple of drillin g m u d c o n t ain in g KC1 an d o n a c o re s am ple o f s h ale .

re c o g n ize d fo r s o m e tim e . N e v e rth e le s s , a s p a rt o f th is in v e s tig a tio n a

s p e c tra l a n a ly s is o f a fie ld KC1 m u d s a m p le w a s m a d e to v e rify th e p re s -
e n c e o f th e ra d io a c tiv e K40 is o to p e in a p o ta s s iu m -s a lt fie ld m u d a n d to
d e fin e th e g a m m a - ra y s p e c tru m . Th e m u d s a m p le h a d a d e n s ity o f 1.58
g in /c c (13. 2 lbs /g a l) a n d c o n ta in e d 40, 000 p p m KC1 in th e liqu id p h a s e .

Th e a n a ly s is w a s m a d e w ith a s o d iu m -io d id e d e te c to r s h ie ld e d in a ll
d ire c tio n s by a m in irn u rn o f s ix in c h e s o f lo w - ra d io a c tiv ity s te e l. A
c y lin d ric a l liqu id - s c in tilla to r g u a rd w a s a ls o u s e d . B a c k g ro u n d ra d ia tio n
fro m e x te rn a l s o u rc e s w a s th u s re d u c e d to a n in s ig n ific a n t le v e l.
II
Th e p u ls e s fro m th e d e te c to r w e re p ro c e s s e d by a 400-c h a n n e l p u ls e
a n a ly ze r w h ic h p ro d u c e d th e m u d s p e c tru m s h o w n in F ig . 1. D is p la y e d
a re c o u n t ra te in c o u n ts /m in u te /c h a n n e l in a bs c is s a v e rs u s c h a n n e l n u m -
be r a n d th e c o rre s p o n d in g g a m m a -ra y e n e rg y le v e l (in Me V) in o rd in a te .
Als o s h o w n fo r c o m p a ris o n o n F ig . 1, is th e s p e c tru m o bta in e d fro m a
s ilt-c la y (s h a le ) c o re s a m p le in th e s a m e a p p a ra tu s . F o r a d d itio n a l re f-
e re n c e , th e s p e c tra l e n e rg y le v e ls o f a fe w ra d io a c tiv e is o to p e s h a v e be e n
id e n tifie d o n th e fig u re .

It is e v id e n t th a t th e m u d s a m p le c o n ta in s a s ig n ific a n t a m o u n t o f th e
K40 is o to p e . (S e e p e a k a t 1.46 Me V. ) Th e m u d s a m p le a ls o m a y c o n ta in

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. .
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

v e ry s m a ll a m o u n ts o f th o riu m 232 , a n o th e r s o u rc e o f n a tu ra l ra d io a c tiv ity .

(N o te th e s u btle s p e c tru m p e a k s in Ch a n n e ls 118 a n d 80. ) Th is is n o t to o
s u rp ris in g s in c e th e s a m p le w a s a fie ld m u d a n d d id c o n ta in s o m e w e ig h t-
in g m a te ria l a n d bo re h o le c u ttin g s . Th e re is , o f to u r s e , p ro ba bly n o s u c h
th in g a s a to ta lly in e rt (n o n -ra d io a c tiv e ) mud. Cuttings o f ra d io a c tiv e
fo rm a tio n s (e . g . , s h a le s a n d c la y s ) d o re m a in in s u s p e n s io n in th e m u d ;
m a te ria ls u s e d fo r m u d w e ig h tin g c o n ta in ra d io a c tiv e im p u ritie s ; and
e v e n th e w a te r u s e d in th e m u d m a k e u p m a y c o n ta in ra d io a c tiv e tra c e
e le m e n ts .

Re m e m be rin g th a t th e c o re s p e c tru m is fro m a c la y (s h a le ) s a m p le o f

h ig h ra d io a c tiv ity y , it is e v id e n t th a t th e ra d io a c tiv ity y o f th e m u d is h ig h
e n o u g h to s ig n ific a n tly in flu e n c e th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g .

To a p p re c ia te th e m a g n itu d e o f th e c o n tribu tio n a n d to p ro v id e m e a n s

to c o rre c t Ga m m a Ra y lo g s fo r th is m u d c o n tribu tio n , fie ld lo g s w e re
s tu d ie d . Th e fie ld s tu d y s u g g e s ts , a n d th e o ry c o n firm s , th a t, fo r a
p o ta s s iu m - s a lt m u d , m u d w e ig h t, h o le s ize , to o l p o s itio n , a n d p o ta s s iu m
c o n c e n tra tio n a ll s ig n ific a n tly a ffe c t th e re s u ltin g Ga m m a Ra y re a d in g --
c o n tribu tin g a ll to g e th e r a s m u c h a s 40 o r m o re AP I u n its to th e Ga m m a
Ra y m e a s u re m e n t in a n e x tre m e case. An d e v e n s o m e n o n -m u d a n d n o n -
bo re h o le p a ra m e te rs , s u c h a s th e fo rm a tio n d e n s ity , a p p e a r to in flu e n c e
s lig h tly th e e ffe c t o f th e p o ta s s iu m - s a lt m u d o n th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g .

