BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SATHYAMANGALAM – 638 401

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University of Technology Coimbatore
& Approved by AICTE and accredited by NBA & NAAC with „A‟ Grade, New Delhi)

PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO (PAPR)

REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

LITERATURE REVIEW

Project Guide Project Members

Prof M.G. Sumithra, Janani. R
Dept. of ECE, Lavanya. T
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology. Madhusudhanan. R
INTRODUCTION

OFDM
With the ever growing demand of this generation, need for high speed
communication has become an utmost priority. Various multi carrier modulation
techniques have evolved in order to meet these demands, few notable among them being
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a frequency –
division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital multi – carrier modulation
method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub – carriers is used to carry data.
The data is divided into several parallel streams of channels, one for each sub – carriers.
Each sub – carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as QPSK)
at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to the conventional single carrier
modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

OFDM BASICS

OFDM Definition
 Parallel transmission scheme.
 HIGH RATE SERIAL DATA SCHEME  LOW RATE SUBSTREAMS

Each Sub-stream is a separate FDM, modulated on separate SCs. Symbol period

is made long compared to the delay spread of channel.

Mutual interference between SCs can be avoided by selecting from a special set
of frequencies known Orthogonal Frequencies.

Orthogonality can be maintained over a dispersive channel by introducing a cyclic

prefix in the system model.

CHANNEL MODEL FOR OFDM SYSTEMS

In OFDM the channel‟s variability in the frequency domain (FD) has a similar
role as the time variance in the narrowband systems (Flat Fading).
 Obviously the OFDM channels are multipath channels. The multipath radio
channels involve three main mechanisms to transfer signal from one end to another. The
mechanisms can be described with the help of large scale and small scale channel
models.

 Large scale channels (Provides information about Average power)

 Path loss – Dependency of Average power with distance between
Tx & Rx.
 Shadowing – Accounts for the fluctuations observed at a fixed
distance, due to the geometric features of propagating environment.
 Small scale channels (Valid for small area only- First two neglected)
 Multipath Interference – Due to air interface. Also known as Small
scale fading.

Channel Parameters
 Normalized Received Power, P0
 Rician K-Factor, K
 RMS Delay Spread (RDS), τrms

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF AN OFDM SYSTEM

Advantages

 Due to increase in symbol duration, there is a reduction in delay spread.

Addition of guard band almost removes the ISI and ICI in the system.

 Conversion of the channel into many narrowly spaced orthogonal sub – carriers
render it immune to frequency selective fading.

 As it is evident from the spectral pattern of an OFDM system, orthogonally

placing the sub – carriers lead to high spectral efficiency.

 Can be efficiently implemented using IFFT.

Disadvantages

 These systems are highly sensitive to Doppler shifts which affect the carrier
frequency offsets, resulting in ICI.

 Presence of a large number of sub – carriers with varying amplitude results in a

high Peak – to – Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the system, which in turn
hampers the efficiency of the RF amplifier.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
OFDM modulation produces higher Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) whenever
the carriers in OFDM symbol add synchronously in the time domain resulting in higher
signal power. A large PAPR increases the complexity of the analog – to – digital and
digital – to – analog converter and reduces the efficiency of the radio – frequency (RF)
power amplifier. This effect also increases the Bit Error. In order to reduce the power
consumed the peak power must be reduced and therefore the PAPR value should be
reduced.

What is PAPR?

Presence of large number of independently modulated sub-carriers in an OFDM

system the peak value of the system can be very high as compared to the average of the
whole system. This ratio of the peak to average power value is termed as Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio. Coherent addition of N signals of same phase produces a peak
which is N times the average signal [2].

DIS ADVANTAGES OF LARGE PAPR

 Increased complexity of ADC & DAC.

 Reduced Efficiency of RF power amplifier

PAPR REDUCTION
There are a number of techniques to deal with the problem of PAPR. These
techniques achieve PAPR reductions at the expense of transmit signal power increase, bit
error rate (BER) increase, data rate loss, computational complexity increase.

