Real-time Video Streaming in Mobile Cloud

Over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Saleh Abdallah-Saleh*, Qi Wang, Christos Grecos
Audio Visual Communication and Networks Group, School of Computing
University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT

Recently, the concept of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) has been proposed to offload the resource requirements in
computational capabilities, storage and security from mobile devices into the cloud. Internet video applications such as
real-time streaming are expected to be ubiquitously deployed and supported over the cloud for mobile users, who
typically encounter a range of wireless networks of diverse radio access technologies during their roaming. However,
real-time video streaming for mobile cloud users across heterogeneous wireless networks presents multiple challenges.
The network-layer quality of service (QoS) provision to support high-quality mobile video delivery in this demanding
scenario remains an open research question, and this in turn affects the application-level visual quality and impedes
mobile users’ perceived quality of experience (QoE).
In this paper, we devise a framework to support real-time video streaming in this new mobile video networking paradigm
and evaluate the performance of the proposed framework empirically through a lab-based yet realistic testing platform.
One particular issue we focus on is the effect of users’ mobility on the QoS of video streaming over the cloud. We design
and implement a hybrid platform comprising of a test-bed and an emulator, on which our concept of mobile cloud
computing, video streaming and heterogeneous wireless networks are implemented and integrated to allow the testing of
our framework. As representative heterogeneous wireless networks, the popular WLAN (Wi-Fi) and MAN (WiMAX)
networks are incorporated in order to evaluate effects of handovers between these different radio access technologies.
The H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) standard is employed for real-time video streaming from a server to mobile
users (client nodes) in the networks. Mobility support is introduced to enable continuous streaming experience for a
mobile user across the heterogeneous wireless network. Real-time video stream packets are captured for analytical
purposes on the mobile user node. Experimental results are obtained and analysed. Future work is identified towards
further improvement of the current design and implementation.
With this new mobile video networking concept and paradigm implemented and evaluated, results and observations
obtained from this study would form the basis of a more in-depth, comprehensive understanding of various challenges
and opportunities in supporting high-quality real-time video streaming in mobile cloud over heterogeneous wireless
networks.

Keywords: Real-time video streaming, mobile cloud computing, heterogeneous wireless networks, quality of service
(QoS), handovers, multihomed, testbed

1. INTRODUCTION
The ubiquitous use of real-time video streaming has increased rapidly with the advent of a wide range of handheld
devices capable of connecting wirelessly to the Internet. This type of traffic is expected to grow exponentially in the
coming years1. Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is a promising solution that is being adopted2 to alleviate some of the
challenges posed by this increased real-time video traffic, coupled with the complexity associated with current wireless
networks, which are heterogeneous in nature.
The concept of mobile cloud computing brings advantages of cloud computing to mobile users, who are often faced with
the limitations of handheld wireless devices, in terms of processing power, data storage, security, and power
consumption.
Traditionally, cloud computing does not require end user’s knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the
*saleh.abdallah@uws.ac.uk

Real-Time Image and Video Processing 2012, edited by Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Matthias F. Carlsohn,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437, 84370S · © 2012 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/12/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.924258

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-1

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 system providing the content or services3. Users can typically obtain IT services based on Internet protocols under three
different types of cloud services4: software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a
service (IaaS). Here, the analogous could be drawn to the user consuming electrical power without needing to understand
the components or infrastructure required to provide electricity. The same could be said to the end user, who uses
services from the cloud, where he has no dealings with the cloud setup or management.
Our study adopted a MCC framework based on the paradigm of infrastructure as a service (IaaS), which offers
advantages of utilizing virtualization to access resources, management servers, storage facilities, load balancers among
different working images and network connectivity between content providers and end users5. Furthermore, MCC
provides business-related advantages, such as context and location awareness that enables content providers to deliver
targeted and personalized services to users, along with an added billing facility.
The MCC framework presented in this study was based on our deployment of MCC in multi-radio access technologies
(RATs), using WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies to achieve heterogeneity in wireless
network environment6. The mobile nodes (MN) are equipped with multiple interfaces, which are capable of connecting
to different RAT networks concurrently or intermittently7. We adopted such MN to allow our mobile users to roam in
our deployed mobile cloud over heterogeneous network.
For real-time video streaming, we used the H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) standard8, which has gained
momentum and is currently gaining dominance on Internet video streaming and IPTV9. However, the understanding of
the deployment of this standard in heterogeneous wireless networks for real-time video streaming remains to be
thoroughly investigated. In our study, we evaluate the performance of real-time video streaming for mobile cloud users
in heterogeneous RAT environment in regard to handovers and quality of service (QoS). Our performance evaluation of
handovers and QoS was implemented on a testbed comprising a real-world private cloud domain, from which real-time
video is streamed towards a MN, and an end user that moves across a simulated heterogeneous network with WiFi and
WiMAX technologies. The MN (end user) resides on a client machine, which runs an emulator instance of a complete
heterogeneous network. The whole system is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Real-time video streaming in mobile cloud over heterogeneous wireless networks