F ig . 2 s h o w s a s e rie s o f fo u r Ga m m a Ra y lo g s re c o rd e d o v e r th e s a m e
s e c tio n o f bo re h o le . Tw o o f th e lo g s w e re re c o rd e d w h e n th e h o le v a s
firs t d rille d w ith a 15 lb/g a l N a Cl (ra d io a c tiv e ly in e rt) m u d . Ce n te re d a n d
e c c e n te re d ru n s w e re m a d e . U s in g p u blis h e d bo re h o le -s ize and mud-
w e ig h t c o rre c tio n s 1, th e s e tw o Ga m m a Ra y lo g s y ie ld , a fte r c o rre c tio n ,
s im ila r v a lu e s -- re p re s e n tin g , o f c o u rs e , th e tru e ra d io a c tiv ity o f th e
tra v e rs e d fo rm a tio n ro c k s .

Mo re in te re s tin g , h o w e v e r, a re th e tw o Ga m m a Ra y lo g s re c o rd e d a t a
la te r d a te a fte r th e d rillin g flu id h a d be e n c h a n g e d to a p o ta s s iu m -s a lt mud
o f a p p ro x im a te ly 46, 000 p p m p o ta s s iu m in th e filtra te . Mu d w e ig h t re -
m a in e d th e s a m e a t 15 lb/g a l. Ag a in , bo th c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d lo g s
w e re re c o rd e d . Th e in flu e n c e o f th e KC1 m u d o n th e lo g s is o bv io u s .

F ro m th is lo g , a n d o th e rs , s o m e g e n e ra l c o n c lu s io n s h a v e be e n d ra w n .
F irs t, a n d m o s t im p o rta n t, th e c o n tribu tio n o f m u d ra d io a c tiv ity to th e
Ga m m a Ra y m e a s u re m e n t c a n be la rg e . S e c o n d , th e e ffe c t is g re a te r fo r
c e n te re d s o n d e s th a n fo r e c c e n te re d sondes. Th ird , it is g re a te r in la rg e
bo re h o le s th a n in s rp a ll. F o u rth , it is a fu n c tio n o f th e p o ta s s iu m concen-
tra tio n - -it a p p e a rs to be d ire c tly p ro p o rtio n a l to th e c o n c e n tra tio n .

In a d d itio n , o th e r o bs e rv a tio n s s u g g e s t th e s o m e w h a t s u rp ris in g con-

c lus io n th a t th e e ffe c t o f th e ra d io a c tiv ity o f th e m u d o n th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g

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 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

CALIPER
7“- -- – -–--——-–---17”

I GAMMA RAY

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4 --4-J-—L—

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—
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._\_=
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—
l!filf
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II

ill!
—
-q ...-

ii
t
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+ - +-4----+-
+-lt—+4--+—
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1
= ‘o gs r~ c e n t e re d an d e c c e n t e re d in n o n - radio ac t ive
fre s h m u d an d in KC1 m u d.

-5 -
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12; 1976

is g re a te r in a h e a v y m u d th a n in a lig h t m u d . In o th e r w o rd s , g iv e n tw o
m u d s o f id e n tic a l s ig n ific a n t p o ta s s iu m c o n c e n t ra tio n bu t c liff e rin g m u d
w e ig h ts , th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g w ill re a d s lig h tly h ig h e r in th e h e a v ie r m u d
th a n in th e lig h te r m u d .

F ie ld d a ta a re in s u ffic ie n t to d e fin e th e a bs o lu te in flu e n c e o f e a c h o f

th e s e p a ra m e te rs , a n d th e ir in te ra c tio n s , o n th e re c o rd e d Ga m m a Ra y lo g .
A s tu d y , n o t y e t c o m p le te d , is u n d e r w a y a t S c h lu m be rg e r-D o ll Re s e a rc h
Ce n te r to is o la te th e ir e ffe c ts .

In th e m e a n tim e , th e fie ld s tu d y h a s re v e a le d a te c h n iqu e to c o rre c t th e

Ga m m a Ra y lo g re c o rd e d in p o ta s s iu m -s a lt muds. It in v o lv e s re c o rd in g
bo th a c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d lo g . Th is is o fte n d o n e ro u tin e ly . A
Ga m m a Ra y lo g is ru n in c o m bin a tio n w ith th e B HC * S o n ic o r D u a l La te r o -
lo g ; th e s e lo g g in g to o ls a re n o rm a lly c e n te re d . An d a Ga m m a Ra y lo g is
ru n in c o m bin a tio n w ith th e S N P * N e u tro n o r F D C* D e n s ity , a n d /o r CN L’~
N e u tro n lo g s ; th e s e to o ls a re e c c e n te re d .

S im p le re la tio n s h ip s re la tin g th e lo g re a d in g , t h e tru e fo rm a tio n ra d io -

a c tiv ity y , a n d th e ra d io a c tiv e -m u d c o n tribu tio n c a n be w ritte n f o r n o n -
in v a d e d zo n e s a s fo llo w s :

= Jc c + ymc fo r th e c e n te re d Ga m m a Ra y lo g (1)
~lo g c

~t
Y =—+y fo r th e e c c e n te re d Ga m m a Ra y lo g (2)
lo g E CE mE

w h e re

Y Y a re th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g re a d in g s , c e n te re d
lo g c’ lo g E
a n d e c c e n te re d ,

Yt is th e tru e fo rm a tio n ra d io a c tiv ity y ,

a re th e bo re h o le , m u d -w e ig h t-c o rre c tio n

CC’ CE
fa c to rs fo r c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d sondes,

Y ,Ym E a re th e ra d io a c tiv ity s ig n a ls , c o n tribu te d

mC
by th e m u d to th e lo g m e a s u re m e n t fo r th e
c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d lo g s , re s p e c tiv e ly .