The following chart shows the classification of various PAPR Reduction

techniques.
CLASSIFICATION

1. SIGNAL DISTORTION TECHNIQUES

Reducing the peak amplitude by non-linearly distorting the OFDM signals at or
around the peak amplitudes. Ex: - Clipping, Peak-Windowing & Peak-Cancellation.

2. CODING TECHNIQUES
Using special FEC Codeset the OFDM symbols with large PAPR are omitted.

3. SCRAMBLING TECHNIQUES
Scrambling each OFDM symbol with different scrambling sequences and
selecting the sequence which gives small PAP ratio.

REVIEW OF PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

1. Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) algorithm

Paper title: NOVEL EFFICIENT WEIGHTING FACTORS FOR PTS-BASED

PAPR REDUCTION IN LOW-POWER OFDM TRANSMITTERS

Authors: Theodoros Giannopoulos and Vassilis Paliouras, Electrical & Computer

Engineering Department, University of Patras, Greece.

The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) algorithm is a flexible and distortion less
peak power reduction scheme of low computational complexity. In this paper, a new set
of weighting factors which improve the performance of the PTS algorithm while
maintaining same computation complexity is derived experimentally.

RESULT: The power consumption of the Power Amplifier is reduced by 21.1%.

2. DISCRETE CLIPPING

Paper title: REDUCING THE PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO IN OFDM

SYSTEMS

Authors: Mario Bonaccorso, Karim Mhirsi1, Karim Maouche1, Veronique Buzenac,

Centre of Research, Motorola, Paris.

The method proposed here is DISCRETE CLIPPING. This method achieves a

reduction in PAPR with a low computational complexity and a small redundancy at the
expense of little amount Inter Carrier Interference. Method to reduce the ICI is also
given.

3. Tone Reservation method

Paper title: Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction for Multi-band OFDM System
using Tone Reservation.

Author: Sajjad Hussain, Yves Louet, Avenue de la Boulaie, France.

In this paper Tone Reservation method is used for OFDM PAPR reduction
where a corrective signal is added to the original signal to reduce its PAPR. It is revealed
that corrective signal‟s bandwidth and power are proportional to PAPR reduction gain
while the bandwidth gap between useful and corrective carriers is inversely proportional
to the PAPR reduction gain. Finally MB-OFDM PAPR reduction is performed and it is
demonstrated that PAPR reduction performed.

4. Selecting Mapping (SLM)Approach

Paper title: PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS USING SELECTIVE

MAPPING & STATISTICAL REDISTRIBUTION.

Author: A. A. Abdul Wahab and Mohd. Fadzil Ain, School of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Malaysia.

The selected mapping (SLM) approach provides good performance for PAPR
reduction, but it requires a bank of inverse fast Fourier transforms (IFFTs) to generate a
set of candidate transmission signals, and this requirement usually results in high
computational complexity. SLM scheme is one of the initial probabilistic approaches.
It introduces a new PAPR reduction method that performs signal processing in the
time domain together with the SLM method which changes the statistical characteristics
from Rayleigh Distribution to Gaussian-like Distribution.

RESULT: For the QPSK OFDM system with 128 sub-carriers, 3dB reduction in PAPR
value is achieved.

5. Pre Scrambling Technique

Paper title: PRE-SCRAMBLING METHOD FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.

Authors: Kwang Don Choe, Si Chul Kim and S. K. Park, IEEE Transactions on
Consumer Electronics, Nov 2009.
 In this paper, a new PAPR reduction method, which pre-scrambles data sequence
for high speed data processing in OFDM, is proposed. The proposed method uses a
correlator for the reduction of PAPR value and calculations. The new method shows
considerable improvement in the computational complexity and achieves a reasonable
PAPR Reduction.

Result: A reduction of 8dB is achieved in the PAPR through the Pre-Scrambling Method
with just 1 Bit Side Information. The computational time is also reduced.

