 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬W١J ٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬ E٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬ E٣
 EDead LoadsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ١J ٢
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 (Slab Dead load)‫א‬‫א‬W١J ١J ١J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z(Own Weight of slab - O.W of slab)‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K(γ c)‫א‬‫א‬×(t)‫א‬×(A)‫א‬
 (γ c =2.5 t/m3)٣L٢{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 O.W of slab = A × t × γ c،i.e
 K‫א‬١{٠(A)‫א‬
 O.W of slab = 1.0 × t × 2.5

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٢F
EF‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 ٢L٢٠٠  ٨
 ٢L٢٥٠  ١٠
 ٢L٣٠٠  ١٢
 ٢L٣٥٠  ١٤
 ٢L٤٠٠  ١٦
 ٢L٤٥٠  ١٨
 ٢L٥٠٠  ٢٠
 
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
٥J ٣HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ٢L١٥٠Z‫א‬E١J ٢F

Tiles
Mortar
3-5cm sand
isolated sheets

R.C slab
(plaster)

 E١J ٢F

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ٢L ٢٥٠J ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢L٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٢L١٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٢L٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٢L٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ١J ١J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Own weight of Beam)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬F(O.W of slab)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
KE١J ١J ١J ٢‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Thickness of beam (t) = span / 8-10 ١٠J ٨L‫א‬ZtZ‫א‬
  For simple beams choose t = span / 8 ‫א‬‫א‬
 For continuous beams ,, t = span / 10 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W٠{٦Z(t) ٠{٢Z(b) K٦{٠Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬G‫א‬GG (L0) Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O.W of beam = L0 × b × (t - ts) ×γc 
Where;
= 10 cm = 0.1 m‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬γc = 2.5 t/ m3 , ts =
=1.0 m E١{٠‫א‬F L0 = length of beam
O.w. of beam = 1.0 × 0.2 × (0.6 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m i.e.

 L٠{٢٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 γ wall = 0.75:1.0 t/m3   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 γ wall = 1.20 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 γ wall = 0.75:1.2 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 γ wall = 0.6 :0.8 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
γ wall = 1.8 t/m3 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 γ wall = 1.5:1.9 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
،K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥،١٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W wall = γ wall × t wall × 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Live Loads)‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ١J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K K‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٢J ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢L١٢٥J ٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L١٥٠J ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬  ٢L ٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F BS 8110‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (working life loads )‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

٢L‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫ א‬ ١
 ٥٠  EFE
 ١٠٠ EFE
 ٢٠٠  E
 ٤٠٠  E
  W  ٢
 ٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٣٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ٣
 ٣٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠J ٥٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬E
  W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٤
 ٣٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
  W‫ א‬ ٥
 ٣٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ‫א‬
 ٥٠٠J ٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٨٠٠J ٥٠٠  ‫א‬E
  W(Halls)W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٦
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٦٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ٧
 ٥٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫ א‬ ٨
 ٢٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  W‫ א‬ ٩
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬E
  W‫א‬‫ א‬ ١٠
 ٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ٢{٤
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٢J ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬P 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
P  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.9P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.8P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.7P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.6P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.5P
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.5P)‫א‬
 (Design Loads)‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Working Loads) ‫א‬W١J ٢J ٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬٪٥ ‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

KEKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Working Stress Design K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Method)
 ,,D,,(Dead Load)‫א‬‫א‬ E
,,L,,(live loads)‫א‬‫א‬ E

 (Ultimate loads)‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٢J ٢
J ٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬EE١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
WASCI‫א‬F‫א‬

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (2-1)

 Dead Loads ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZD

 Live loads‫א‬‫א‬ZL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬

U = 1.5 (D +L) (2-2)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 (E + L) (2-3)

 (Lateral Load)‫א‬‫א‬ZE
 (2-1)‫א‬‫א‬U

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 Structural Analysis
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Member Analysis‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (Beams)‫א‬‫א‬ (slabs)‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬K(Footings)‫א‬(Columns)
  Slabs‫א‬E‫א‬
 Beams‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 Girders‫א‬‫א‬E٣
Columns‫א‬E٤
 Footings‫א‬E٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Section Analysis‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 UL،T،،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  




Over hanging beam Simple slab or beam

continous slab or beam

(Column)

Simple frame
(Column)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F



U L T
U - section L - section circular sec T - section square sec Rectangular sec

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٣
‫א‬ Statically System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J WW١J ٢J ٣
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F (Knife Edge Support)
 ‫א‬
 K

Knife edge support


 E٣J ٣F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Linear Elastic Theory)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Three Moment Equation‫א‬‫א‬E
 Virtual Work Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Moment Distribution‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٤،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٨(lo)‫א‬‫א‬(d)‫א‬
i.e d / l0 < 0.8 for simple beams.
d / l0 < 0.4 for continues beams.
 (Deep Beam)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Plastic Analysis)‫א‬

 (Effective Span l0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 l01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 l02 = l0 × 1.05 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •
 l03 = l0 + d •
 E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd

L 1

L 2 = 1.05 L

L
C L
C

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
 


- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E(Rigid Connections)
 l01 = Centerline to Centerline of Supports‫א‬‫א‬ •
 l02 = 1.05 × l0‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬  F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬  –
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L03 = Distance from Centerline to Centerline
 Or L03 =l0 +d
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (l01)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 J W‫א‬‫א‬ •
L02 = l0 + d2
 E٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬


C
L

d1
d2

L
1

C
L


 E٥J ٣F

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٣
(Normal Forces) ‫א‬‫א‬(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Bending Moments)‫א‬(Shear Forces)‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (N)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (M)‫א‬   (Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Simple Slab or Simple BeamE‫א‬‫א‬FE١
 W‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L )‫א‬‫א‬
 Z(N)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬ •

 Q = K q × wt × L (3-1)

 EJ ٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬ZL

 W‫א‬‫א‬(M)‫א‬‫א‬J 

 M = w × L2 / Km (3-2)


 EJ ٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ٨Z(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

w t/m

Loads
L

wL
Q=
2
S.F.D
K q = 0.5 Q

B.M.D
K m= 8
2
wL
M=
8

 E٦J ٣F

 Over Hanging Slab or Beam‫א‬‫א‬E٢

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     (D.L + L.L ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Z(N)‫א‬‫א‬ W
 W(Q)‫א‬ •
(D.L+L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬         
 ‫א‬    KKKK (D.L only)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEJ ٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

i.e. Q = K q × wt × L (3-3)
 
 ،E‫א‬F٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q W
 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬ZW t
 Span of Slab or beam  ‫א‬‫א‬ZL

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •

(D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K EJ ٧J ٣F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (D.L)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬   
W

2 2
Max. M +ve. = wt×L /8 – w × L1 /2 (3-4)

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZwtW
 (D.L. only)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL1 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL

(D.L. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E
J ٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬(D.L+L.L.)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Only)
 WE
2
Max. M-ve = w × L1 /2 (3-5)




- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

w1 = D.L + L.L (t/m) D.L

w w
Loads

L L L
1 1
w1L
2
wL1
Kq = 0.5 S.F.D
wL1
w1L
M -v 2
e
Case of max +ve M B.M.D

w1L2
8
w1 t/m w1(D.L + L.L)
w t/m (D.L)
Loads

w1L21
M -ve =
2

Case of max -ve M B.M.D

2
wL

8

 E٧J ٣F

 Continues Slab or Beam E٢

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
M = w×L2 / Km (3-7)W(M)‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Q = K q × wt × L (3-6 (Q)‫א‬
 
 E٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q
 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 Effective Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 L،٪٢٠ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W 
 WL2L1‫א‬
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1

w t/m or w1 w t/m or w2

Loads

L or L L or L
2 1

-24 -9 -24 Km
( Moment factor)
+11 +11
w L2
w L2 9 w L2
24 24
B.M.D

w L2 w L2
11 11

 ‫א‬E٨J ٣F

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4

K q ( Shear factor)
0.6 wL
0.4 wL

S.F.D

0.4 wL
0.6 wL
 ‫א‬E٩J ٣F

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(Q)‫א‬ •
 
Q = K q × wt × L (3-8)