Co m bin in g th e s e re la tio n s h ip s , a n d le ttin g Ym c / ymE = k, y ie ld s th e fo l-

lo w in g :

‘~:T ra d e m a rk o f S c h lu m be rg e r.

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 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

2.0
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19 --= ~ ~ --- -: =:1
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“-—--–-+- —-+——––- ---
1.8 — -–- ==:== :_____ -_...__+_
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1 .7 ------- .— + .— .—— — ———
—-. .— ——.. — - T--
1 .6—–—- II.. ““~
. . ..._. _L._.._. :__I— ._:-— .—
1 .5
k 1.4—-–—
~_— .
lb/ gol

1.2 ———— ——_

.— .—. ——
.—— —c .—. ————
—.— — .—— — ____ ______ ———— —— .— .—

Lo
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1s
HOLE DIAMETER (inc hm ]

Plo t o f k (=y m C/ y m E ) ve rs u s h o le diam e t e r fo r vario u s m u d we igh t s .

x

Y ky
lo g c - log E
Yt = (3)
CE ‘k CC “ CC CE

Kn o w in g k , th e a bo v e re la tio n s h ip c a n be s o lv e d to g iv e th e tru e fo rm a tio n

ra d io a c tiv ity y , Yt, c o rre c te d fo r h o le s ize a n d m u d w e ig h t a n d fo r th e
ra d io a c tiv ity y c o n tribu tio n o f th e p o ta s s iu m mud.

If o n e is c u rio u s c o n c e rn in g th e m a g n itu d e o f th e m u d c o n tribu tio n , th e

o rig in a l to o l-re s p o n s e e qu a tio n s Eqs . 1 a n d 2, c a n be s o lv e d fo r Ym c and
~m E (fo r e x a m p le , s e e Eq. 4, g iv e n la te r).

F ig . 3 is a p lo t o f k v s bo re h o le s ize fo r v a rio u s m u d w e ig h ts . It is
te n ta tiv e s in e e it w a s d e riv e d fro m fie ld d a ta ta k e n fro m a lim ite d n u m be r
o f Ga m m a Ra y lo g s ru n in ra d io a c tiv e a n d in e rt m u d s in th e s a m e h o le .
II
To u s e th e a bo v e e qu a tio n s a n d th e d a ta o f F ig . 3, it m u s t be a s c e rta in -
e d th a t th e s o n d e w a s e ffe c tiv e ly c e n te re d d u rin g o n e lo g g in g ru n a n d
e ffe c tiv e ly e c c e n te re d d u rin g th e o th e r. Th is m a y be d o n e by a c ro s s p lo t
o f th e ra w Ga m m a Ra y d a ta fro m th e tw o ru n s .

F ig . 4 s e rv e s to illu s tra te th e s ig n ific a n c e o f s u c h a c ro s s p lo t. In a

ra d io a c tiv e ly in e rt m u d (n o p o ta s s iu m ), d a ta fro m c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d
Ga m m a Ra y lo g s s h o u ld , fo r a s p e c ific h o le s ize a n d m u d w e ig h t, fa ll o n a
lin e p a s s in g th ro u g h th e o rig in o f th e c h a rt. Th is is Lin e OA w h ic h repre-
sents th e re s po n s e o f th e to o l to fo rm a tio n s ig n a ls (Yt). Wh e n p o ta s s iu m

-7 -
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

I 1 r

LINE FOR
I 00
RADIOACTIVE
MUD
I
80 - nogc 1

SLOPE k= E!fLt
Go.-v
J’/ ./v - ,A!) XOi:i{% Plo t o f Ylo g c (c e n t e re d Gam m a
Ray re adin g) ve re u a y Io g E (e c -
c e n t e re d Gam m a Ray re adin g)
wh ic h will be u e e d fo r bas is o f
an aly e is o f Gam m a Ray re ad-
in gs wit h radio ac t ive m u ds .

I , I , , I
00 20 40 60 80 100 I 20 140

‘bg E ~

is a d d e d to th e m u d , a d a ta p o in t, s u c h a s A, w -ill m o v e u p w a rd a n d to th e
rig h t a d is ta n c e a n d d ire c tio n d e p e n d e n t o n th e a m o u n t o f p o ta s s iu m , th e
h o le s ize , a n d th e m u d w e ig h t. Th e d is p la c e m e n t u p w a rd s is Ym c a n d
th e d is p la c e m e n t to th e rig h t is ~m E. Th u s , Lin e AA’ h a s a s lo p e ,
Ym c / Vm E = k .

Co n v e rs e ly , D a ta P o in t A‘, o r a n y d a ta p o in t, m a y be c o rre c te d fo r th e
e ffe c t o f th e ra d io a c tiv e m u d by s im p ly m o v in g it ba c k a lo n g a lin e o f s lo p e
k u n til it in te rs e c ts th e in e rt-m u d lin e . Th is c o rre c tio n re m o v e s th e
e ffe c ts o f th e ra d io a c tiv e mud. Th e d a ta p o in t c a n th e n be c o rre c te d fo r
h o le s ize a n d m u d w e ig h t in th e s a m e w a y a s a n y in e rt-m u d Ga m m a Ra y lo g
w o u ld be c o rre c te d .