2. RELATED WORK
Our study complements existing work in literature and contributes to empirical data forming the basis of future research
in this area. In studies5, 10, two concepts related to MCC were introduced. The first concept of “heterogeneous access
management” (HAM) aims to guarantee access and connectivity to the network, while a MN moves across a
heterogeneous network. Secondly, that the HAM access scheme was extended to MCC. However, their work only

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-2

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 investigated network access, where they set prerequisite steps for communication between the mobile cloud network and
the client in heterogeneous setting. Those steps identified were the context provider (CP) to carry context information
that are passed to other entities of the architecture, the context broker (CB) that keeps registry of available context
providers, context consumers (CCO), which are entities making use of context data, and finally, context enabler that is
context aware and meant to be multi-technologies, multi-vendor and has the task to make the right decision in network
selection. We explored a similar idea in our implementation, although our study went further and tested the
heterogeneous access concept in a fully functional testbed network. Whilst the mentioned investigations limited their
scope to the theoretical research on access schemes, our work implemented a comprehensive real-time video streaming
in mobile cloud over heterogeneous networks as illustrated in Figure 1.
In another study11, a testbed was utilized to test the performance of a wireless cloud computing environment, where two
sets of testing were performed with a WiFi and WiMAX. However, WiFi and WiMAX networks were tested separately;
therefore, there was no heterogeneity study as it is the case in our investigation.
Furthermore, a combination of mobile cloud computing, heterogeneous wireless and mobile P2P networks was
proposed12. However, like other studies5,10 carried out before, it just presented a model and concept of how to deploy
applications and set mobile cloud framework environment, without conducting any real testing to quantitatively acquire
empirical data, which can be analysed and prove or disapprove the theoretical model proposed. Another study13 was
proposed a cloud framework to provide free-viewpoint real-time facilities on mobile devices. However, there was no
evaluation carried out as its scope was limited to setting a framework without testing the proposed scheme. A different
study14 with an interesting concept to deploy a cloud computing framework in mobile networks, based on mobile virtual
network operator (MVNO) was proposed, but once again its evaluation was implemented through a survey asking what
will be the benefits of such a framework and usability. Therefore, the concept was not tested to provide a clear picture of
its advantages as well as drawbacks in a real-life or simulated network.

3. PROPOSED HYBRID TESTBED CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK

The implementation of our real-time video streaming in mobile cloud over heterogeneous network was deployed on a
hybrid testbed comprising a real private cloud network and an emulator machine, on which a heterogeneous network is
deployed. WiFi and WiMAX technologies were simulated to build a wireless network that forms a point of connection to
the multihomed MN, which roams across these multi-RATs networks.
3.1 Mobile Cloud Computing
A mobile cloud computing environment is primarily an architectural framework for automatically managing computing
resources in a way that ensures the ubiquitous access to and the scalability and reliability of applications, which are
generally packaged into images in a virtual machine format15.
The virtual images deployed in the cloud computing environment are managed by the Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud
(UEC)16,17, which we have adopted to use for our mobile cloud framework. Inside the image the VLC18 streamer was
deployed to deliver real-time video from the cloud domain to the MN in our heterogeneous wireless network. The
advantage of this feature is that when the computer resources assigned to that image are in danger of being completely
used, the cloud computing management facility automatically starts another virtual image containing the application,
assuming that there are available computer resources in the cloud cluster. This advantage means that the MN will not run
out of computational resources, such as processing power and storage. Further scaling up of a cloud requires that we
have more than one node in our cloud cluster or that we take advantage of UEC integration with other online cloud
providers.
The primary use of cloud is to deploy applications and ensure scalability, but one can also use cloud computing
environments to deploy images of infrastructure solutions, such as virtual appliances that provide security, load
balancing, logging or other functionalities. We could use UEC or any other cloud computing environment for testing,
development, design of new architectures.
Mobile Cloud computing is ultimately in our adoption just a new way to deploy and manage applications and their
supporting infrastructure that is more efficient than traditional methods without sacrificing performance or reliability.
We can always extend the power of our end user’s resources without necessarily resorting to additional hardware

