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    MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

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    21 views112 pages

    Mathematical Physics

    Uploaded by

    KAVYASKUMAR SKUMAR

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Lliild | \ Topics MATRIx VECTOR ALKEBRA, ComPLeX NUMBER TENSOR ANALYSIS GROUP “THEORY PROBABILITY NUMERICAL TECHNIAES Pane NO. q ay $6 63 68 &y MeTRD © > yen vader ana Een Panghon « \A-At\=0 charackesiahe ©" ‘agen vadue ¥XY 7 Ly Sum a Agervadua = Fae a3 naar ArAgtda 2 QutOga +3 ay Produck of Agenvalals = Ooerminant ay mabsx A\ Ag ds = Dek CAD By Heaca GY Bd{LAY= Arrg-hAg dat ABAy Y Rand AY Rar same Sgervalwcs, Sy dek le’ A = croatia) 6 Ma ie { Wogonas Aleman) & autuias) OG e—<_-= b oao0---bo he _ . B faee-@ wv Agena of ale + me tit 3 ® gen vadur a A. aM ag, as” Trace (ALB) = Treas (A) & Teral8) (> Trot (A) = Traca( BA) Qua}, comstor the maki We (\ : \] \ \ \ PY The efgen valus cy maki Mare: OR boos Aiyl 4 “hha Soe aa y Me Ulta 3 Ronis of mab = | Be ku eigenvalas Ge O- Meg tag 23 0 0 & =3 ®) the exhmenkal a M simpdifies . 2) Me ye ay oo! =1+| 3) b> =Tt Mei cy) OMe peat & een i) SON Ma EM We 2 33 matere a we (43 a2 3 q q NE aN wee 22 y Me ya M a 2 ene \e Mas mts _. aid | zuMl(ay FW Gung BR nahi Ros TrIM] =6,TrUm*]= as, aw Cytl= do. ustuch @ the Reblousing. can be boretble ser oSgenvaQus Me ay My bar 434 ad 848 Sot"g- Ay kAgt Ane 6 db Bake = 86 Abt Aba dg = Sto nour, Chak obliow ~~ Rek: aA ary Wie Err epy p= 26 (ats (BP 4WF= Vo we AWS Tho digon Values ay tne maby nel 4) a 14,4 by Ot) AUS Sha ed OIs d 0,0,14 Sot". Ry aah & Ra= 381 Rank of A=1 Sigonyadues + 0,0,A bauws (4tTElY Ss AcWY (94) 2D Out A axg mabiy 'N Ray etgenvadus - A ah’ te Amablat vader g ‘h! ot ATL ay 8 20 DED «ADI ee — otis, irl Sots gen yoda gh © Ae oSyen uadue gf AY: AMC 4 arele gen aAX= dp ltict a lel tale, tl. | é (wr (30) ganr @ WE 2 amk = ea CB a Ono coniday a nx (nel) maki A To which Ay ei tne podud & fndicle, 144 “Than makin A 0) Ras | dagenerole efgenvalls with dg. Ot) by Rag & d9g. @vadut with dogs &4 Ld) Cc) Row | dog- 2vadus oth 09. n dy doonn't Rave any dag. eigen value. Sots. ayy 2 i (2-3 eg: [28s a Ax 0, 0,14 36 4 * { dag. ee: vous degensrangy =a Pe Ml 8 Que consider the mati Me \s * «i p al bt The eigen voli of Mare: ° M8 a1 wor Y-WLALa 4d 336 SI"3- Raq (M) <0 i 0 OLY optton a Aaity Hava Out Re mahicos o-oo = oo} ° a (3 a. 9| (83 8] Cc (: a0 S I 38 O00 Softly the Commutation relokon : % Caeleere ; CHcl=o ; Cand Bc Bb CAe=c } Cact=a; Conje8 & CAel=B 5 (ACleo; (cals dy Ca @lec ; Cacl=o ; Conj bso ox b=-8a ce Is280 or b= ds b=O]9 or be Oa Seing- a a a\&) = an() ate ard | - Ap (3) arb a Q+b= Ago Qrsatb=0 _@ Qa= hgh A®a-reb=o —® Aa oA a +4 \=0 Agel 8a. = Ag b das dpb Qasr db Qaz-b GQuag vowieh ay the Ratloueg carb be efyen values Ho reah axa mobs a fo xt . od &o-&M Bui Oo 2&8 e6 d> \,1,0 SANS Throw a} Read