Th e d a ta u s e d fo r th e c ro s s p lo t s h o u ld be ta k e n fro m in te rv a ls s h o w in g
little bo re h o le - s ize d iffe re n c e - -le s s th a n A 1 in . - -fro m th e d ia m e te r o f th e
zo n e o f in te re s t. Th e bo re h o le s h o u ld a ls o be e s s e n tia lly c irc u la r. Th e
ra w d a ta s h o u ld d e fin e a lin e o f a p p ro x im a te s lo p e CE/ Cc w h e re CE a n d
CC a re th e e x p e c te d c o rre c tio n fa c to rs fo r bo re h o le a n d m u d w e ig h t fo r
e c c e n te re d a n d c e n te re d s o n d e s , re s p e c tiv e ly . A p lo t o f CE/CC fo r v a ri-
o u s h o le d ia m e te rs a n d m u d w e ig h ts is p re s e n te d fo r re fe re n c e a s F ig . 5.
(F ig . 5 is fro m Ch a rt P e r-7, Re f. 1. ) En te rin g th e e ffe c tiv e h o le d ia m e te r
a n d th e m u d w e ig h t in to F ig . 3 y ie ld s k , th e s lo p e o f th e lin e a lo n g w h ic h
D a ta P o in t A’ s h o u ld be c o rre c te d fo r th e e ffe c t o f ra d io a c tiv ity .

Th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g s o f F ig . 2 p ro v id e a g o o d o p p o rtu n ity to illu s tra te

a n d te s t th e te c h n iqu e . Ta ble 1 g iv e s th e lo g re a d in g s o f 12 le v e ls fro m th e
e c c e n te re d a n d c e n te re d Ga m m a Ra y lo g g in g ru n s in th e KC1 m u d . Th e s e
le v e ls h a v e be e n p lo tte d o n F ig . 6. B e c a u s e o f th e v a ria tio n in h o le s ize ,
tw o tre n d lin e s h a v e be e n e s ta blis h e d . On e h a s a s lo p e , CE/CC = O. 71 fo r

-8 -
 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Lo~.

— 4 ————
I HT

.8
I
1
. 1 1 .
.— —.

U&Q
Plo t o f C_/ C - (t re n d-lin e
vu
\
I 1 \
s lo pe in # lgs }4 an d 6 ) u“ [ 1
ve ro u e h o le diam e t e r fo r 1 1
\ 1 x

vario u s m u d we igh t s .,
14
.6
, 1 I \

}“’!
t
j !
1 I

1
!
1

[
i
16

( I I

I
1

I 1
.s 1 1 I I
I
I I
I
I I I I
45678910111213 U1 5 1 6 1 7 1 a
H OLE DI AM ET ER (in c h e s ]

TAB LE 1

KCl Mu d No n -Radio ac t ive Mu c

Co rre c t e d fo r
Lo g Dat a Yt
Mu d Radio ac t ivit y
~J e ve l d
h y ) (Y ~t Ce n t e re d Ec c e n t e re d
lo g c t og E (1 0 g c c lo g E)c
Ru n * Ru n *

1 16 80 76 34 52 92 100 102

2 16 86 85 40 61 107 106 102

3 16 83 79 35 55 96 96 99

4 15 85 90 44 68 119 104 108

5 16 90 88 41 63 110 114 102

6 15+ 89 93 46 70 122 98 97

7 16 90 90 43 66 115 100 99
II
8 16- 90 92 44 68 119 105 107

14 88 84 38 58 102 102 105

9

10 13 65 55 21 29 41 48 52

11 12+ 66 53 18 25 35 46 48

12 13- 63 49 16 22 31 41 45

All Gam m a Ray re adin gs (y ) are in API u n it s .

*Ho le s iz e was 1 2 1 / 2 in . at t h e t im e of these run s .

-9 -
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

r T 1 v 1 I

15” ~ 1“HOLE

2
100 “
IS lb/ ga i Mud

~
80 - [3*f [“HOLE ~SLOPE
151b/ ga l Mud // k=l.89
Fig. 6
t //
“60 Exam ple of c orre c t ion for
/// radio ac t ive m u d.
~ -v ji /. / SLOPE
‘/ / cE/cc =0.65
% 40 - SLOPE+
k=l.68 / /
/ /
0 L06 DATA
20
SLOPE ● c~c~D
“/ cE/ cc=0.71
v 1 I , , 1 I
00 20 40 60 w 100 120 140

‘log E ~

in e rt m u d a n d 13-in . h o le , a n d o n e h a s a s lo p e CE/CC = O. 65 fo r in e rt m u d
a n d 15 -in . h o le . P a ra lle l lin e s a re s h o w n th ro u g h th e d a ta p o in ts . Now
re fe rrin g to F ig . 5, w e h a v e th e s lo p e , k = 1.682 fo r ra d io a c tiv e mud and
13-in . h o le , a n d th e s lo p e , k = 1.89, fo r ra d io a c tiv e m u d a n d 15-in . h o le .

Co rre c tio n o f th e 12 le v e ls fo r ra d io a c tiv ity o f th e m u d c a n n o w be d o n e

by m o v in g th e le v e ls , a lo n g a lin e o f th e p ro p e r s lo p e , k , to th e in e rt-m u d
lin e s o f F ig . 6. Th is h a s be e n d o n e , a n d th e re s u ltin g c o o rd in a te s re c o rd -
e d o n Ta ble 1. Co rre c tio n fo r bo re h o le s ize a n d m u d w e ig h t (u s in g Ch a rt
P o r -7) y ie ld s th e fo rm a tio n ra d io a c tiv ity (in AP I U n its ). Th e a c c u ra c y of
th e c o rre c tio n s c a n be a s c e rta in e d by c o m p a ris o n w ith th e fo rm a tio n
ra d io a c tiv ity c o m p u te d fro m th e c e n te re d a n d e c c e n te re d Ga m m a Ra y lo g s
re c o rd e d e a rlie r in th e n o n -p o ta s s iu m mud. Th e c o m p a ris o n in d ic a te s th e
te c h n iqu e to be fa irly g o o d --a t le a s t fo r th is e x a m p le .