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-3

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 updating; instead, we can use the resources available in the cloud like a utility service (similar to electricity/gas utility),
or simply deploy our own private cloud as is the case in our study. Figure 2 illustrates the components of our cloud
domain consisting of a Cloud Controller (CC), a Node Controller (NC) and a Cloud Client machine.

Figure 2. Real-time video streaming in mobile cloud over heterogeneous wireless networks

• Cloud Controller (CC): The Cloud Controller server is the main component of the cloud infrastructure. It had
the Cluster Controller, the Walrus Storage Controller, the Storage Controller and the Cloud Controller installed
through UEC. Its functions include monitoring resources on various components present on the cloud
infrastructure and provisioning clusters by controlling and monitoring running VM images.
• Node Controller (NC): A Node Controller server runs on each node in the cloud and controls the life cycles of
instances (Images of Virtual Machines) running on the node. This is the server on which we deployed Kernel-
based Virtual Machine (KVM) supervisor or simply the instances control where the entire machines running in
the cloud are virtualized. The NC collects data relating to resources available and utilization of nodes and
reporting all data to the CC. It also deals with OS running on nodes to learn of available physical resources and
the state of VM images. We achieved this deployment by installing UEC on a server and choosing the option of
making the node a Node Controller.
• Cloud Client/Video streamer: A Ubuntu (Linux) client is installed on this machine, and its use is primarily to
stream the real-time video from the cloud to the heterogeneous network, and on to the MN (end user). Its image
or VM however is controlled from the NC and is managed by the CC that stores all instances running in the
cloud. It serves as a gateway to the outside world, where it is connected to the client machine running the
heterogeneous network emulation instance.
For the Cloud Controller (cluster controller, walrus storage service, and the storage controller), we employed a HP
ProLiant ML 110G6 server. For the Node Controller running the instances, we deployed a more powerful system HP
ProLiant ML 350G6 server that has a VT-enabled multi-core CPU. For both, we used the 64-bit recommended
processors. Furthermore, we used a HP ProLiant ML 110G6 server to deploy the cloud client machine.
We installed Ubuntu Server 10.04 LTS OS with UEC/Eucalyptus-based cloud computing facilities on the Cloud
Controller and the Node Controller, and Ubuntu Client 10.04 LTS OS on the cloud client machine. Server IP addresses
were issued statically to allow later connection to the outside Client, on which the emulation machine is deployed.
However a pool of IP addresses were reserved for instances to be deployed in the cloud controller, this feature is
provided during UEC/Eucalyptus installation and a range of IP addresses was provided to allow instances creation at a
later stages. VMs images were installed on both the Cloud Controller and the Cloud Client machine, which were both
controlled from the KVM Hypervisor on the controller. After installation, we were able to visualize and manipulate the
cloud client machine from the cloud controller. We deployed the VLC media player on the cloud client machine to allow

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-4

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 real-time video streaming towards a dedicated node in the emulator machine that forms the gateway to the outside world
from the heterogeneous wireless network.

