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• How will you maximize or minimize
something when you go to school,
shopping, church, etc.

• “Everything in Moderation”. What

become bad if you are increased or
decreased too much.

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Increasing and Decreasing Function
Def. A function 𝑓 is said to be increasing
on an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if for every
𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , then
𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2 . On the other hand, 𝑓 is
said to be decreasing on an open interval
(𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , then 𝑓 𝑥1 > 𝑓 𝑥2 .

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Increasing Function Decreasing Function

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 (𝒂, 𝒃)
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 Increasing and Decreasing Function
Involving Derivatives
Theorem. Suppose that function 𝑓 is
defined over an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏). Then
the graph of 𝑓 in increasing over (𝑎, 𝑏) if
′
𝑓 𝑥 > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 ; and 𝑓 in decreasing
over (𝑎, 𝑏) if 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 .

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Hb 1. Determine if the function 𝑓 is
2
defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 is increasing,
decreasing, or neither over the given
interval.
a) (−3, −1)
b) (−1,5)
c) (−3,5)

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Critical Number of a Function
Def. A number 𝑐 in the domain of a function 𝑓 is
said to be a critical number of 𝑓 if either
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 does not exists.
Remark. Critical number is value that the
behavior of the graph of the function changed
(decreasing to increasing). If there are any,
subdivide the domain into a finite number of
subintervals where the increasing or decreasing
nature of the function can be determined.

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Hb 2. Determine the critical number for
each function:
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
𝑥
b) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +4
c) 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 + 1
3
d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

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 Absolute Maximum and Minimum of a
Function
Def. Let 𝑓 be a function with domain 𝐷𝑓 .
Then, the function 𝑓 has the absolute
maximum value 𝑓 𝑐 at a number 𝑐 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 if
∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 , the 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑐 . On the other
hand, 𝑓 𝑐 is the absolute minimum value
of the function 𝑓 if 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑓 𝑐 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 .

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 Relative Maximum and Minimum of a
Function
Def. Then, the function 𝑓 has a relative
maximum value 𝑓 𝑐 at a number 𝑐 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 if
∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , the 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑐 . On the other
hand, 𝑓 𝑐 is the relative minimum value of
the function 𝑓 if 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑓 𝑐 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 .

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 The First Derivative Test
Theorem. Suppose that 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a critical
number of a continuous function 𝑓.
• If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 changes sign from (+) to − at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then
𝑓 has a relative maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 changes sign from (−) to + at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then
𝑓 has a relative minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 does not change at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 has a
neither relative maximum nor relative minimum at
𝑥 = 𝑐.

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How to find the relative extrema using the
First Derivative Test
1. Identify the domain of 𝑓 and determine its
critical number(s).
2. Plot these critical numbers on a number line.
3. Determine the sign of 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 both to the left
and right of these critical numbers by
evaluating 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 at test numbers. If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0,
then 𝑓 is increasing and If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0, then 𝑓 is
decreasing.

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4. (Last step)
a) If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 changes sign from (+) to − at
𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 has a relative maximum at
𝑥 = 𝑐.
b) If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 changes sign from (−) to + at
𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 has a relative minimum at
𝑥 = 𝑐.
c) If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 does not change at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓
has a neither relative maximum nor relative
minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

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Hb 3. Use the 1st Derivative Test to find the
relative extrema of the ff. functions.
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a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 2
b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6 4
𝑥2
c) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
+1
e) 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 + 1

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 The Extreme Value Theorem
Theorem. If 𝑓 is continuous on a closed
interval 𝐼 = 𝑎, 𝑏 , then 𝑓 has an absolute
maximum value and an absolute minimum
value on a closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

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Hb 4. Determine the absolute extrema of
each function on the given interval 𝐼 using
Extreme Value Theorem (EVT).
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2; 𝐼 = 0,2
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥; 𝐼 = −2,3
𝑥
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 ; 𝐼 = −1,2
𝑥 +1
d. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥; 𝐼 = 0,9

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