makix = Reals A tlytdy check eblion Mi +0-ai =o ~ LAlti 22 — fo, 6'8 =a iaveo cd X By —~ Caxpey -Haniillon Theaem: - ~ ANey aquare marx aoligion ts own ‘eran equation or Agenvatue equation ch. Qn: (A-AL\= 0 Ramble: Ac is 4 \ \ 5 8 leo Peh owes catculakton of inverse: 4 C\-lWT= 0 Q akycA-lurco om ASA SUT aia'acndl =wra! Ac He Rie ag as 3 Ou the maby w[ 43 = GO —0 % godFily the equahon ay nS—M®tom 4181= 0 o> MLM®oM HoT =0 by weet jam ptor<0 dy Mug aor 0 Sot"& Gh. eg: \M-ATI=0 \e S98 \ 40 \- .o oe oO Ww) {oo tkat)-a] =o (ray F ceas uaa-a} = 9 WA) C+ Uxat) -aJ20 Gay Ci-a®eaj=o Urry (0-48) = 0 to- A®_ port aF=0 At yLwrrtozo Ace: kw Caley Hamilton's Hnener wWemiomytorco (EJ “FF, cllgebate munlpaictty (Aw)= v0. 6 Rebetaon ¥ agen Valu geomeke. muh paisity Ghu)y= 90. Qf UL elgen uedioct Comrespunding to A. By PAP= B Pann singular mats ALA ae ciolar mahicss. = Pie Aigenvaluy, Trace , dobesmfnard — Bifterend fen veces: 5, © Mogmadizabio mahi: (0) Rind Boen ucdus Y gtven A mabix Mo @ we. De | @ 4 ©~ - See An CAM=WNYA fw dicngmaltaable matic. Roleadon mabsy : CAR sinQ O Ro®) =| cho cug O ° ° \ Ry to)= | CH © - every Read aymmebic mabix t Remulian > eKyenuaduer » Real Skyy Hemifan maki: a=—aAt 7 piindbal digma : ether 0 ox Purely fmaginay Reced Cdonunt > o > eigenuadun = 0 ov burely imaginary — Odd oxdored Akon HemvS Kan maki: Stagular AY orthogonad mahix. AAT AAS T — Odleminav > lA +t — wal + YY FAB are cothagmad Hen hO+ EP axe also orthogmad. o> unity makix: aatcata <2 —= eokeminaw: Ale +l asi Ar= a’ — TY A46 ase unltery then FAS BA AWE adto unitary. Quo! Tre oigenvuaduias Y He AwTeyrimebie Praleh _i| O =, Bg Re E 0 my my mM 5 hae 1, Ny At are Combonent a an uri vedoy, ave ay o,-t, ¢ BOA Oo iA« 40,00 SoINZ- Oger wader oY an Fdymmebse mache : Cither 0 ow purely mag . tal oR 6,%0 a r x Rank a matstx <2 NO deg. Rigen vadus . Orang oRen a axa uritery mabrk sabtaytng ® viucvtulet uth dd uc ol? One Can Comsbuck 0 uvdtery maby v (vvew'e1) wir dok Vo Peer dk O ynudh’pdytag U by e* te » mudlpQying by Angee alomant cy 6 by @ roy oud h plying by any rou O column by @ dy vrai poying by aa sag Sak U= a a dekuz ad-be= a Qian) kek Ve atey = att, ote, oak, ite | Tle dub VE aaa -' ne = at? (ade) - tela _, ®) WECTOR ALNERRA ® — Nowmal Vedor Jo the Level auslocr 8) = Pz APLRPLRK Brad’ | Rae ae a scaler B= Ardy rd — unit nowmal ' level sufact: —» dRecKonad darrvatie: Pefthred ak Componertr ag WA In direction GY Veter F ie Re (Jd. A= Wa. RO t 4 rail — angte plus tro Sutactt: (4.4 fa) BR Uha_ os ch mat O= COR A Tag (oka Oso. “he equation ay the Plane Hab & th Fangerd Jo tne gurface xy2=k at the pane C84) &: O> ArWyruz ta wD Yatady 4218 ch xy pec I& ty xy tas Sot" S- he xy2-2 Phe yYrtauefary K vel laxu ts Cewpa (ear ay) = ar ang yak 5 Ys Plone tay Jo tris: (OHA) = ABCOaS 20] (ODF ga) Fe gj. shugeae Fayata® 8x-2 44g-8 4az-8 =O Qe +g raz = Aad YxqQy42 = AB Quad A Veckos PerbendFoulaw Jo any veda that ex on the