Professional Documents
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Done By,
Thilakraj C
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INDEX
Signature Page ……………………………………………………........................……….... 1
Certificate………..........................…………………………………………………………..… 2
Index................... ………………………………………………………….......................….. 3
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….......................…... 18
Bibliography …………………………………………………….....................………….…... 19
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AIM OF THE PROJECT
To study about logic gates and types of logic gates.
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LOGIC GATES
INTRODUCTION
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. It
makes “logical decisions” based on the different combinations of
digital signals present on its inputs. Digital logic gates may have
more than one input but generally only have one digital output. Most
logic gates have two inputs and one output.
Knowledge Cloud
A gate is a digital circuit that is designed for performance a particular logical operation. As it
works according to some logical relationship between input and output voltages, so it is generally
known as “LOGIC GATES”
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allowing the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean logic,
and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be
described with Boolean logic.
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TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
1. AND gate:
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical
conjunction - it behaves according to the truth table. A HIGH
output (1) results only if both the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH
(1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW
output results. In another sense, the function of AND effectively
finds the minimum between two binary digits, just as the OR
function finds the maximum. Therefore, the output is always 0
except when all the inputs are 1.
We will start with a 2 input AND gate. The symbol for a 2 input
AND gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input AND gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Q A.B
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2. OR gate:
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical
disjunction - it behaves according to the truth table. A HIGH output
(1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If
neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense,
the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two
binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the
minimum. We will start with a 2 input OR gate. The symbol for a 2
input OR gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Q = A+B
A Q
The truth table for a NOT gate is the simplest of all Truth Tables
and is shown below.
Input Output
A Q
0 1
1 0
QA
4. NAND gate:
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In digital electronics, a NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic gate
which produces an output that is false only if all its inputs are true;
thus its output is complement to that of the AND gate. A LOW (0)
output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if
one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. It is
made using transistors. By De Morgan's theorem, AB=A+B, a NAND
gate is equivalent to inverters followed by an OR gate. The NAND
gate is significant because any Boolean function can be implemented
by using a combination of NAND gates. This property is called
functional completeness.
We will start with a 2 input NAND gate. The symbol for a 2 input
NAND gate is as follows.(Next page)
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input NAND gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Q A.B
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5. NOR gate:
The NOR gate is a digital logic gatewhich behaves according to the
truth table. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate
are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0)
results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It
can also be seen as an AND gate with all the inputs inverted. NOR is
a functionally complete operation—NOR gates can be combined to
generate any other logical function. By contrast, the OR operator is
monotonic as it can only change LOW to HIGH but not vice versa.
We will start with a 2 input NOR gate. The symbol for a 2 input
NOR gate is asfollows.(Next page)
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input NOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Q = A+B
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6. XNOR gate:
The XNOR gate has 2 inputs and is the inverted form of the EXOR
gate. The XNOR gate (sometimes spelled "exnor" or "enor" and
rarely written NXOR) is a digital logic gate whose function is the
logical complement of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. A HIGH output
(1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but
not both inputs are HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. The symbol
for a 2 input XNOR gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input XNOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Q A B
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7. EXOR gate.
The EXOR gate has 2 inputs and is a specialised version of the OR
gate. The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR gate and
pronounced as Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate that
implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output (1/HIGH) results
if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs
are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. XOR
represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the
inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. A way to
remember XOR is "one or the other but not both". The symbol for a
2 input EXOR gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input EXOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Q A B
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Summary of 2-input Logic Gates
The following Truth Table compares the logical functions of the 2-
input logic gates above.
Inputs Truth Table Outputs For Each Gate
A B AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR EX-NOR
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
The following table gives a list of the common logic functions and
their equivalent Boolean notation.
Logic Function Boolean Notation
AND A.B
OR A+B
NOT A
NAND A .B
NOR A+B
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Universal logic gates
Knowledge Cloud
Charles Sanders Peirce (winter of 1880–81) showed that NOR gates alone (or alternatively
NAND gates alone) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but his
work on it was unpublished until 1933.The first published proof was by Henry M.Sheffer in
1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called Sheffer stroke; the logical NOR is
sometimes called Peirce's arrow.
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Integrated Circuits
INTRODUCTION
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip,
isa semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny
resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can
function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,
computer memory, or microprocessor.
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operations such as processors, large memory arrays and
programmable logic devices.
While the “ultra large scale” ULSI classification is less well used,
another level of integration which represents the complexity of the
Integrated Circuit is known as the System-on-Chip or (SOC) for
short. Here the individual components such as the microprocessor,
memory, peripherals, I/O logic etc., are all produced on a single
piece of silicon and which represents a whole electronic system
within one single chip, literally putting the word “integrated” into
integrated circuit.
These complete integrated chips which can contain up to 100 million
individual silicon-CMOS transistor gates within one single package
are generally used in mobile phones, digital cameras, micro-
controllers, PIC’s and robotic type applications.
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Conclusions
We had mainly discussed about the design, property and operation
of various logic gates
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Bibliography
I would like to declare the array of references hereby and submit
that I took help from following sources
2. Wikipedia.com
The Online Encyclopedia indexing world’s best articles with genuine references
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