 E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw t 
 Effective Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL 

W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •

2
M = w×L / Km (3-9)


 E١٢J ٣FE١١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm
 EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 L ،٪٢٠  ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬   W

 WL2L1‫א‬
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1

0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kq
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F

-24 -10 -12 -12

+10 +12 +12

Km ( Moment factor)

‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F

-24 -10 -12 -12

+12 +16 +16

Km ( Moment factor)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
W‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F E
 EE٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ E

  F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 E٧J ٣‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬FE
 E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E١٢J ٣FE١١J ٣F‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W١J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 Solid Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E١
 Hollow Block Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 Flat Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 Waffle Slabs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 Lift Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 Pre-Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬ (Solid Slabs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Working Stress Design Method)
 (Solid Slabs)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Beams)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(girders)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 One way Solid Slabs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 Two Way Solid Slabs ‫א‬ E

 J W
 One way Solid Slabs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٢J ٤
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i.e. r = L / B ≥ 2 the slab is one way slab
 ‫א‬‫א‬B،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬rW

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

m
1

d
2
b
d
2

L

 E١J ٤F

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
Section Analysis by Working Stress Method
‫א‬‫א‬(Hook’s Law) (Bernoulli theorem) 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Pure Bending Moment or Pure ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W١J ٣J ٤
 Flexure)
 ‫א‬ •
 (Bond slip )EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

    ‫א‬   (Plane cross sections) ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 KE٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

c fc x
3

x C

d Z=d -x 3

s fs n
R.C sec Strain diagram Stress diagram


 E٢J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫אא‬‫א‬
M
 d = k 1 (4-1)  
b
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Zb
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zd
  (f c)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       Z k1
 KE١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K(f s)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZM

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 J W‫א‬‫א‬

M
A = (4-2)  
s
k 2 × d

 (M)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZAs
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zd
‫א‬(f c)‫א‬‫א‬ZK2
 KE١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K(f s)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZM

 Diagonal Tension‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٣J ٤
Horizontal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vertical Shear‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KShear
Wq‫א‬‫א‬

 q = Q
0 . 87 × bd (4-3)


 ‫א‬‫א‬Zq
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ZQ
 Bond‫א‬W٣J ٣J ٤

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  (Bond Stress) ‫א‬ 
Flexure ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KShear Strength‫א‬
 Flexure Bond‫א‬ E
Anchorage Bond‫א‬ E

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Flexural Rigidity ‫א‬W٤J ٣J ٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (EI) ‫א‬
‫ آﻤﺎ‬E с ‫א‬ Es‫א‬  DeflectionE‫א‬F
 -: ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬
n =E s / E c = 15 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Elastic Deformation ‫א‬‫א‬ (‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n = 10 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١J ٤F
Design coefficients for bending (working Stress Method)

fs fc 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 95 100 105
α .403 .428 .452 .474 .494 .512 .529 .545 .574 .588 .600 .612
Fs=1000

β .866 .857 .849 .842 .835 .829 .824 .818 .809 .804 .800 .796
k1 .357 .330 .308 .289 .273 .259 .247 .237 .219 .211 .204 .193
k2 866 857 849 842 835 829 524 818 809 804 800 796
α .360 .385 .407 .428 .448 .467 .484 .500 .529 .543 .555 .567
Fs=1200

β .880 .872 .864 .857 .851 .844 .839 .833 .823 .819 .815 .811
k1 .374 .345 .322 .301 .284 .269 .256 .245 .226 .218 .210 .204
k2 1058 1048 1037 1029 1021 1013 1007 1000 988 983 978 973
α .325 .349 .372 .391 .411 .429 .446 .462 .491 .504 .517 .529
Fs=1400

β .892 .884 .876 .870 .863 .857 .851 .846 .836 .832 .826 .824
k1 .391 .360 .335 .313 .295 .279 .265 .253 .233 .224 .216 .209
k2 1248 1237 1227 1217 1208 1200 1192 1185 1171 1165 1162 1154
α .297 .319 .340 .360 .379 .396 .413 .429 .458 .471 .484 .496
Fs=1600

β .901 .894 .887 .880 .874 .868 .862 .857 .847 .843 .839 .835
k1 .408 .375 .347 .324 .305 .288 .274 .261 .240 .230 .222 .214
k2 1441 1430 1419 1408 1398 1389 1380 1371 1367 1349 1342 1335
α .273 .292 .310 .328 .344 .360 .375 .403 .416 .429 .440
Fs=2000

β .909 .803 .897 .891 .885 .880 .875 .866 .861 .857 .853
k1 .402 .371 .346 .328 .306 .290 .276 .252 .242 .233 .225
k2 1818 1898 1793 1782 1771 1769 1750 1731 1723 1715 1706
α .254 .273 .290 .307 .323 .338 .353 .380 .393 .406 .417
Fs=2200

β .915 .909 .903 .898 .892 .887 .882 .873 .869 .865 .861
k1 .415 .383 .357 .334 .315 .298 .283 .269 .248 .239 .230
k2 2013 2000 1987 1976 1962 1952 1940 1921 1912 1903 1894

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ٥J ٣J ٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬KE٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE١F
 K
 ‫א‬
 Dead loadsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠Z(t)‫א‬‫א‬

A

m One - way slab

2.25

m A
L=6
2
w = 0.6 t/m = 6 KN/m
Loads
m M B.M.d

2.25

 E٣J ٤F


i.e. Own weight of slab =1×1× t ×γ c = t × γ c 
= 0.1× 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN / m2

Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 KN / m2

Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN / m2

Total Loads (wt) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 0.60 t / m2 = 6.0 KN / m2

Bending Moments (‫א‬)

Section A-A:
M = wt ×L2/8 = 0.6 × (2.25)2 / 8 = 0.380 m.t /m
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg / cm2)

And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k 1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217

 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
0 . 380 × 100000 M
= 6.10 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b

‫א‬   ‫א‬    K  ٨ Z  EtF ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K
 I.e. take t min = 8.0 cm.
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 8.0 – 1.5 = 6.5 cm.
 W‫א‬
0.380 × 10 5
= As main = M × 10
5
= 4.8 cm2/m
1217 × 6.5 k ×d2

Choose 7Ø10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25 / 100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As main chosen is okay.
As secondary = 0.20 A s main = 0.20 × 4.8 = 0.96 cm2 /m
Choose As secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬       K  ٨Z (t) ‫א‬   E١
 K٨‫א‬
‫א‬K ١٠ ٧‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ٨‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٢٠‫א‬‫א‬E٣
٪٠{٢٥E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 J WE٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ KE٤J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٠٠
 KE٢L٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
L 6
(One way slab) r = = =2
b 3
Loads on Slab: assume t s=10 cm.
 O.w. of slab = 0.1 ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2

3.0 m 3.0 m

W d.L + L.L

Loads

m m
3.0 3.0

S S
m
wL2 --v M wL2 6.0
e
24 24
B.M.d

+ve M +ve M

loads & B.M at section s-s

m m
L = 3.0 L = 3.0

E٤J ٤F

Bending Moments:
2
w × l 1 0 .6 × 9
M +ve = 11 = 11 = 0.49 mt / m
t

2
w × l 1 0 .6 × 9
 M −ve = 9 = 9 = 0.6 mt / m
t

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Cases of ‫א‬٢L٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ W

 K(case of total loads)‫א‬‫א‬loading)
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg / cm2)
And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37—24/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k 1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217
 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
0 . 6 × 100000 M
 = 7.74 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b

Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0 . 49 × 10 5 M +ve ×105
2
=
= 4.74 cm /m
1217 * 8 . 5 = As1
main
k2 × d

Choose 7 Ø 10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As1 main chosen is okay.
As1 secondary = 0.20 As1 main = 0.20× 4.74 = 0.948 cm2 /m
Choose As1 secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.6 ×105 M −ve ×105
= 5.8 cm2 / m = As2 main =
1217× 8.5 k2 × d