3.2 Heterogeneous wireless network

Heterogeneous wireless networks are networks with a combination of two or more radio access technologies (RATs).
WLAN and WiMAX technologies were deployed as part of our implementation of a heterogeneous wireless network.
IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.16e protocols were used for heterogeneous wireless networks taking into account system-
specific encoding and decoding schemes, received power level, noise power level, fading effects, Bit Error Rate and etc.
for both infrastructure 802.11b and 802.16e wireless networks. Accordingly, we simulated a network that had both a
WLAN and WiMAX domains, through which the MN could roam, from one RAT to another (Vertical handover), or
between two wireless cells of the same RAT (Horizontal handover). In both cases handovers were required, and the MN
should be capable of choosing the optimal connection and be able to initiate, perform and continue the communication
session in progress, with minimum disruption.
This roaming however has a negative impact on the QoS for the MN. Changing channels from one network subnet with a
radio signal fading, to another channel with a radio signal increasing in strength affects the real-time video application
performance. QoS metrics including throughput, packets delay, packets loss and jitter were collected to study the
performance of the mobile video streaming in our network. Furthermore, we looked at the effect of both horizontal and
vertical handovers on QoS in regards to the MN’s movement speed that varied between a pedestrian end user streaming
real-time video on his multihomed wireless device, and an end user streaming real-time video while travelling by train.
The movement parameters are listed in Table 1.

Table 2. Movement parameters

Video Standard Handovers Name Speed
H.264/AVC Horizontal/Vertical Handovers Pedestrian 1.3 meters/s
H.264/AVC Horizontal/Vertical Handovers Train 27.8 meters/s

The implementation of the heterogeneous wireless network was achieved through an emulation environment that was
deployed on the client machine running a Linux Fedora version 12 OS, with an additional NCTUns19 simulator kernel,
which provides the emulation functionality to the machine through its GUI. We employed the NCTUns emulator since it
offers a unique feature with the kernel re-entering methodology20,21, whereby it allows the key facility of tunnel network
interface. A tunnel network interface has the same functionality as a real Ethernet interface, although it is not attached to
any real physical network. This feature allows any application to send and receive packets through tunnel network
interface, which behave like a normal interface. We employed this feature to connect static interfaces on the cloud client
machine that was streaming real-time video, to the interface on an external host that is a dedicated node in NCTUns’s
GUI allowing emulation machine to connect to a real external interface in the cloud infrastructure.
As shown in Figure 3, we implemented a WLAN network based of WiFi technology with three overlapping cells, and
two metropolitan area networks with WiMAX technology that overlap with each other and also cover the entire network.
The MN is equipped with multiple RAT interfaces to allow roaming over heterogeneous wireless network. We enabled
WLAN and WiMAX interfaces and provided them with IP addresses to connect to respective network (WiFi Access
Points or APs, and WiMAX Base Stations or BSs) subnets wirelessly. The Mobile IP mobility management protocol was
deployed to allow the MN to leave its home network and roam into a foreign network without breaking its current
connection.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-5

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 Figure 3. Experiment implementation

3.3 Real-time Video Streaming Application

H.264/AVC is the latest video coding standard to have become widely accepted and deployed. H.264/AVC was
preferred in this study due to its new features that provide significant advantages to previous standards. Table 1
highlights the parameters used in the H.264/AVC video streaming in our implementation.
TABLE 1: VIDEO PARAMETERS.
Video standard H.264/AVC
Bit rate mode Variable
Bit rate 2,387 Kbps
Maximum bit rate 24.0 Mbps
Frame rate mode Constant
Frame rate 25.000 fps

To stream real-time video in the mobile cloud over heterogeneous network, we deployed a VLC media player, which has
advantages of portability as a media player for various audio and video formats, video streaming protocols and being a
powerful tool for streaming live and on demand videos. The VLC media player on the video server streamed real-time
H.264/AVC video from the cloud client machine that is virtualized on the Node Controller, and onto the MN on the
client machine that hosts the emulator. Streams of video sent across the network reached the MN through a host’s
pseudo-interface that is connected to the cloud streamer inside the cloud.

4. EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Results were collected from experiments that focused on the performance of the real-time H.264/AVC video streaming
under different movement speeds of the mobile node and also during handovers. The QoS parameters considered include
throughput, packet loss, end-to-end delays, and jitter and handover delays.

4.1 Throughput
Throughput is defined as the average rate of data packets successfully received at the mobile host, measured in kilobytes
per second. As shown in Fig. 4, the results demonstrate that the MN streaming video at the MN at the pedestrian speed

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-6

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 had a significantly higher throughput than the same user on a train while streaming the same real-time video application
under the same network conditions.

