RANS derivation and analysis

Objective
To derive Reynolds shear stress by applying Reynolds decomposition on Navier Stokes equation.

Derivation
Assumption
 Incompressible flow
 Newtonian Fluid
 Flow dominant along X direction
Continuity equation

u v  w
  0
x y z
(1)
Momentum equations

u u u u 1  P    2u  2u 
u v w      (2)
t x y z   x   y 2 z 2 
v v v v 1  P    2v  2v 
u v w      (3)
t x y z   y   x 2 z 2 
w w w w 1  P   2w 2w 
u v w      (4)
t x y z   z   x 2 y 2 

For turbulent flow the velocity is divided into two components

1. Average flow - Average velocity over period of time t. u ( x, y , z )

2. Fluctuating flow- Difference between actual and average velocity. u '( x, y , z , t )
The equations are as follows

u( x, y, z , t )  u ( x, y, z )  u '( x, y, z , t ) (5)
v( x, y, z , t )  v( x, y, z )  v '( x, y, z , t ) (6)
w( x, y, z , t )  w( x, y, z )  w '( x, y, z , t ) (7)

t
1 2
u ( x, y, z )   u( x, y, z , t )dx (8)
tin t1
t
1 2
v( x, y, z )   v( x, y, z , t )dx (9)
tin t1
t
1 2
w( x, y, z )   w( x, y, z , t )dx (10)
tin t1

Time average of fluctuating component is always zero

tin  t2  t1 (11)

t
1 2
tin t1
u '( x, y, z , t )dx  0 (12)

t
1 2

tin t1
v '( x, y, z , t )dx  0 (13)

t
1 2

tin t1
w '( x, y, z , t )dx  0 (14)

To prove above equation let us consider equation (5)

u( x, y, z, t )  u( x, y, z)  u '( x, y, z, t )
Integrating both sides w.r.t time
t t
1 2 1 2
tin t1
u( x, y, z , t )dt   (u( x, y, z )  u '( x, y, z , t ))dt (15)
tin t1
 t t t
1 2 1 2 1 2
tin t1
u( x, y, z , t )dt   u( x, y , z )dt   u'( x, y , z , t )dt (16)
tin t1 tin t1

From equation (8)

t
1 2
u ( x, y, z )  u ( x, y, z )   u'( x, y, z , t )dt (17)
tin t1

t
1 2
u ( x, y, z )  u ( x, y, z )   u'( x, y, z , t )dt (18)
tin t1

Hence Proved
t
1 2

tin t1
u'( x, y, z , t )dt  0

Let equation (5), (6) and (7) be

u u  u ' (19)
v v  v ' (20)
w  w  w' (21)
Continuity eqn

u v  w
  0 (22)
x y z
From (19), (20) and (21)

 (u  u ')  (v  v ')  (w  w ')

  0 (23)
x y z
Integrating both sides w.r.t time

1 2   (u  u ')  (v  v ')  ( w  w ') 

t

tin t1   x
    dt  0 (24)
y z 

1 2   (u  u ')  1 2   (v  v ')  1 2   ( w  w ') 

t t t

tin t1   x 
  dt     dt     dt  0 (25)
tin t1   y  tin t1  z 

1 2 u 1 2 u ' 1 2 v 1 2 v' 1 2w 1 2  w'

t t t t t t

tin t1  x
dt   dt   dt   dt   dt   dt  0 (26)
tin t1  x tin t1  y tin t1  y tin t1  z tin t1  z

From (12), (13) and (14) the time average of fluctuating component is zero.

1 2 u 1 2 u ' 1 2 v 1 2 v' 1 2w 1 2  w'

t t t t t t


tin t1  x
dt  
tin t1  x
dt  
tin t1  y
dt  
tin t1  y
dt  
tin t1  z
dt  
tin t1  z
dt  0

(27)
1 2 u 1 2 v 1 2w
t t t


tin t1  x
dt  
tin t1  y
dt  
tin t1  z
dt  0 (28)

u 1 v 1 w 1
t2 t2 t2

 x tin t  y tin t  z tin t

dt  dt  dt  0 (29)
1 1 1

Therefore,

u v  w
  0
x y z (30)
Momentum equation along x from (2)

u u u u 1  P    2u  2u 
u v w     
t x y z   x   y 2 z 2 
From continuity equation

u u u u  u v  w  1  P    2u  2u 
u v w u      2 2 (31)
t x y z   x  y  z    x   y z 

u u u u v w 1  P    2 u  2u 
 2u v w u u    2 2 (32)
t x y z y z   x   y z 

u  u  uv  uw 1  P    2u  2u 
 2u        (33)
t x y z   x   y 2 z 2 

 u  u 2  uv  uw 1  P    2u  2u 
      2 2 (34)
t  x  y  z   x   y z 

 (u  u ')  (u  u ')2  (u  u ')(v  v ')  (u  u ')(w  w ')

  
t x y z
1  ( P  P ')    2 (u  u ')  2 (u  u ') 
    
 x   y 2 z 2 
(35)

1 2   (u  u ')  (u  u ') 2  (u  u ')(v  v ')  (u  u ')( w  w ') 

t

tin t1   t
     dt
x y z 
1
t2
 1  ( P  P ')    2 (u  u ')  2 (u  u ')  

tin t     x    y 2  z 2   dt
1  
(36)


2
1  u 1   u '
2
1 u 1 u '  uu ' 1  uv
t2 t2 t2 t t 2 t 2 2
1
tin t  t
dt   dt   dt   2 dt   dt   dt 
1
tin t  t
1
tin t  x 1
tin t  x tin t  x 1
tin t  y 1 1

1 2  uv ' 1 2  vu ' 1 2  v 'u ' 1 2  wu 1 2  uw ' 1 2  wu '

t t t t t t

tin t1  y
dt   dt   dt   dt   dt   dt 
tin t1  y tin t1  y tin t1  z tin t1  z tin t1  z
 1 t2  2 u 1 2  2u '
t

  2 dt   2 dt  
1  w 'u ' 
1 1 P 1 P'    tin t1 y tin t1 y 
t2 t2 t2

tin t1  z   tin t1  x tin t1  x    1 t2  2 u

dt    dt  dt   
1 2  2u '
t

 dt   2 dt 
 tin z 2
tin t1 z 
 t1 
(37)
From (12), (13) and (14) the time average of fluctuating component is zero.


2
1  u 1   u '
2
1 u 1 u '  uu ' 1  uv
t2 t2 t2 t t 2 t 2 2
1

tin t  t
dt  
tin t  t
dt  
tin t  x
dt   2
tin t  x
dt  
tin t  x
dt  
tin t  y
dt 
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2  uv ' 1 2  vu ' 1 2  v 'u ' 1 2  wu 1 2  uw ' 1 2  wu '

t t t t t t

tin t1  y
dt   dt   dt   dt   dt   dt
tin t1  y tin t1  y tin t1  z tin t1  z tin t1  z

 1 t2  2 u 1 2  2u '
t 
  2 dt   2 dt 
1  w 'u ' 1  1 2  P 1 2  P '    tin t1 y tin t1 y 
t2 t t

  dt    dt   dt   
tin t1  z   tin t1  x tin t1  x    1 t2  2 u 1 2  2u '
t

     2 dt   2 dt 
 tin t1 z tin t1 z 
 
(38)


2
1  u 1   u '
2
1 u 1  uv 1  v 'u ' 1  wu
t2 t2 t 2 t t t 2 2 2


tin t  t
dt  
tin t  x
dt  
tin t  x
dt  
tin t  y
dt  
tin t  y
dt  
tin t  z
dt
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2  w 'u ' 1  1 2  P    1 2 2 u 1 2 2 u 
t t t t

  dt    
  tin t1  x    tin t1 y 2
dt    dt   2 dt  (39)
tin t1  z tin t1 z 

 
2
u 1
t2
 u 1  uv 1
t2
 wu 1
t2
1 P 1
t2 t2

 t tin t  x tin t  y tin t  z tin t   x tin t

dt  dt  dt  dt   dt
1 1 1 1 1

  2 u 2 u  1
t
 1 t   u '
2
1  v 'u '
t 2
1  w'u ' 
2
t 2 2

  2  2   dt    dt   dt   dt  (40)
  y z  tin t  in t
t  x 1
tin t  y 1
t in t  z 
1 1


2
u  u  uv  wu 1  P   2 u 2 u 
       
t x y z   x   y 2 z 2 

 1 t2   u '  2 1 2  v 'u '

t
1 2  w'u ' 
t

  dt   dt   dt  (41)
 in t1
t  x tin t1  y tin t1  z 

1 2   u '
t 2

t   x
dt
The flow is dominant along x direction therefore by order analysis in t1 can be

neglected.


2
u  u  uv  wu 1  P   2 u 2 u 
      2 2
t x y z   x   y z 
 1 t2  v ' u ' 1 2  w'u ' 
t

  dt   dt  (42)
 in t1
t  y tin t1  z 


2
u  u  uv  wu 1 P
    
t x y z  x
1    u  2     u  t2 
t

   y   y tin t1   z   z tin t

   v ' u ' dt      u ' w ' dt   (43)

  1 
From above equation Reynolds shear stresses are derived as
Reynolds shear stress along X - axis over XZ plane


t2

Ryx  
tin  v ' u ' dt
t1

Reynolds shear stress along X - axis over XY plane


t2

Rzx  
tin  w ' u ' dt
t1

Reynolds Shear Stress

Reynolds stress is a quantity which depends upon the density of the fluid and the fluctuating
component of the velocity. It arises due to turbulence in the flow.
It does not depend on the viscosity of the fluid.
Solving Transport equation for courser grid can be possible if we are able to determine these
stresses equation depending different Reynolds number and fluid properties can be formulated by
experimentation as the remaining part of transport equation is basic navier stokes equation.
RANS Turbulence models are developed by experimentally calculating these stresses for various
conditions.
Molecular Viscosity
Molecular viscosity is the property of fluid which is the measure of the unit deformation rate of the
fluid because of the shear force that arises between layers of fluid due to the cohesive force of the
molecules.
Turbulence viscosity
Turbulence viscosity is measure of the unit transverse resistance that is created by fluctuating
component of the velocity across the flow.