Th is m e th o d lo s e s re s o lu tio n a s th e h o le s ize d e c re a s e s a n d th e c e n te r-
e d a n d e c c e n te re d s o n d e p o s itio n s a p p ro a c h e a c h o th e r; a n d a ls o a s th e
ra d io a c tiv ity y o f th e m u d d e c re a s e s . B u t th e n in th e s e s itu a tio n s th e e ffe c t
o f th e ra d io a c tiv e m u d o n th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g a p p ro a c h e s ze ro , a n d th e
n e e d fo r c o rre c tin g th e e ffe c t is n o lo n g e r n e c e s s a ry .

An a lte rn a te te c h n iqu e w h ic h c o rre c ts th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g re a d in g ,

fo r th e c o n tribu tio n o f th e m u d ra d io a c tiv ity , Ym E, u s e s th e
‘lo g E*
e qu a tio n :

- CEYIO ~ (4)
Y= cc ‘lo g c
mE k Cc - CE

-1 o -
 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Th e Ym E c o rre c tio n w ill, o f c o u rs e , be a c o n s ta n t fo r a g iv e n bo re h o le

s ize in th e w e ll. Th u s , Ym E c a n be c a lc u la te d fro m th e a bo v e e qu a tio n fo r
s e v e ra l le v e ls h a v in g th e s a m e h o le s ize . Th e s e v a lu e s c a n be a v e ra g e d ,
o r a h is to g ra m m a d e , to d e fin e th e y m E c o rre c tio n fo r th e p a rtic u la r h o le
s ize . In th is m a n n e r, e rro rs c a n be re d u c e d s o m e w h a t; a n d , o n c e Vm E
fo r a g iv e n h o le s ize is d e te rm in e d , lo g a n a ly s is c a n be c o n fin e d to w o rk in g
w ith th e e c c e n te re d Ga m m a Ra y lo g o n ly .

N o te th a t th e fo re g o in g d is c u s s io n a n d p ro p o s e d c o rre c tio n te c h n iqu e

c o n s id e r o n ly th e ra d io a c tiv e e ffe c t o f th e p o ta s s iu m m u d c o n fin e d to th e
bo re h o le . An y p o ta s s iu m io n s w h ic h m a y be in th e fo rm a tio n d u e to in -
v a s io n o f m u d filtra te in to a p e rm e a ble be d o r d u e to c a tio n e x c h a n g e be -
tw e e n m u d a n d fo rm a tio n w o u ld fu rth e r a d d to th e a p p a re n t ra d io a c tiv ity of
th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g . In fa c t, th e re a re fie ld re p o rts o f a d e fin ite c o rre la -
tio n be tw e e n th e ra d io a c tiv ity le v e l o f th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g a n d th e m u d -
filtra te -in v a s io n d e p th .

It m ig h t s e e m p o s s ible to p re d ic t th e m a g n itu d e o f th e m u d -c o n tribu te d

ra d io a c tiv ity y to th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g fro m th e s a lin ity , o r r e s is tiv it y , o f th e
mud. If th e p o ta s s iu m s a lt w e re th e o n ly s a lt p re s e n t, th is w o u ld c e rta in ly
be p o s s ible . Ho w e v e r, fie ld d rillin g m u d s c o m m o n ly c o n ta in o th e r, n o n -
p o ta s s iu m , s a lts in la rg e a n d v a ry in g a m o u n ts . F o r th e fie ld p o ta s s iu m
m u d s a n a ly ze d , n o c o n s is te n c y in th e io n c o m p o s itio n w a s n o te d ; a n d h e n c e ,
n o c o rre la tio n e x is te d be tw e e n th e re qu ire d m u d -ra d io a c tiv ity c o rre c tio n
a n d m u d s a lin ity o r re s is tiv ity .

TEMP ERATU RE-RES IS TIVITY RELATION S HIP

OF P OTAS S IU M MU D S

Th e te m p e ra tu re - re s is tiv ity re la tio n s h ip fo r KC1 m u d s a n d filtra te s is

qu ite s im ila r to th a t fo r N a Cl s o lu tio n s . Me a s u re m e n ts o n m u d s a m p le s
fro m fie ld w e lls a n d o n s o lu tio n s p re p a re d in th e la bo ra to ry s u g g e s t th e
fo llo w in g e qu a tio n to c o rre c t KC1 m u d a n d filtra te fo r te m p e ra tu re v a ria -
tio n s :
II

T1+8
R2=R (5)
1 () T2+8

w h e re
RI is th e re s is tiv ity , in o h m -m , a t te m p e ra tu re Tl, in ‘F ,

R2 is th e re s is tiv ity , in o h m -m , a t te m p e ra tu re T2, in ‘F .

-1 1 -
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

D a ta o n th e te m p e ra tu re - re s is tiv ity re la tio n s h ip fo r KHC03 s o lu tio n s is

lim ite d . Ho w e v e r, fro m th e d a ta a v a ila ble , KHC03 s e e m s to fo llo w th e
s a m e re la tio n s h ip a s N a Cl s o lu tio n s .