Choose 8 Ø 10 mm/m (6.28cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As2 main chosen is okay.
As2 secondary = 0.20 As2 main = 0.20× 5.8 = 1.16 cm2 /m
Choose As2 secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٣J ٤
 ‫א‬W
E‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٢٥
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E 1 F
5
KE٥F
E٪ ٢٠    F ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤L ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٤
‫א‬‫א‬E٥F  ٢٠ 
K١٠‫א‬
K٢{٠١{٥‫א‬ (٥
E ٣L ١F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       (٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٨ (٧
    E٢F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    (٨
KE٥J ٤F‫א‬

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٥J ٤F

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢L٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣

 ‫א‬W
K ١٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K١٥‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
(Deflection)F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬
 t min.. =L/30 ‫א‬ E١
t min.. =L/35 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
t min.. =L/40 ‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W
١{٠٥  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 Tow Way Slabs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٤
 W١J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
i.e. L / b ≥ 1.0 ≤ 2.0
 ‫א‬Zb‫א‬ZL
J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F

 KL/b ‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 αE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
βE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٤J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  t min.. =b/35 ‫א‬ E
 t min. =b/45  ‫א‬‫א‬ E

 Kb
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K(b)‫א‬‫א‬(L)‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zb W
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Z m b 
 Kb‫א‬(b)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Z m L
KL‫א‬(L)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬m L m b
 Wm L m b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m b = m L = 1.0W‫א‬
m b =m L = 0.87W‫א‬
 m b =m L = 0.76W
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (r) ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(4-4) r= m ×l 
l

m ×b
b

 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ (β) (α)‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(L)‫א‬(b)‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 r‫א‬(β)(α)‫א‬E٢J ٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
r 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
α 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
β 0.35 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08
 β = 0.35/ r2W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W α =Wt × α(b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W β =Wt × β(L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EWL.L‫א‬‫א‬WD.L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬wt
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Bending Moments)‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

×b2
  M b = ± wα  (4-5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10

×L 2

  M L = ± wβ  (4-6) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

×b2
  M b = ± wα  (4-7) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12
 
×L 2

 M L = ± w β  (4-8) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

12
 

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٤F
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K Rigid Beams  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K٢٠‫א‬١٥‫א‬

 EFr‫א‬(β)(α)‫א‬E٣J ٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
α .396 .473 .542 .606 .660 .706 .746 .778 .806 .830 .849
β .396 .323 .262 .212 .172 .140 .113 .093 .077 .063 .053

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٤
 J WE١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K E٧J ٤F       ٤{٥  
 KE٢L٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
 ٤{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
(Two way slab) r = m × l = 0.87 × 4.5 = 1.0
l

m × b 0.87 × 4.5
b

 From table (4-1) α = β =0.35

Slab is continues i.e. t = 450/ 45 =10 cm

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

4.50 m 4.50 m

0.40 m

m
4.50
1 1

0.20 m

m
0.40 m 4.50
0.20 m

0.40 m

 E٧J ٤F

Loads on Slab:
O.w. of slab = 0.1 ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
 Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
  W α =Wt × α= Load in short direction = 0.6 × 0.35 = 0.21t/m2
Wt × β = Load in long direction = 0.6 × 0.35 = 0.21 t/m2=W β 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Bending Moments:
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
2
× 0.21 × 4.5 2
Mα + ve
= Mα − ve
= wα l 1
= = 0.425 mt / m
10 10
2

= =
wβ × l 2 =
0 .21 × 4 .5 2
= 0 .425 mt / m
Mβ + ve Mβ − ve
10 10
(Cases of    ‫א‬  ٢L  ٤٠٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W 
 K(Case of total loads)‫א‬‫א‬loading)
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg/cm2)
And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37—24/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217

 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬

0 . 425 × 100000 M
= 6.45 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b

Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.425 × 10 5 × 10 5
= 4.11 cm /m 2
= A main = M α + ve

1217 × 8.5 sL
k 2
×d

Choose 6 Ø 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

0.425 × 10 5
2 Mβ + ve
× 10 5
= 4.65 cm /m = A Secondary =
1217 × 7.5 sl
k 2
×d

Choose 6 Ø 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.425 × 10 5 Mβ × 10 5
= 4.11 cm2/m = Asu main =
− ve

1217 × 8.5 k2 × d

Choose 6 Ø 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

0.425 × 10 2 Mβ − ve
× 10 5
= 4.65 cm /m = A sec ondary =
1217 × 7.5 su
k2 × d

Choose 6 Ø 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

E٨J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬
10 mm m

10 mm m

m
3

3 10 m m m 3 10 m m m 4.50
1 3 10 m m m 1
3 10 m m m
10 mm m
10 mm m

m
4.50
3
3

4.50 m 4.50 m
6 10 m m m

3 10 m m m 3 10 m m m
+3 10 m m m +3 10 m m m

S ec ( 1-1 )


 ‫א‬E٨J ٤F

 J WE٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩J ٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٣{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
(Two way slab) r = m × l = 1.0 × 3.5 = 1 .0
l

m × b 1.0 × 3.5
b

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ٤F‫א‬
 From table (4-3) α = β =0.396
Slab is Simple i.e. t = 350/ 35 =10 cm
Loads on Slab:
O.w. of slab = 0.1 × 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
 Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
  W α =W β= 0.6 × 0.396 = 0.21t/m2
 
Bending Moments:
 WKEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
× 0.2376 × 3.5 2
Mα + ve
= Mβ + ve
= wα l 1
= = 0.364 mt / m
8 8
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg/cm2)
2
And f s = 1400 kg/cm (mild steel 37—24/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k1= 0.313 and k2 = 1217
 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
5
0 . 367 × 10 M
= 6.0 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b
Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.

 W‫א‬
0.364 × 10 5 × 10 5
= 3.52 cm2/m = AsL main = M α +ve
1217 × 8.5 k *d2

Choose 7 Ø 8 mm/m (3.52cm2/m)

0.364 × 10 5
2 Mβ × 10 5
= 3.98 cm /m = A Secondary =
+ ve

1217 × 7.5 sl
k 2
×d
Choose 8 Ø 8 mm/m (4.02cm2/m)

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ KE β F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E α F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
i.e. A s α. ≥ A s β.


2 10 mm m
m
4 8 m 0.2

8 mm m
5 8 mm / m
Concrete seat m
i i 3.50

8
4 8 m 2 10 mm m
8 8 mm m

Sec ( i - i ) m
3.50

 E٩J ٤F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠
 K(Ø=8mm)٨‫א‬E٢
E٤L١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫א‬E٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٢{٠W١{٥‫א‬‫א‬E٤K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٤
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Flexure)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(No need to check shear stress)‫א‬‫א‬
 EDeflection in SlabsF‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٥ BS8110 CP110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ACI‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٩٩٥‫א‬
‫א‬      E٤J ٤F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (ACI-318-71)  ١٩٧١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (L/d)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F
ACI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Fy kg/cm2)
١٢{٥  ٣٥  ٣٠  ٢٥  ٢٨٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠  ٢٦  ٢٣  ٢٠  ٢٨٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١  ٣١  ٢٧  ٢٢  ٣٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩  ٢٣{٥  ٢٠{٥  ١٨  ٣٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠  ٢٨  ٢٤  ٢٠  ٤٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨  ٢١  ١٨{٥  ١٦  ٤٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠{٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ (L/d)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (L/d)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
 E.C.O.P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Fy kg/cm2)
 ٣٥  ٣٠  ٢٥   ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٠٠J ٢٤٠٠
 ٢٦  ٢٣  ١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٠٠J ٢٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨  ٢٤  ٢٠   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١  ١٧  ١٤  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢٠٠J ٣٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ACI-318-83)K١٩٨٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬      K ٣٥J ٣٣  ‫–א‬ K ١٩٨٣  ACI-318-83
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢F١٢٠(Drop panels)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
E٢J ٣J ٥J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
E١٠F١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢{٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
E٩F٩٠