Figure 4. Average Throughput

4.2 Packets loss

The packet loss metric is important in real-time video applications, since the perceived video quality is highly sensitive
to such loss. Sampling was collected per second for the two movement scenarios. As shown in Fig. 5, real-time video
streaming with H.264/AVC at pedestrian pace experienced significantly fewer lost packets compared with that at the
train speed. The handover impact was observed where a sudden increase of packet lost was visible at each instance of
handover on the network at around 37and 73 seconds, respectively.

Figure 5. Cumulative packets loss

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-7

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 4.3 Delays
In this study, the end-to-end delays were measured from the video streamer in the cloud to the MN in the heterogeneous
wireless network. In real-time applications like video streaming, bounded delays are required for the decoder at the
receiving host to decode the packets in a timely manner. Late arrivals will be out of use and discarded, which will lead to
a downgrade of quality and waste of resources. As shown in Figure 6, the MN at the train speed had the higher delays,
ranging from about 20 ms to above 56 ms. In contrast, unsurprisingly, the lower delays were found with the MN at
pedestrian’s speed with an average value of around 20 ms and were lower than 40ms at all times.

Figure 6. Delays in ms

4.4 Jitter

The jitters (the variations in delays of inter-arrival packets) over time were measured and can be observed in Figure 7. It
is vital that the jitter is kept low, as it would affect the process of decoding real-time video applications, which in return
reflects on the viewer’s perceived quality. The results demonstrate that on overage there were considerable and higher
jitters at the MN traveling at the train speed, whist the jitters at the pedestrian speed appeared to be more tolerable.

Figure 7. Jitter

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-8

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 4.5 Horizontal and Vertical handovers delays
Handover delays are defined as the amount of time a MN takes to successfully switch from the previous cell/subnet to
the current cell/subnet to resume ongoing communications on a new connection. A horizontal handovers occurred
whenever the MN moved between two WiFi APs on the network. A vertical handover took place when a mobile user
moved from a WiFi AP to a WiMAX BS in the heterogeneous wireless network. The multi-interfaced MN maintained
connectivity to different networks simultaneously on separate interfaces. As demonstrates in Table 3, it was noted that
horizontal handovers incurred slightly lower delays (an average of up to 0.5 second) compared with vertical handovers
for the H.264/AVC real-time video streaming. At the pedestrian speed, lower handover delays were experienced across
the range on all traffic captured.

Table 3. Handover times

Movement Handover Start time in End time in Handover delays
speeds types seconds seconds in seconds

AP-1 to AP- Horizontal 34.5 36.0 2.5

2 Pedestrian Handover
AP-1 to AP- Horizontal 34.5 37.0 2.5
2 Train Handover
AP-2 to AP- Horizontal 68.0 70.0 2.0
3 Pedestrian Handover
AP-2 to AP- Horizontal 68.5 70.5 2.0
3 Train Handover
AP-1 to BS-1 Vertical 5.5 8.0 2.5
Pedestrian Handover
AP-3 to BS-2 Vertical 97.5 99.0 2.5
Pedestrian Handover
AP-3 to BS-2 Vertical 97.5 99.5 2.5
Train Handover

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, we implemented a mobile cloud over heterogeneous wireless network to evaluate handover performance
and QoS parameters of real-time video streaming applications. We adopted H.264/AVC video coding standard for our
testing. Our experiment used a real-life physical mobile cloud, coupled with a heterogeneous wireless networks with
WLAN and WiMAX through an emulator residing on a client machine, which is connected to the video streamer in the
cloud. This real-time streamer was managed through virtualization on a Cloud Controller residing in the mobile cloud
domain.
The experimental results collected demonstrated the performances of both horizontal and vertical handovers in terms of
handover delays. The effect of movement speed of the mobile node was also highlighted. Overall, higher movement
speed yielded worse performance in terms of various QoS metrics including throughput, packet loss, end-to-end delays,
and jitters.
In future work, we would further investigate application-level parameters such as PSNR for video quality analysis, and
study their results correlation compared with the network-layer QoS parameters. We would also continue to explore
schemes to leverage the benefits offered by mobile cloud computing whilst circumventing the issues caused by the
paradigm shift from conventional cloud computing.