ELECTROCHEMICAL EF F ECTS OF P OTAS S IU M MU D S

Th e s p o n ta n e o u s p o te n tia l, S F , in p re d o m in a n tly s o d iu m c h lo rid e d rill-

in g -m u d a n d fo rm a tio n -w a te r s y s te m s a ris e s fro m tw o e le c tro c h e m ic a l
fo rc e s in s e rie s . Th e s e a re th e m e m bra n e p o te n tia l, Em , a c ro s s th e a d -
ja c e n t s h a le s , a n d th e liqu id - ju n c tio n p o te n tia l, Ejs a c ro s s th e in t e rfac e
be t we e n m ud filt rat e an d fo rm at io n c o n n at e wat e r. Th e s e po t e n t ials m ay
be e xpre s s e d by the fo llo win g ge n e ral t e rm s : 2
a
Em = -~ln ~
a
mf

Ej=_(t -t ~a ) ~ ~ aw ’
cl F
amf

w h e re th e tw o c o m p o n e n t p o te n tia ls , Em a n d Eiz a re a d d itiv e in th e S P

c irc u it, a n d w h e re

R is th e g a s c o n s ta n t,

T is th e a bs o lu te te m p e ra tu re ,

F is th e F a ra d a y ,

‘Cl~ ‘N a a re th e tra n s fe re n c e n u m be rs o f c h lo rid e and

s o d iu m io n s ,

in means lo g a rith m to th e ba s e e (i. e . , n a tu ra l lo g a rith m ),

aw , ~f a re th e m e a n a c tiv itie s o f s o d iu m -c h lo rid e c o n n a te -

w a te r a n d m u d filtra te s o lu tio n s .

F o r a p p lic a tio n to th e S P d e v e lo p e d in N a Cl m u d /w a te r s y s te m s , th e s e
e x p re s s io n s c a n be s im p lifie d to th e fo llo w in g :

E m. -59 ‘m fe
lo g — in m V a t 75°F
R ’w e

-1 2 -
 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

R
Ej = -12 lo g ~, in m v a t 75°F
we

w h e re

log means lo g a rith m to th e ba s e 10,

%n fe ~ %e a re IIe qu ivale n t l’ re s is t ivit ie s of the m ud filt rat e

an d fo rm at io n wat e r.

Th e u s e o f a p o ta s s iu m -s a lt m u d in a p re d o m in a n tly s o d iu m -c h lo rid e
fo rm a tio n e n v iro n m e n t a lte rs th e s e e x p re s s io n s a n d in tro d u c e s a th ird
s o u rc e o f S P p o te n tia l, th e h i-io n ic p o te n tia l.

Th e s u bs titu tio n o f KC1, o r KHC03, fo r th e N a Cl in th e m u d s y s te m

d o e s n o t g re a tly c h a n g e th e m e m bra n e p o te n tia l. In th is s itu a tio n , th e
c a tio n tra n s fe re n c e is e s s e n tia lly u n ity fo r a “p e rfe c t” s h a le m e m bra n e ,
a n d th e a c tiv ity o f th e p o ta s s iu m -m u d filtra te s im p ly re p la c e s th e a c tiv ity
o f th e N a Cl m u d filtra te in th e m e m bra n e -p o te n tia l e qu a tio n . Th e g e n e ra l
a p p e a ra n c e o f th e e qu a tio n in its s im p lifie d fo rm re m a in s th e s a m e .

R
Em =-5910g —m fe in m V a t 75°F
R ’w e

B u t th e e qu iv a le n t r e s is tiv ity o f th e m u d filtra te , Rm fe , fo r th e p o ta s s iu m

m u d filtra te d iffe rs fro m th a t o f a s o d iu m c h lo rid e m u d . F ig . 7 p re s e n ts
th e c o n v e rs io n o f m u d -filtra te re s is tiv ity , R m f, to “e qu iv a le n t” re s is tiv ity ,
Rm fe , fo r KC1 a n d KHC03 s o lu tio n s a s w e ll a s th e c o n v e rs io n d a ta fo r
s e v e ra l o th e r s a lts .

Th e e ffe c t o f a p o ta s s iu m -s a lt m u d o n th e liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia l, Ej ,

II
is m o re p ro n o u n c e d . In KC1 s o lu tio n s th e tra n s fe re n c e n u m be rs fo r th e
p o ta s s iu m io n , tK, a n d th e c h lo rid e io n , tc l, a re O. 496 a n d O. 504, re s p e c -
tiv e ly . S in c e tK a n d tc l a re a p p ro x im a te ly e qu a l, th e p o ta s s iu m c a tio n ,
K+, c a rrie s a bo u t th e s a m e a m o u n t o f c u rre n t a s th e c h lo rid e a n io n , Cl-.
Th u s , in p u re KC1 s o lu tio n s , n o liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia l is d e v e lo p e d .

Wh e n s o lu tio n s o f d iffe re n t s a lts a re in c o n ta c t, h o w e v e r, th e liqu id -

ju n c tio n p o te n tia l is m o re c o m p le x . U s in g fie ld s a m p le s o f KC1 a n d
KHC03 d rillin g m u d s w ith N a Cl s o lu tio n s o f v a ry in g c o n c e n tra tio n , an
a p p ro x im a te e qu a tio n o f th e fo llo w in g fo rm w a s o bta in e d in th e la bo ra to ry

-13-
SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Rmf VERSUS (Rmf)e FOR KC1 MUDS AT 25*C

30

20

10
9 ,
8
7
6
5

:2
w

::
.7 ,
.6
.5
.4 /

.3 / Y

.2 /

0 .1
0 .1 2 3
(Rm f)e

-7 c onve rsions ‘f ‘m f to Rm fe or Rw to Rwe . I,in e s fo r KC1 an d KHC0 3

are in c lu de d.

w h ic h d e s c ribe s th e liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia l:

Ej=_b+c . ln a w , in m V
amf

w h e re th e te rm “b” re p re s e n ts a c o n s ta n t n e g a tiv e p o te n tia l bia s , o r

s h ift, to th e liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia l, a n d “c ” is a te m p e ra tu re -d e p e n d e n t

-1 4 -
 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

c o e ffic ie n t. B o th “b” a n d “c ” a re e x p e rim e n ta lly d e te rm in e d .