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٤
١٠‫א‬ ١٠Z‫א‬ E١
١٠ Ø٦Z ‫א‬
 KL
١٢‫א‬ ١٢Z‫א‬ E٢
١٢ Ø٧Z ‫א‬
 KL
١٤‫א‬ ١٤Z‫א‬ E٣
١٤ ø٨Z ‫א‬
 KL
١٦‫א‬ ١٦Z‫א‬ E٤
١٦ Ø٩Z ‫א‬
KL١٠Ø٥‫א‬KL

 ‫א‬٩J ٤
‫א‬K ٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬FE١
 W‫א‬K٩{٠٤{٢Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠J ٤F‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬K ٦{٥ ٤{٥Z‫א‬K ٢٠ 
 W‫א‬K٢{٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢Z‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


6.50 m 6.50 m

1
m
m
0.2 4.50

m
0.2

m
4.50

6.50 m 6.50 m


 E١٠J ٤F
 
  KE١١J ٤F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٣J ٢J ١F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣
 W‫א‬K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣،٢،١F‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬        E
 K‫א‬‫א‬




- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

5.00 m 6.00 m 5.00 m

m m
m 0.2 0.2 m
5.00 1 2 5.00

m
0.2

m 3 m
6.00 6.00

m
0.2

m m
5.00 5.00

5.00 m 6.00 m 5.00 m


 E١١J ٤F

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 WW١J ٥
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     KKK  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢٠٢٠WKK‫א‬
 KE١J ٥F‫א‬F٢٥٢٥

T 20 cm
25 cm

12 cm 12 cm 12 cm
b b b

25 cm b< 25 cm 20 cm b< 20 cm
b< T

 E١J ٥F

‫א‬ (Lintling)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(To reduce buckling length of columns)‫א‬ E٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Main girders ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
Secondary beams‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
E‫א‬ F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


4.00 m 4.00 m

m
0.3
Beam

m
3.00
m
0.2
Seconadry Seconadry
Beam Beam
m m
0.3
Main

3.00


 E٢J ٥F


- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 F‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   K   E٣J ٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
‫א‬ (G1) ‫א‬ ‫א‬     (B1→B2→B3)     ‫א‬
 KC4‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
4.00 4.00
4
G1
C4 C3
3
m
3.00
2
C5 B2

1 B3
m
3.00 B1

C2 C1

 E٣J ٥F
‫א‬    KE٣J ٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G1‫א‬
C1‫א‬‫א‬ G1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B3،B2،B1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C4،C3،C2،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٣J ٥
‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬   E١
(Embedded beams)  ‫א‬  (Dropped beams)‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ (Loop of loading)E ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬ F‫א‬EF‫א‬EJ ٤J ٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ a‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ d  c  b  a ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EJ ٤J ٥F  ‫א‬
 a‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬KEJ ٤J ٥F
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  D‫א‬  e  d  c  b
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

m m m m
S D S D

m m
D D

b m b m
c S c S

m a m a d
d
S S
m m
D D

m m D m m
D S D S


 E٤J ٥F


- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬      E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E٣
J ٥F،EJ ٥J ٥F‫א‬KEJ ٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEJ ٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EJ ٥


X m X m

ks
ac
Cr

m m
Y Y
Cr
ac
ks

m
X

m
Y


 E٥J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW٤J ٥
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Uniformly distributed load) ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 KE١J ٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K٥{٠‫א‬‫א‬



Loads

b< 5.00 m


 E١J ٦J ٥F


 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢J ٦J ٥FK٧،٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


w t/m
Loads

b<7.00 m
L

 E٢J ٦J ٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٠‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٣J ٦J ٥F
 
P w t/m
Loads

b< 7.00 m

 E٣J ٦J ٥F
- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧{٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨{٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 F       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬
 KE٤J ٦J ٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W



w t/m w t/m


 E٤J ٦J ٥F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :٥-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬  Allowable working stress
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٥J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Slabs) ‫א‬   (١
 EJ ١J ٢J ٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 EJ ٢J ٢J ٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
J ٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (٣
EJ ٢J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٥J ٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ E٧J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

L
X Y

Beam A

45°
2X

Beam B


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F

 EF ‫א‬  K         EF ‫א‬  
 K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬β،α‫א‬
L/2x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
 α 0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.829 0.853 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917
 β 0.500 0.554 0.582 0.615 0.642 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.637 0.750
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 KZX

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
 (Equivalent coefficient for moment)‫א‬‫א‬Zα
 (Equivalent coefficient for shear)‫א‬‫א‬Zβ
 W
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zα ×w ×x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zβ ×w ×x
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 E٢J ٥F

0.5 0.667 L/2 1

L

0.5 0.5 2
From
=
table 3

0.5 0.667 4

0.5 0.333 5
= 0.5 6
From
=
table 7
Take = 1/2x for
 one trabizoidal

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،،٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٥J ٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٥J ٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٥J ٥
 E١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٨J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٨J ٥F‫א‬KEJ ٨J ٥F
 W
 KE٣L١{٢‫א‬F٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KEJ ٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KG1‫א‬‫א‬B2،B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

1 2 3 4

A A

m
6.00

B B

m
6.00

C C
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00m

 1 2 3 4

 EJ ٨J ٥F


- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


1 2 3 4
G2
A A
S2
m
6.00 B2 S2 S1 m B2
0.2

B B
G1

m B2 B1 B1 B2
6.00 S2 S2

0.4 m S1
C C
G2
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00 m

1 2 3 4

 EJ ٨J ٥F


h2 ( clear height )


 EJ ٨J ٥F
- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 G1،B2،B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 E٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬

2.00 2.00

G1
G2 2.50 2.50 G2

6.00 m 6.00 m

B1
w t t/m

G2 G1 G2
B1
E٩J ٥F


 Wt on beam B1 = loads from slab + o. w. of beam

 Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 × 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2
O.W. of flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN / m2
L.L = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2
Total load on slab = 0.75 t/m2 = 7.5 KN / m2
Slab s1 is 4 × 6 m
r1 = 6/4 = 1.5
α1 = 0.853 and β1 = 0.667 (from table 5-1)
Slab s2 is 5 × 6 m
r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
α1 = 0.769 and β1 = 0.582 (from table 5-1)
- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Beam B1 has two equal span = 6.0 m

Assume b =20 cm
And t = span / 10 = 60 cm
 W
 W‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W α = total working load for moment
= 0.853 × 0.75 × 4/2 + 0.769 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 = 2.96 t/m 
 W‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W β = total working load for shear
= 0.667 × 0.75 × 4/2 + 0.582 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 = 2.33 t/m 
 K‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B2‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬G1(Main girder)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 E١٠J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬B2‫א‬‫א‬

2.50 2.50

col col col

6.00 m 6.00 m

B2

w t/m
t

col col col

B2
E١٠J ٥F

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 × 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2
O.W. of flooring = 0.15 t/m2
L.L = 0.30 t/m2
Total load on slab = 0.75 t/m2
Slab s2 is 5 × 6 m
r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
α1 = 0.769 and β1 = 0.582
Beam B2 has two equal span = 6.0 m
Assume b =20 cm
And t = span / 10 = 60 cm
Loads from wall:
= 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4 m‫א‬‫א‬H wall =

W wall = γ b × t w + o.w. of plaster = 1.2× 0.2 + 0.05 = 0.29 t/m2

 W
 WE‫א‬)B2‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W α = total working load for moment
= 0.769 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 + 0.29 × 2.4 = 2.38 t/m
WE‫א‬FB2‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬

W β = total working load for shear
= 0.582 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 + 0.29 × 2.4 = 2.38 t/m

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 KE١١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬G1‫א‬‫א‬

R R
B1 2.00 B1
2.50 2.50

col 2.50
2.50 2.00

5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00 m

G1

 E١١J ٥F

 ٠{٤Z٤٠ZG1‫א‬ 
 W٠{٩Z٩٠Z
K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ W
(‫א‬‫א‬ ) ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K (α = β = 0.5). ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬.W β

Wt = total working load on G1 = ∑ loading area / span + o.w. of girder

i.e.
W α = W β = ( 2 × 0.75 × 0.5 × 4 × 4/2 + 2 × 2 × 0.75 × 0.5 × 5 × 5/2 ) / 14
+ 0.4 × (0.9 – 0.12) × 2.5 = 1.77 + 0.78 = 2.55 t/m

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬G1‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 B1 ‫א‬  (working reaction) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١
 KRB1G1‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E٢
(load for   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
WKKKKKKKKshear coefficient) (w β)
RB1 = R w + R m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZR wW
 KB1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZR m
 KB1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬








- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

w t/m or w1 w = 2.33 t/m

Beam B1
Loads G2 G1 G2
6.00 m 6.00 m

w L2 2.33 * 6 * 6
M= = = 10.485 m.t
8 8
B.M.d

G2 G1 G2
10.485 10.485
Reaction
10.485 10.485 *2 10.485
6
= Rm 6
6
6.00 m 6.00 m


 E١٢J ٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
R w = (wβ×L/2) ×2 = (2.33 ×6/2) ×2 = 13.98 ton
R m = (M - ve /L) ×2 = (wβ×L2/8L) ×2 = (2.33 ×6×6 / (8×6))×2 = 3.495 ton
i.e. RB1 = 3.495 + 13.98 = 17.5 ton
 KE١٣J ٥FG1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

R = 17.5 t R = 17.5 t
B1 B1
w = 2.55 t/m

col col
5.0 4.00 m 5.0

14.00 m


E١٣J ٥F
 E١J ٥F‫א‬
 G1،B2،B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
E١٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FB1‫א‬ E١
E١٥J ٥F
2.33 t/m
Load for shear
6.00 m 6.00 m

0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4

K ( Shear factor)
q

8.4 t
5.6 t
S.F.D Q=K * w L q
B

5.6 t
8.4 t

 E١٤J ٥F

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


2.96 t/m
Load for moment

6.00 m 6.00 m

-24 -9 -24 K
+11 +11 m ( moment factor)
2
w L= 11.84
-4.44 9 - 4.44
2
B.M.d M= wL /Km

 9.7 9.7
 E١٥J ٥F

 WE‫א‬FB2‫א‬E٢
W β (for shear) = 1.74 t/m
W α (for moment) = 2.22 t/m

 KB2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 KE١٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬G1 ‫א‬E٣




- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


17.5 t 17.5 t
2.55 t/m
Loads

35.35 t 5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00 m 35.35 t

35.35
22.6
5.1
S.F.D
5.1
22.6
35.35

B.M.d

144.88
8 mt

w L2
= 8 mt
8
Mmax= 144.88 + 5.1 =150 mt 5.1

 E١٦J ٥F


Design of R.C. Sections of Beams‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٥
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٥F


- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 E١٧J ٥F

‫א‬(Deflection)‫א‬A-B‫א‬E١٨J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WEB-B‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EA-A‫א‬F



 E١٨J ٥F


- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬    E١٩J ٥F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١٩J ٥F  E١٩J ٥F ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Neutral Axis)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
T‫א‬
E١٩J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
KE١٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

b

A-A B-B A-A

T

 E١٩J ٥F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 EEF،(F
‫א‬‫א‬ F T ‫א‬‫א‬ (T-shaped) T E
 E١٩J ٥
‫א‬ (L-shaped)L‫א‬‫א‬ W
K(L-Section)>L

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٦J ٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Linear) ‫א‬  E١
KE٢٠J ٥F

ft
d
+
d

-
fc
Stress diagram Strain diagram


 E٢٠J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  f c   ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
Kf s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١J ٥J ٥F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٣
 ‫א‬ (M) ‫א‬     E٤J ٥J ٥F ،E٣J ٥J ٥F ،E٢J ٥J ٥F،
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

M
 d = k 1
(4-1)
b
 W
‫א‬‫א‬(Depth of R.C. Sec.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd
 EE٢٠J ٥F&E١٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬F
    (f c)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        Z k1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬(f s)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZB
 f s,b‫א‬f c f cuE٥

 W‫א‬W
f cu = 250 kg/cm2 , f c = 80 kg/cm2 and f s = 1400 kg/cm2
So, k1 = 0.253 , k 2= 1185  

 E١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬As‫א‬ E٧

M
(4-2) A =
s
k 2
× d

From figure (5-21)
t = d +d′
Where; d′ = 3 + Ø /2 + (2.5 + Ø /2) × (n-1)

 K‫א‬ZnW
 W٢٠ZØ،‫א‬Z(n)‫א‬‫א‬
d′ = 3 + Ø /2 ≈ 4 cm.

KE٢١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

fc

t d

+
d
b fs / n


 E٢١J ٥F


 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F LT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٦J ٥
 (Flanged Beam)
 L‫א‬T‫א‬I‫א‬∏‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٥‫א‬FL‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K T    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 (Floor)K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KL‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (B)‫א‬‫א‬
 WL‫א‬T

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
T E
 
B = 12 ts + b
Or B = L/3 (for simple beams) (4-3)
Or B = L/4.5 (for continuous beams)

 LE
B = 4.5 t s + b
Or B = L/6 (for simple beams) (4-4)
Or B = L/9 (for continuous beams)
t sK٨K‫א‬Z
LK‫א‬‫א‬Z


M M
B B

ts ts

d d

As As

bO bO
T - section L - section

 E٢٢J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Maximum B)‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE٢٣J ٥FK

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

C C
L S L
S S

m
6.30

L sec T sec

bo

L sec
C C
L L

 E٢٣J ٥F

 LT‫א‬
 J WT
E‫א‬F‫א‬ (Z)‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٥F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (Z)‫א‬ E٢
KT‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٤J ٥F

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

B B

ts z ts
z
d t t

bO bO


 E٢٤J ٥


W‫א‬‫א‬ (neutral axis distance (z))‫א‬‫א‬

M
 Z = 0 . 14 (4-5)
B

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BK B‫א‬ (r)‫א‬ 

WK‫א‬‫א‬Br

 Br= r × B (4-5)

B/b0&ts/z‫א‬K(r)‫א‬E٣J ٥F‫א‬



- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Br=r.B) (r)‫א‬E٣J ٥F

ts/z
B/b0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
2.0 1.0 1.0 .98 .96 .92 .88 .82 .76 .68
2.5 1.0 .99 .98 .95 .90 .85 .78 .70 .62
3.0 1.0 .99 .97 .94 .89 .83 .76 .67 .57
3.5 1.0 .99 .97 .94 .89 .82 .74 .65 .54
4.0 1.0 .99 0.97 .93 .88 .81 .73 .63 .52
5.0 1.0 .99 0.97 .93 .87 .80 .71 .61 .49

 W‫א‬‫א‬
M
d = k 1
B r

 :k1‫א‬W

f c′= 0.75fc 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f cW
 K(t)‫א‬‫א‬
′
T = d + d  

W‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M
A =
s
k 2
× d

 Kf s , (f c′)‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬k2W
‫א‬‫א‬ (shear stress)‫א‬‫א‬ (Check)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬LT‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (L)‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥

 Shear stress‫א‬W٣J ٦J ٥
(q)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (shear forces (Q)) ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ (Diagonal Tension) (T) (shear stress)
 KE٢٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬

Q
q = Kg / cm2
0 . 87 × b × d


T
q
q q
q

E٢٥J ٥F

 W‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K٢L٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
١٨  E   F        E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢L
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
J ٥ ١٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬   K(Shear force diagram) (S.F.D)‫א‬  E١
 KE١٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
Q
q =
max 0 . 87 × b × d

 q maxK (Linearity)‫א‬ Q q W
 K(Face of column)‫א‬‫א‬
K(7kg/cm2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 KE٢٦J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Q
S.F.D
Q
By concrete
q
st

7 kg/cm
q = 1: 1 q
st 3 2 max Ab

q
max


E٢٦J ٥F


 Kq max½⅓‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

n × Ast × f
 s
I.e. q stirrups =(⅓: ½) q max =
b× s

 K(No. of branches of stirrups)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZnW

 K(Area of bar of one branch of stirrups)‫א‬ZA st
 (A st = 0.503 cm2)W٨‫א‬
 K٢L١٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬Zf s
 (breadth of beam)‫א‬ Zb
 K‫א‬Zs

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬(A sb)‫א‬‫א‬E٥

A × b
A sb
= b

f s

Where; A b = area from diagram of shear stress.


 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬
 KE١٥J ٥&١٤J ٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

Design data:
L= Effective Span =6.0 m
Q max. +ve = 8.4 ton
Q max. – ve = 5.6 ton
M max. –ve = 11.84 t.m.
M max. +ve = 9.7 t.m.
Assume f cu = 250 kg/cm2
f c = 90 kg/cm2
f s =1400 kg/cm2
Therefore: Q Design = 8.4 ton
At Sec. 2-2 M –ve = 11.84 t.m.
At Sec. 1-1 M +ve = 9.7 t.m.
From table k1 = 0.233
k2 = 1171
Design of Sec. 2-2 (Slab lies in Tension zone)
So design as a rectangular Sec.

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

5 5
M × 10 11 . 84 × 10
d = k 1
2
= 0 . 233 = 56 . 7 cm
b 20

Take: t = 60 cm
d act. = 56 cm
5 5

= M × 10 2
=
11 . 84 × 10
= 18 . 06
2
A cm
s
k ×d 2 act
1171 × 56

Take 6 Ø 20 mm (18.8 cm2)

Check on section 1-1 (slab is in compression zone)
So design as a T section
B (breadth of flange) is taken the least of:
B = 12 t s + b = 12 × 10 + 20 = 140 cm
Or B = L/4.5 = 600/4.5 = 133.33 cm
Or B = ¢ :¢ =450 cm
I.e. B =133.33 cm
6
M 9 . 7 × 10
Z = 0 .14 + ve
= 0 .14 = 11 .94 cm And
B 133 . 33

Z > t s > 10 cm
So: the sec. is actually T sec.
f c′ = 0.75 f c = 0.75× 90 = 67.5 kg/cm2
Take f c′ = 70 kg/cm2
I.e. k1= 0.279
k2= 1200
d act.= 56 cm

M × 10
5
9 .7 × 10 5
As at sec .1 = 1
= = 14 .43 cm 2
k ×d 2 act
1200 × 56

Take 5 Ø 20 mm (15.7 cm2)

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

8.4 t

sec 2 x
3.6 m 2.4 m

45°
q 255
max q 5.6 t
st
7 kg/cm
8.62 kg/cm Ab


E٢٧J ٥




 Check of shear:

8 . 4 × 10 3
> 7 kg/cm2 q = = 8 . 62 kg / cm 2
2 max . 0 . 87 × 20 × 56

Take stirrups 2 branches 5 Ø 8 mm/m

n × Ast × f 2 × 0.503×1400 1 1
q = s
= = 3.52 = ( : ) q
st b× s 20× 20 3 2 2 max.

= A ×b = × b
b
= (45 ×
8.62 − 3.52 + 7 − 3.52
)×
20
= 2.28 cm
2
A bent
f A f b
2 1400
s s

Take 2 Ø 20 mm (6.28 cm2 for more safety)

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 KB1‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬



B1

 B1‫א‬E٢٨J ٥F


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K٣٥٠H٣٠{٤H٣٠{٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬ ٢٨‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣
 ٢L٢٥٠
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬F ٣٥L٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤L١‫א‬٥L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬٧L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤L١‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
 
 E٣٥L٢٤F‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  L٨Ø٥  ١٦Ø٢  J ١٦Ø٢  ١ 
  L٨Ø٥  ١٨Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢  ٢ 
  L١٠Ø٦  ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٥Ø٣ ٢٢Ø٣  ٣ 
  L١٠Ø٦  ٢٥Ø٢ ٢٢Ø٥ ٢٢Ø٥  ٤ 

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W١J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬          K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (i.e 0.05t or 0.05b) K‫א‬٠{٠٥ E
K٢٠ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Braced and un-braced column) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Shear walls)‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢J ٦F‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Shear wall A and B)‫א‬ Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F ٥‫א‬K ٨ ← ١ X‫א‬
 KX‫א‬(un-braced)Y‫א‬(Braced)‫א‬ 


 E٢J ٦F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٦
(λ i = He/ i)‫א‬(λ b=He/b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZiW
i = 0.3b for rectangular section
i = 0.25 D for circular section
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bW

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 λi  λb  λ b
 ٥٠  ١٢  ١٥  
 ٣٥  ٨  ١٠  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
   ‫א‬ F K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    (٢

KE‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٥J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KE٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K(Y)‫א‬(X)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(B-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E٢
K(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 E٣J ٦F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B-3)‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 KEA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Therefore; total load P of each floor is equal to:

P = W slab ×A + weight of beams + weight of walls + own weight of column
Where;
W slab = t s × 2.5 + weight of flooring + Live Loads.
If t s = 12 cm,
Weight of flooring = 150 kg/m2 and Live Loads = 300 kg/m2
So, W slab = 0.12 × 2.5 + 0.15 + 0.3 = 0.75 t/m2
Weight of beams = b × t × 2.5 × ∑ L beams

KE٢٠ZF‫א‬Z b W

K(t = span / 10: 14) ‫א‬Z t  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z ∑ L beams
K
Weight of walls = γ wall × h wall ×t wall × ∑ L walls
 K‫א‬Zγ wallW
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z h wall
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z t wall
‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  Z ∑ L walls 
 KE‫א‬
For example;
If γ wall = 1.2 t/m3;
t wall = 0.2 m ;
∑ L walls = 6.0 m ;
h wall = 2.4 m ;
And, own weight of plaster = 50 kg/ m2 = 0.05 t/m2
i.e., Weight of wall = (1.2 × 0.2 + 0.05) × 2.4 × 6.0 = 4.176 tons / floor
Own weight of column / floor = b c × t c × 2.5 × h c
Where;
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٠{٦F٠{٦←٠{٢Z‫א‬Zb c
 ٢{٠←٠{٢٥Z‫א‬Zt c
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh c
 WPc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pc = total vertical load on column = N × Pc/floor
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZNW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZPc/floor
 W
‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬       
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٪ ١٠ ±    ‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
t / b ≤ 5 and h/b ≥ 5
 ‫א‬ZbW
  ‫א‬Zt
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
andE‫א‬Fλ b = he / b ≤ 15 for braced columns
E‫א‬Fλ b = he / b ≤ 10 for un-braced columns
 (buckling length of column)‫א‬‫א‬Zhe W
 EE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬Zλ b

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٦J ٦
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬(Fixed end)‫א‬‫א‬WE١
 KE٤J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢
K(Partially restrained)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٦F‫א‬ β = He / H0 β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F‫א‬
(Braced column)‫א‬β‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Un-braced column)‫א‬β‫א‬E٣J ٦F‫א‬K

(Braced column)‫א‬β = He / H0E٢J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  ٢  ١  
 ٠{٩٠  ٠{٨٠  ٠{٧٥  ١
 ٠{٩٥  ٠{٨٥  ٠{٨٠  ٢
 ١{٠  ٠{٩٥  ٠{٩٠  ٣

(un-Braced column)‫א‬β = He / H0E٣J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  ٢  ١  
 ١{٦٠  ١{٣٠  ١{٢٠  ١
 ١{٨  ١{٥٠  ١{٣٠  ٢
 J  ١{٨  ١{٦٠  ٣
 J  J  ٢{٢٠  ٤