REFERENCES

[1] Cisco, “Cisco visual networking index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2010–2015”, Report, Feb. 01,
2011.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-9

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

 [2] Weiguang, S. and Xiaolong, S., "Review of Mobile cloud computing," Proc. 2011 IEEE International
Conference Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN’11), 27-29 (2011).
[3] Kovachev, D.; Renzel, D.; Klamma, R. and Cao, Y, "Mobile Community Cloud Computing: Emerges and
Evolves," Proc. 2010 International Conference on Mobile Data Management 11 (MDM’11), 393-395 (2010).
[4] Khan, A. and Ahirwar, K., “Mobile Cloud Computing as a future of Mobile Multimedia Data,” IJCSC Int.
Journal of Comp. Sc. and Comms. 1(2), 219-221 (2011).
[5] Klein, A.; Mannweiler, C.; Schneider, J. and Schotten, H. D., "Access Schemes for Mobile Cloud Computing,"
Proc. 2010 International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM’10), 387-392 (2010).
[6] Crago, S.; Dunn, K.; Eads, P.; Hochstein, L.; Dong-In Kang; Mikyung Kang; Modium, D.; Singh, K.; Jinwoo
Suh and Walters, J. P., "Heterogeneous Cloud Computing," Proc. 2011 IEEE International Conference on
Cluster Computing (CLUSTER’11), 378-385 ( 2011).
[7] Wang, Q.; Atkinson, R. and Dunlop, J., “Design and Evaluation of Flow Handoff Signalling for Multihomed
Mobile Nodes in Wireless Overlay Networks”, Computer Networks 8(52) (Elsevier 8(52), 1647-1674 (2008).
[8] Rao K.; R. and Kim D.; N., “Current video standards: H.264/AVC, Dirac, AVS China and C-1,” Southeastern
Symposium on System Theory 42 (SSST’10), 1-8 (2010).
[9] Wiegand, T.; Sullivan, G.; J.; Bjontegaard, G. and Luthra, A., “Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding
standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 7(13), 560-576 (2003).
[10] Klein, A.; Mannweiler, C.; Schneider, J.; Thillen, F. and Schotten, H. D., "A concept for context-enhanced
heterogeneous access management," IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps’10), 6-10 (2010).
[11] Bernardo, V.; Curado, M.; Staub, T. and Braun, T., "Towards Energy Consumption Measurement in a Cloud
Computing Wireless Testbed," First International Symposium on Network Cloud Computing and Applications
(NCCA’11), 91-98 (2011).
[12] Larosa, Y.T.; Chen, L. J.; Deng, D. J.; and Chao, H. C., "Mobile cloud computing service based on
heterogeneous wireless and mobile P2P networks," 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile
Computing Conference (IWCMC’11), 661-665 (2011).
[13] Yrjo, R. and Rushil, D., "Cloud computing in mobile networks — Case MVNO," 15th International Conference
on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN’11), 253-258 (2011).
[14] Li, Y. C; Liao, I. J.; Cheng, H. P. and Lee, W. T., "A cloud computing framework of free view point real-time
monitor system working on mobile devices," International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and
Communication Systems (ISPACS’10) 1-4 (2010).
[15] Lu, Y.; Li, S. and Shen, H., “Virtualized Screen: A Third Element for Cloud-Mobile Convergence,” IEEE
Multimedia 2(18), 4-11(2011).
[16] https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEC
[17] http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud
[18] http://www.videolan.org/
[19] http://nsl.csie.nctu.edu.tw/nctuns.html.
[20] Abdallah-Saleh, S.; Wang, Q. and Grecos C., “Evaluation of mobile video streaming in heterogeneous wireless
networks,” Proc. IEEE Telecommunication Forum, 262-265 (2012).
[21] Wang, S.; Lin, C.; Koo, P.; Huang, Y. and J. Yang; “NCTUns emulation testbed for evaluating real-life
applications over WiMAX networks,” Proc. IEEE PIMRC, 2030-2034 (2010).

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8437 84370S-10

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/10/2014 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms