VIDYASAGAR SCHOOL

SESSION :- 2019-2020
CLASS XII ‘A’
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC:-FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
KAVIT DESAI MRS.DEVSHRI VAIDYA
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Kavit Desai of class XII-A
has completed his chemistry investigatory
project file as per the CBSE guideline for the
session 2019-20 and has given satisfactory
account of it in the same and may be consider
as the part of practical examination.

___________ ____________
External’s signature Principal’s signature
___________ _____________
Internal’s signature School stamp/seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I intend my gratitude to our honourable patron
Shree Rameshwar Ji Patel for us to give best
infrastructure. I would like to give my heartfull
gratitude to our principal Dr. D.C. Sharma for
providing us an opportunity to do this practical
file. I would also like to thanks our vice principal
Mr. Mukul Golwalkar to provide us academic
support to do this practical file. I thank to our
subject teacher Mrs. Devshri Vaidya for the
guidance and support. I especially thanks to my
friends for helping me.
 INDEX
Contents Page no.

INTRODUCTION 01

COMMERCIAL PREPARATION 03

PREPARATION OF SOAPS 04

EXPERIMENT 05

BIBLIOGRAPHY 11
 INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher

fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids
can be either saturated or unsaturated. They
contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-
20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole
shaped structure, whose ends have different
polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e.,
insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in
oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain
Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end When soap is
shaken with water it becomes a soap solution
that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to
concentrate the solution on the surface and
causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules
make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long
non-polar end of a soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround
the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The
short polar end containing the carboxylate ion,
face the water away from the dirt. A number of
soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and
grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles',
which encircles such particles and emulsify
them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases in
hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium
carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of
higher fatty acids.
This hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.
 COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
In cold-process and hot-process soap
making, heat may be required
for saponification. Cold-process soap
making takes place at a sufficient
temperature to ensure the liquification of
the fat being used. Unlike cold-processed
soap, hot-processed soap can be used
right away because the alkali and fat
saponify more quickly at the higher
temperatures used in hot-process soap
making. Hot-process soap making was
used when the purity of alkali was
unreliable. Cold-process soap making
requires exact measurements of alkali
and fat amounts and computing their
ratio, using saponification charts to
ensure that the finished product is mild
and skin-friendly.
 PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
The soap sold on grocery store and
beauty shop shelves today use organic
and petroleum-based fatty acids paired
with sodium or potassium hydroxides
along with fragrances and oils. There are
a few ways to make soap at home.
Saponification:-
It requires cooking the chosen fats and
adding alkali to the mix to form soap via
water and glycerin.
Hydrolyzation :-
It uses steam under pressure to split the
fats and oils into fatty acids and
glycerin. This process distills the acids,
and the alkali neutralizes them. A pound
of oil paired with 2 ounces of alkali, such
as lye, and a cup of water can create
about a half dozen bars of soap.
 EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken
and their foaming capacity is noticed.
Various soap samples are taken
separately and their foaming capacity is
observed. The soap with the maximum
foaming capacity is thus, said to be
having the best cleaning capacity. The
test requires to be done with distilled
water as well as with tap water. The test
of soap on distilled water gives the actual
strength of the soaps cleaning capacity.
The second test with tap water tests the
effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts
on their foaming capacities.
  OBJECTIVE:-
To compare the foaming capacity of
various soaps.
 THEORY:-
The foaming capacity of soap depends
upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by
shaking equal volumes of solutions of
different samples having the same
concentration with same force for the
same amount of time. The solutions are
then allowed to stand when the foam
produced during shaking disappears
gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined.
The longer the time taken for the
disappearance of the foam for the given
sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity or cleansing action.
  REQUIREMENTS:-
Five 100ml conical flask, 5 test tubes 100
ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand,
weighing machine ,stopwatch
 CHEMICALS REQUIRED:-
5 different of Soap sample, distilled water
tap water.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and
number them 1,2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of
water in each flask and add 8 Gms of
soap.
Warm the contents to get a solution.
2. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap
solution to 3 ml of water
Repeat the process for each soap
solution in different test.
3. Close the mouths of the test tube
and vigorously for a minute do the
same for all test tubes and with
equal force.
4. Start the timer immediately and not
is the rate of 2 mm froth.
 OBSERVATIONS:-

Test tube No. Volume of Volume Time taken for

soap of water disappearance
solutions added
RESULT :-
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in
the order
 BIBILOGRAPHY

1.Together with lab manual chemistry class xii

2.NCERT books of chemistry
3.www.yahoo.com
4.www.google.com
5.www.cbse.nic.in
6.www.ask.com