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬    EF  
Ke min.‫א‬‫א‬
e min = 0.05 t or 20 mms (Whichever is bigger)
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P = fc0 × Ac + 0.44 f y ×A sc (6-1)
 W
 KEE٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬Kf cu FZfc0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZAc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zf y
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZA sc
 A sc = 1% ×AcW‫א‬µ = A sc/Ac = 1%‫א‬
E١J ٦F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
K‫א‬

 WW١J ٧J ٦
 W‫א‬K١٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Mild steel 24-35)‫א‬‫• א‬
K٢L٢٥٠Z(f cu)‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
Assume: µ (total steel ratio) = 1% ;
f co = 60 kg/cm2 (for f cu =250 kg/cm2)
And f y = 2800 kg/cm2
i.e., applying in equation (6-1)
So 100×1000 = 60×Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×2800 = 72.32 Ac

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Ac = 1382.27 cm2
b = breadth of column = 25 cm; Take
1382 . 27
t = = 55 . 3 cm So
25
Take t = 60 cm
A sc = 1% ×25×60 = 15 cm2
Choose 8 Ø 16 mm
 K‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬


 ‫א‬E٥J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٨J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E١
KE٦J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
KE٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 E٧J ٦F


KE٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤




- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 E٨J ٦F

KE٩J ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥



 E٩J ٦F

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E٦
WE١٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
D= b + t Minimum diameter
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZDW
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z b
 K‫א‬‫א‬Zt 


 E١٠J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٩J ٦
‫א‬   ٪ ٠{٨  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٪ ٠{٦‫א‬
 KE٤J ٦FE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(λ i)‫א‬(λ b)
‫א‬  ٪ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١{٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤ •

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦ •
 K‫א‬E٤
 K١٢‫א‬E٥
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
K ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٥ 
KE١١J ٦F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ١٥  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEF٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١١J ٦F

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 KE١٥FE
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K٨¼E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬  K ٣    K ٨  ‫א‬     E١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
 W١J ٩J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٦F‫א‬
 (C5 ; C6)٦W٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (C5 ; C6) ٦W ٥‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٦F

- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 W
 (L.L = 200 kg/m2)‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬ •
٧٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٩٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬‫א‬FA5‫א‬(C5)٥‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FA6‫א‬(C6)٦‫א‬‫א‬


 E١٣J ٦F

- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

For column (C5):

• Slabs:
W slab = t s× γ c + flooring + L.L
= 0.1×2.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2
Area (A5) = (3.0 + 1.0) ×(3.5/2) = 7 m2
∑ loads from slabs = 0.6×7 + (0.12 -0.1) × 2.5× (3.5/2) ×3 = 4.463 tons

• Beams:
∑ L (of Beams) = (3.5/2) + 1 +3 +1 = 6.75 ms
O.W. of Beams = 0.2× (0.7 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.3 t/m
∑ loads of Beams = 6.75 ×0.3 = 2.025 tons.

• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 1 + 3 + (3.5/2) +1 = 6.75 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 6.75 ×0.29×2.3 = 4.5 tons.

• Columns: assume column dimension = 20 × 60 cm

O.W. of column = 0.2 ×0.6 ×2.5 ×3 = 0.9 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc5)
Pc5 (per one floor) = 4.463 + 2.025 + 4.5 + 0.9 =11.888 tons
Pt = 11.888 × 6 = 71.328 tons = 72.0 tons

For column (C6):

• Slabs:
W slab = t s× γ c + flooring + L.L
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

= 0.1×2.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2

Area (A6) = (2.5/2 + 2.0) × (3.5/2 + 3.5/2) = 3.25 × 3.5 = 11.375 m2
∑ loads from slabs = 0.6×11.375+ (0.12 -0.1)×2.5×(3.5/2)×3.25 = 7.11 tons
• Beams:
∑ L (of Beams) = (2.5/2) + 2 +3.5/2 +2.5/2 +3.5/2 = 8.0 ms
O.W. of Beams = 0.2× (0.7 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.3 t/m
∑ loads of Beams = 8.0 ×0.3 = 2.4 tons.

• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 8.0 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 8.0 ×0.29×2.3 = 5.336 tons.
• Columns: assume column dimension = 20 × 70 cm
O.W. of column = 0.2 ×0.7 ×2.5 ×3 = 1.05 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc6)
Pc6 (per one floor) = 7.11 + 2.4 + 5.336 + 1.05 =15.896= 16 tons
Pt = 16 × 6 = 96 tons
Design of column C5:
Assume: f c0 = 60 kg/cm2 for f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
f y = 2800 kg/cm2 and A sc= 1 % Ac
So; Pc5 = Ac × fc0 + 0.44× A sc× f y
72×1000 = 60 × Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×2800
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 72.32 Ac
Ac = 72000/ 72.32 = 995.6 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e. t = 995.6 /20 = 49.8 cm

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Take column section = 20 × 50 cm

Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 × 20×50 = 10 cm2
Take 6 Ø16 mm (A sc = 12.1 cm2)
Use stirrups 5 Ø 8 mm/m
. C5 ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬١٤-٦) ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

C5 ‫( ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬١٤-٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

Design of column C6:

Assume: f c0 =60 kg/cm2 for f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
f y = 2800 kg/cm2 and A sc= 1 % Ac
So; Pc6 = Ac × fc0 + 0.44× A sc× f y
96×1000 = 60 × Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×2800
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 72.32 Ac
Ac = 96000/ 72.32 = 1327.4 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e. t = 1327.4 /20 = 66.4 cm ≈ 70 cm
Take column section = 20 × 70 cm
Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 × 20×70 = 14 cm2
- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Take 8 Ø 16 mm (A sc = 16.1 cm2)

Use stirrups 5 Ø 8 mm/m
. C6 ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬١٥-٦) ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 C6 ‫( ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬١٥-٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬



 W١٠J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٦F‫א‬
 (C1-C2-C3-C4-C7) ٧– ٤– ٣– ٢– ١ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬(C1-C2-C3-C4-C7)٧–٤–٣–٢–١‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W١J ٧
   ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shallow  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K foundation
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDeep foundation‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٧
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K (Strip footings) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K (Spread footings) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K (Combined footings)‫א‬‫א‬ (٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     ،  ‫א‬  
KK‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬K(Raft foundations)‫א‬‫א‬ (٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 (Design of Strip footings)‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K B‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
   K B ‫א‬   b ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K(Reinforcement)(Thickness)‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬(D f)‫א‬(q all.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P
(7-1) PT =
1−
γ a
× D f

q all


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZPW
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZPT
 KE٣L٢٠Z٣L٢ZF‫א‬‫א‬Zγ a
 K‫א‬ZD f
 (Gross allowable bearing stress of the soil)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zq all 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬PT‫א‬

B×1.0 = PT / q all (7-2)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬،B‫א‬E٢J ٧F‫א‬




 E١J ٧F
 


- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
((PT-P)/B)‫א‬‫א‬   (PT/B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬F net‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

F net = P /B (7-3)

K Double Cantilever  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

S = (B-b) / 2 (7-4)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S = (B-b/2) / 2 (7-5)
 
 E٦J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
2
M = F net × S / 2 (7-6)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Q b‫א‬

Q b = F net × S (7-7)
 
 W
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E١
 K(Bond stress)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E٢
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٣J ٧F  E١J ٧F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W = Pc / Sc (7-8)

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZWW
 K‫א‬ZPc
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZSc
 
(Strip ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K footing)
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٤J ٧
 ١
KL٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢L١{٠‫א‬١{٠‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬




 E٢J ٧F


P 20
P = = = 25 t / m
T γa × D 2 × 1 .0
1− f
1−
q all 10

B= 25/10 =2.5 m
Concrete Section:
F n = 20/2.5 = 8 t/m
S = (B –b/2)/2 = (2.5 - 0.3/2)/2 = 1.175 m
M = F n ×S2/2 = 8 × (1.175)2/2 = 5.523 t.m. /m
Q b = F n ×S = 8 × 1.175 = 9.4 t/m
Assume: f c = 60 kg/cm2
f s = 1400 kg/cm2
k1 = 0.313
k2 = 1217

- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

M 5.523 × 10 5
d = k1 = 0.313 = 23.26cm
b 100
d min = b or 25 cm
Take d = 30 cm
t = 30 + cover = 30 +5 = 35 cm
M 5 .523 × 100000 cm
2

A = = = 15 .127
s
k2 × d 1217 × 30
Take 8 Ø 16 mm/m (16.1 cm2)
Q 9.4×1000
< 10 kg /cm2
(safe) q = = = 8.96
b 0.87× d × ∑o o o o 0.87×30×(8π ×1.6)
As′ ≥ 0.2 % Ac = 0.2 % ×30×100 = 6 cm2
As′ = 5 Ø 16 (min. Reinforcement)

 E٣J ٧F

- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ٢
٥{٠٠‫א‬ ٤٠‫א‬ 
F٢L٠{٧٢‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١{٢‫א‬
 KE١٤ Ø٨ ‫ وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ‬. ٣٠ ×٣٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬



 E٤J ٧F


Design of long beam
Load per meter = 40/5 = 8 t/m ↑
2 2
W ×l 8×5
M max
= = = 16 .67 m.t
12 12
Choose b = 40 cm

M 16.67×100000
d = k1 = 0.313 = 64.3cm
b 40
Take t = 75 cm and d = 68 cm

- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

M 16.67 × 100000 2

As = = = 20.13cm
k2 × d 1217 × 68
Choose 8 Ø 18 mm
Shear Q = 20 ton
20 × 1000
kg /cm2 q = = 8 .45
0 .87 × 40 × 68
Choose 4 branches Ø 8 mm @ 15 cm Stirrups
4 × 0.503×1400
kg /cm 2 q = = 4.67
stirr 15× 40
The rest to be resisted by four (4) bent up bars Ø 18 mm
Design of slab:
8 8
P = = = 12 . 0 t / m
T
1 .2 × 2 2/3
1−
7 .2
B = 12 / 7.2 = 1.67 → 1.7 m
F net = 8 / 1.7 = 4.7 t/m
S = (1.7 – 0.4) / 2 = 0.65 m
M = 4.7 (0.65)2 /2 = 0.993 m.t/m
Q b = 4.7×0.65 = 3.055 t/m

M 0 . 993 × 100000
d = k1 = 0 . 313 = 10 cm
b 100
For rigidity requirements take t = 20 cm
d act = 17 cm
M 0.993 × 100000
A = = = 4.8cm 2 / m
s
k2 × d 1217 × 17
Take A s min = 6 Ø 14 mm / m
Q 3.055 × 1000
kg./cm2(safe) q = = = 7.83 < 10
b 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o 0.87 × 17 × (6π × 1.4)

- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

As′ ≥ 0.2 % Ac = 0.2 % ×20×100 = 4cm2

As′ = 5 Ø 12 mm/m (min. Reinforcement)
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬


 E٥J ٧F







- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Design of Spread Footings ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Two Way Footings ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
One Way Footings‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(L - l) = (B - b) (7-9)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A = L × B = PT/q all (7-10)

Or q all = P T / (L × B) (7-11)
‫א‬     B ، L  E١١J ٧F ، E١٠J ٧F   
    E١J ٧F ‫א‬    PT   KE ٥F ‫א‬  
 K
 W
FK‫א‬E١١J ٧F‫א‬qall‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١J ٧F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ PT   E٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  PT   K      
K(B,L)


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KE٧J ٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Section a -a:

⎡ ⎛ L − l ⎞2 ⎛ L − l ⎞
2
⎤
M =
P
⎢b ⎜ ⎟ / 2 + (B − b )⎜ ⎟ / 3⎥
A ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦

(7-12) M =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2
24 × A

Section a′- a′:

(7-13) M =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2
24 × A

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Section a -a:

(7-14) M =
P
(L − l )2 / 8 
L

(7-15) M =
P
(B − b )2 / 8
B

‫א‬ ‫א‬KE١٤J ٧F،E١٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WQ b‫א‬
- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


Fn=P/A (7-16)

W‫א‬‫א‬Q b
For section a -a:

Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n (7-17)

For section a′- a′:

Q b =¼ (L + l) (B - b) × F n (7-18)

 Punching Depth ‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٥J ٧

   (L × B) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (l × b)  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K (Direct Shear) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L٨q P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬˚٤٥‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
(7-19) Q = P − Fn ⎜ b + d ⎟ × ⎜ l + d ⎟
P
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
 



- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QP
(7-20)  q P = 2 d (l + b + 1 .33 d )





E٨J ٧F

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٥J ٧
 ١
K ١{٠‫א‬K ١٠٠ ٤٥ × ٤٥
 E١٨ø٨‫א‬F٢L١{٧٥‫א‬

- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬




 E٩J ٧F


Footing Dimensions:
P 100
P = = = 112 . 9 ton
T γ × D 2 ×1
1 − a f
1 −
q all 17 . 5

A = 112.9 / 17.5 = 6.452 m2

B= A = 2.54 = 2.55m
Concrete Sections:

M=
P
(2B + b)(L − l )2 = 100 2 (5.1 + 0.45)(2.55 − 0.45)2 = 15.683m.t
24 × A 24 × (2.55)
Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n =¼ (2.55 + 0.45) (2.55 -0.45) × 15.38 = 24.221 ton
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = P − Fn ⎜ b + d ⎟ × ⎜ l + d ⎟
P
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

15 . 683 × 10 5
d = 0 . 313 × = 49 cm But
(45 + 20 )
Take d =50 cm & t = 55 cm
100 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
Q P = 100 − ⎜ 0.45 + × 0.5 ⎟⎜ 0.45 + × 0.5 ⎟ = 90.564 ton so,
2.55 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
QP 90 . 564 × 10 3
qP = = = 5 . 78 kg / cm 2

2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 × 50 (45 + 45 + 66 . 7 )

M 15.68 × 10 5
As = k2 × d = 1217 × 50 = 25.75cm
2

Choose 13 Ø 16 mm
Q 24.221× 1000
q = = = 8.57 < 10kg / cm2
b 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o 0.87 × 50 × (13π × 1.6)
Footing is 2.55 ×2.55 ×0.55 (13 Ø 16 in each direction)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬











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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 E١٠J ٧F


 ٢
 ١٥٠ K ١٦ Ø ١٢E٧٥ × ٣٠F
‫א‬‫א‬K ٢L ٢{٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KEq p = 8 kg/cm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
A = P / F all.net = 150 / 20 = 7.5 m2
Choose L = 3.0 m , B = 2.5 m


 E١١J ٧F


M a−a =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2 = 150 (5 . 3 )(2 . 25 )2 = 22 . 36 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5

M a ′− a ′ =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2 = 150 (6 . 75 )(2 .2 )2 = 27 .225 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5
Q b a-a =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(2.8) (2.25) = 31.50 ton
Q b a′-a′ =¼ (L + l) (B - b)× P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(3.75) (2.2) = 41.25 ton
Concrete Sections;

22 .360 × 10 5
d = 0 .313 × = 66 . 16 cm
(30 + 20 )
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

t = 70 cm

M 22.360 × 10 5
Choose 15 Ø 16 mm As = = = 28.24cm 2
k2 × d 1217 × 65

M 27.225 × 10 5
Choose 18 Ø 16 mm As′ = = = 35.5cm 2
k2 × d 1217 × 63

41.25 × 103
qb = 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o = 0.87 × 63 × (18π × 1.6) = 8.36 < 10kg / cm2 (Safe)
Q

Q p = 150-20(0.3+0.44)(0.75+0.44) = 132.4 ton

QP 132 . 4 × 10 3
qP = = = 5 . 04 < 8 kg / cm 2 ( Safe )
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 × 65 (75 + 30 + 97 )


 E١٢J ٧F
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