Th e fo re g o in g s im p le lin e a r e qu a tio n a p p e a rs to be v a lid o n ly o v e r a

lim ite d ra n g e o f a c tiv ity ra tio - - g e n e ra lly O. 3< (a w /a m f) ( 10. F o rtu n a te ly ,
th is is th e a c tiv ity ra n g e in w h ic h m o s t fie ld m u d filtra te -c o n n a te w a te r
s y s te m s fa ll. Als o , in th e c a s e o f KC1 m u d s , th e liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia l
is n o t la rg e ; it re p re s e n ts o n ly a fe w m illiv o lts . It is s o m e w h a t g re a te r in
KHC03 m u d s a n d is a lw a y s n e g a tiv e , v a ry in g , fo r e x a m p le , fro m -15 m v ,
a t a n a w la m f a c tiv ity ra tio o f 0.25, to – 5 m V, a t a n a w /a m f a c tiv ity ra tio
o f 10.

In a d d itio n to th e m e m bra n e a n d liqu id -ju n c tio n p o te n tia ls , s o lu tio n s o f

d iffe rin g s a lts p ro d u c e a h i-io n ic p o te n tia l a c ro s s th e a d ja c e n t s h a le be d s .
B i-io n ic p o te n tia ls o f 20 to 27 m V w e re o bs e rv e d u s in g th e KC1-fie ld -m u d
s a m p le s ; a s lig h tly h ig h e r bi - io n ic p o te n tia l w a s fo u n d w ith th e KHC03.
Th e h i-io n ic p o te n tia l d o e s n o t a p p e a r to v a ry s ig n ific a n tly w ith a w /a m f
a c tiv ity ra tio , N a Cl c o n c e n tra tio n , o r te m p e ra tu re .

Th u s , c o m bin in g th e s e s o u rc e s o f S P p o te n tia l- -m e m bra n e , liqu id -

ju n c tio n , a n d bi - io n ic - -th e S P e qu a tio n s fo r tw o ty p e s o f p o ta s s iu m -s a lt
m u d s , w ith N a Cl fo rm a tio n w a te r, be c o m e th e fo llo w in g :

KC1 m u d s :

%n fe
iP Z22 - (56 + 0.12 T) lo g ~, in m V
we

KHC03 muds:

%fe
S P Z25 - (49 + 0.11 T) lo g —9 in m V
Rw e

F ig . 8 p re s e n ts a c h a rt w h ic h s o lv e s th e e qu a tio n a bo v e fo r th e KCl-
m u d c a s e , w h ic h is th e m o re c o m m o n .
II
Th e s e S P p o te n tia ls w e re m e a s u re m e n ts d e te rm in e d in a th re e -
c o m p a rtm e n t (a bo u t 50- c c e a c h ) lu c ite c e ll c o n ta in in g bo th a liqu id ju n c tio n
a n d a s h a le m e m bra n e to s im u la te th e S P lo o p a n d its c o m p o n e n t, E o Em ,
J’
a n d Eb p o te n tia ls :

‘j Em + Eb

i J
Ag /Ag Cl/a w /a m f/ s h a le /a w /Ag Cl/Ag

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SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Ioc
Oc
6C
SC
4C
3C
r a , 1

1 I i

2(J

10 , , 1 1 1

a
Y 1
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
n
r
1
1
!
1
6 1 I I I I I
I
Rmfe 5

Rwe 4

1.0
0.0
0.6
0.5
%
0.4 ~man Formation
KC I Muds, NaCl Fm. Water ~ . i
0.3

0.2

0.I 1 1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I I 1
+ ) +40 0 -40 -80 -120 -160 -200
SP (Millivolts)

W Sp v e rs u s Rm (e /Rw e fo r K~l m u ds , c le an fo rm at io n s .

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 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

RESISTIVITY

DUAL LATE ROLOGTM - Rxo

I I
ohm-m
10 100 1000

ELlh2
Logo re c o rde d in we ll drille d wit h
KC1 m u d.

or

S CE//a w /a ~/s h a le / a w //S CE

w h e re S CE s ta n d s fo r s a tu ra te d c a lo m e l e le c tro d e . In s e rtio n o f a s ilv e r-

c h lo rid e o r s a tu ra te d c a lo m e l e le c tro d e in th e filtra te c o m p a rtm e n t p e r-
m itte d m e a s u re m e n ts , w ith a h ig h -in p u t-im p e d a n c e d ig ita l v o ltm e te r, of
th e liqu id ju n c tio n a n d m e m bra n e p o te n tia ls a n d th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e bi -
io n ic p o te n tia l. Th e a c tiv ity , a w , o f N a Cl s o lu tio n w a s v a rie d to s im u la te
th e S P w h e n KC1 filtra te o f a c tiv ity , a m f, c o n ta c ts N a Cl fo rm a tio n w a te rs
o f d iffe rin g s a lin itie s .
II
F ig . 9 s h o w s a s h o rt s e c tio n o f S P c u rv e re c o rd e d in a w e ll d rille d w ith
KC1 m u d . A p e rm e a ble be d e x is ts fro m a bo u t 8, 048 to 8, 110 ft. An S P
d e v e lo p m e n t h a s o c c u rre d in th e p o s itiv e d ire c tio n . P e rtin e n t d a ta a n d th e
c o m p u ta tio n o f fo rm a tio n -w a te r re s is tiv ity , R w ? a re :

F o rm a tio n Te m p e ra tu re = 130°F

R m f = O. 29 o h m -m a t 77°F

SP = + 35 m V (m a x im u m )

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SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Rm f130 = 0.29 77 + 8 = 0018 ohm-m a t 130°F

() 130 + 8

Th e re fo re , R m fe = 0.25 o h m -m a t 130°F (fro m F ig . 7)

R m fe = O. 67 (fro m F ig . 8)
Rwe

= 0.25
Rw e — = O. 37 o h m -m a t 130°F
O. 67

Th e fo rm a tio n w a te rs o f th is a re a a n d d e p th a re k n o w n to c o n ta in
a p p ro x im a te ly e qu a l p a rts by w e ig h t o f N a Cl a n d N a HC03. As s u m in g th is ,
th e R w e to R w c o n v e rs io n y ie ld s th ro u g h in te rp o la tio n be tw e e n th e N a Cl
a n d N a HC03 lin e s o f F ig . 7:

R w x 0.45 o h m -m a t 130°F

Th e zo n e w a s p e rfo ra te d . Re c o v e ry fro m a te s t in c lu d e d o v e r 500 bbls

o f w a te r w ith a re s is tiv ity o f O. 43 o h m -m a t 130°F . Ch e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n
was o f th e e x p e c te d e qu a l p a rts by w e ig h t o f N a Cl a n d N a HC03. Ac c e p ta ble
a g re e m e n t be tw e e n th e c a lc d a te d R w v a lu e fro m th e S P e qu a tio n fo r th e
KC1 m u d a n d th e re c o v e re d w a te r- s a m p le v a lu e w a s o bta in e d .

CON CLU S ION S

P o ta s s iu m -c h lo rid e (KC1) a n d p o ta s s iu m -bic a rbo n a te (KHC03) d rillin g

m u d s s ig n ific a n tly a lte r th e re s p o n s e o f th e Ga m m a Ra y a n d S p o n ta n e o u s
P o te n tia l lo g s .

In th e c a s e o f th e Ga m m a Ra y , th e p o ta s s iu m c o n c e n tra tio n , m u d w e ig h t,
h o le s ize , a n d to o l p o s itio n a ll in flu e n c e th e m e a s u re m e n t. In th e c a s e o f
th e S P , th e p re s e n c e o f th e p o ta s s iu m a n d bic a rbo n a te io n s a lte r s o m e w h a t
th e c la s s ic a l S P e qu a tio n ; a n d a bi -io n ic p o te n tia l is d e v e lo p e d .

Mo d ifie d S P e qu a tio n s a re p ro p o s e d a s fo llo w s :

F o r KC1 m u d s ,

SP = 22 -(56 + 0.12 T) lo g (R m fe /R w e )

F o r KHC03 muds,

s P =25 -(49 + 0.11 T) lo g (~e /Rw e )

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 SPWLA SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-12, 1976

Ch a rts h a v e be e n p re s e n te d ba s e d o n th e s e re la tio n s fo r u s e o f th e S P fo r
fo rm a tio n - w a te r - re s is tiv ity d e te rm in a tio n .

A te c h n iqu e a n d c h a rts , ba s e d o n th e re a d in g s o f c e n te re d a n d e c c e n -
te re d s o n d e s , h a v e be e n p re s e n te d to c o rre c t th e Ga m m a Ra y lo g fo r th e
c o n tribu tio n o f th e ra d io a c tiv ity o rig in a tin g in th e d rillin g m u d .

Ad d itio n a l w o rk n e e d s to be d o n e to m o re p re c is e ly d e fin e th e e ffe c ts

o f p o ta s s iu m -s a lt m u d s o n th e Ga m m a Ra y a n d S P lo g s . It is in p ro c e s s .
U n til th e n , th e d a ta p re s e n te d h e re a p p e a r to p ro v id e a g o o d e s tim a te of
th e e ffe c ts a n d s h o u ld be o f a id in th e in te rp re ta tio n o f lo g s re c o rd e d in
p o ta s s iu m s a lt-m u d s y s te m s .

ACKN OWLED GMEN TS

Ac k n o w le d g m e n ts g o to S h e ll Ca n a d a Lim ite d fo r s u p p ly in g lo g s a n d
m u d a n a ly s is d a ta , to Im p e ria l Oil Lim ite d fo r th e c o re s a m p le , to D r.
C. J . B la n d , P h y s ic s D e p a rtm e n t, U n iv e rs ity o f Ca lg a ry fo r th e ra d io -
a c tiv ity a n a ly s is , a n d to C. S c a la fo r th e la bo ra to ry s p o n ta n e o u s -p o te n tia l
m e a s u re m e n ts .

REF EREN CES

1. S c h lu m be rg e r Lo g In te rp re ta tio n Ch a rts , 1972 Ed itio n .

2. Go n d o u in , M. , Tix ie r, M. P . , S im a rd , G. L. : “An Ex p e rim e n ta l

S tu d y o n th e In flu e n c e o f th e Ch e m ic a l Co m p o s itio n o f Ele c tro ly te s
o n th e S P Cu rv e ”, J . P e t. Te c h . , F e bru a ry , 1957.

II

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