6. Alternative Signalling Technique

Paper title: ALTERNATIVE SYMBOL REPRESENTATIONS WITH RADIAL

SYMMETRY FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

Authors: A. Al-Shaikhi and Jacek Ilow, Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

This paper proposes a new method for peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using
two alternative signalling points to represent one symbol. In this redundant signal
representation with no need for side information, the expanded constellation of signalling
points used on each OFDM subcarrier is comprised of a conventional modulation scheme
such as PSK or QAM and an external circle of alternative signalling points.

Result: The number of alternative signaling points which are tried to reduce PAPR is
significantly smaller, resulting in reduced computational complexity.

7. Low Crest Mapping (LCM) Technique

Paper title: LOW CREST MAPPING FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM

SYSTEMS.

Authors: V.Vijayarangan, R.Kalidoss, Dr.(Mrs.)R.Sukanesh, Thiyagarajar

Engineering College, Madurai

In this paper a new technique called Low Crest Mapping (LCM) is proposed for
Reduction of PAPR in OFDM Systems. This new technique is a simple and novel one
without any increase in Bandwidth and no in-band and out-of-band distortions

Result: The simulation results show a PAPR reduction of 2.57 dB is achieved for four
eight carrier signals. This reduction in PAPR is achieved without any increase in
bandwidth and increase of transmit power.
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE

There are many factors that should be considered before a specific, PAPR
reduction technique is chosen. These factors include PAPR reduction capability, power
increase in the transmit signal, BER increase at the receiver, loss in data rate,
computation complexity increase and so on[1].

Based on the effect of the reduction technique the method proposed for PAPR
reduction here is PEAK CANCELLATION TECHNIQUE. This method provides
better PAPR reduction while preserving simplicity and less variation in SNR.

PEAK CANCELLATION TECHNIQUE

Peak cancellation can be performed digitally after generation of the digital OFDM
symbols. It involves a peak power (or peak amplitude) detector, a comparator to see if the
peak power exceeds some threshold, and a scaling of the peak and surrounding samples.
Figure shows the block diagram of an OFDM transmitter with peak cancellation.
Incoming data is first coded and converted from a serial bit stream to blocks of N
complex signal samples. After performing IFFT on each block, Peak Cancellation is
applied. Then, a cyclic prefix is added, extending the symbol size to N + NG samples.
Finally the Parallel to Serial Conversion is done and the signal is transmitted in analog
form.

The cancellation is done on a symbol-by-symbol basis. An efficient way to

generate the cancellation signal without using a stored reference function is to use a
lowpass filter in the FD. For each OFDM symbol, the samples that exceed some
predefined amplitude are detected. Then, for each signal peak, an impulse is generated
whose phase is equal to the peak phase and whose amplitude is equal to the peak
amplitude minus the desired maximum amplitude. The impulses are then lowpass filtered
on a symbol-by-symbol basis. Lowpass filtering is achieved in the FD by taking the FFT,
setting all outputs to zero whose frequencies exceed the frequency of the highest SC, and
then transforming the signal back by an IFFT [3].
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure : Block diagram for Peak Cancellation Technique

CONCLUSION:

The reduction of PAPR in the OFDM system thus becomes necessary. Techniques
such as Signal Distortion, Signal Scrambling and Coding Techniques are available to
reduce the peak power. Based on the review of these techniques and the criteria for
selection, it can be seen that the Peak Cancellation Technique provides a better reduction
in peak power with minimum out – of – band radiation and computation complexity. The
method proposed here is expected to provide a reduction of around 5dB with negligible
reduction in the SNR value. In future this technique can be combined with some other
scrambling technique to make the computation faster.

REFERENCES:

1. An Overview of Techniques for Reducing PAPR and its selection criteria for OFDM
systems, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology.

2. OFDM for Wireless Communication System, Ramjee Prasad, Universal

Communications.

3. Wilkinson, T.A. and Jones, A.E., “Minimization of the peak to mean envelope power
ratio of multicarrier transmission schemes by block coding”, IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conference, Vol.2., Jul 1995.