Plane daffned by AY tE = =o: o fd wy F4R OAR dataafask Sots - P= xey4z-—0 The TMK qe] O03 the uri" ae ok the Pott (SB) on tre aurtau a the ell paoty a Paci Ker ei 6 oy bedtcatx abe odebp ech if Se SaRe Tame ® “ oO bcS+ ta} + abe ay ahengect BeAratcds ait Bay at hyokt® Soe Wa (AHI 32 & mB Ob (SRE) [er +B) ox gee To RO te ab fac 8 Beg) Bea apo Be v da 2 (pi98 2 te BA a) py debe = bed+ca> + abe ——=— |¢] SBR aes ake! Ow Pp unk Vethr fon the xy Plane & akan angie @ le? wort TP. the angle beutdn the vedo Tealspn 4 Ve atypt wilt ee bof b= Ga . 4 . = 3 be 8 ey bes dy bea we RVs IW) cae ll. : 3 =b0 = (LW | corso = i n ay ry % R 7 A Rye coat 4 Ty Sin bos = COs30F N= cosiaot p10 304 = r+ Bs eg © becomes (a-B) (6-4) + 2,08 ~ {oa Gey Says (Sa) § (O60 Qab - = (adyprab) X po %\ G0 wot Re at —sab+ ak=o a= Dla oe beg © => a5 Bivergene q vedar, WR iy VW=0 — Solendidad Fold. tuvle_@ vedor Feld. —\s ak Neb ay dbz By Ay Be TrP=o —7 conaewalte Fiala . Rye Gul wh DAB be Huo disting: 3-Bim. vedo. _ Ane component a} B that & lov Soa & given by oy x Bx) oy BewYD) ae ok cy (OBE » Cde S a& n bad =lalostng) > wn axes abs xt) = ab sno K ® TxAB= Cabsingya CPeRY 2 o&b sing) Axa) < ab Kno F = b&n84 A) ax Bra) _ a Gund 1h F donole the pailtn Vedor of Any paid To 3 Aba, and v= (Fl . Ten 0) THs0 4 BPS Phy WTP co 4 VEO OP Pe24 re Ph® oT-?234 Weo a. ae Bt ss a Soy, T-¥ 2 We Fly) £95 @ <3 n & =) Se *& Te = \ a dIoy ae\ o [) wn 8 2m > oarkdona by a corsersabio Peres gidd & 2. $Ppaveo FG conser ne (e Green thenern: ne > Sudan they rat P: cowtrucwuly dtfterenhiable Px” bra? =I le and SHOR THEMEN. ine _,cutao 4 vtaverso . GPS? - ff KP) Aas c S Brergena Hrenem, Surface — Vatume. § Phas = Sif @Pldv Ss Vv YQ vy Ww, hss oy, w, | <0 Une dabendaue Us v3 Ws — Vivg clo oxtnogonad vedor 1 osthononmad veder. Ou ry Heyrotra2z vy® te ORM ‘e. oy far b mlawrath) & May) do “ SoS Ty Re 3% COMPLEX NUMBER Representation : zeny Complex. Conjugase: Ze aty las zoom Reppaeniaron: Z= xe y(cagtaingy — modudua value: (2) = 7 = aye Probesties @ modulus Y 2+ \2y429\ < lal Hal \2yzal= \Al\zal gi 2 \al (2y-za\ 7 l2-l2ah \a\ ei — argumenk a 2: Pg 2 = 0= tan'() o o Wol=l - nt 0 tont(2) =0 Kk=G1,Q. 22. A Ne 1,83 Z=\,o5, 08% 22,748 atm. wuru%o a2? 2 4 us?=\ Compiler analytve Puncton : Pundion PEO anadytic y tr soba Cauchy Rearann equation. Conditon: = £(z)= stv Cnecessary) ow ‘ du OY Sy ed Sujfscand:_Cond Sey ag 4 BK ove oeRauous Punckin oy ay CKAMpIES: Polynomial , corstant, expmenhal Punckens, — Ghz, Coaz Qn2 (exapt z=o) — — — teanz, Secz Coxcapt z= (Anti A/a) — cot, Covec2 = (@xcapt Z= NT) 3 2M (excapt 2=0) ormentc Pundoo: 5 Punclion whith 20sfaky Laplacs aquation (a0) — yy mae rly Gan anadyhe , then udu ae Canjuguie Vasmew'e Pundien 2 fy, ot av pe Tye =O A ae + Bya=O Quo! wonich oy the Poltouring is an analytic Suncdfon gy the Complex vattabe 2=a4fy fa He domain ica? o> (ape-tyy! ch Unt Gays Sato. & (realy! G-atys 4 (arty ast zit areciyyt 2 (242) C a (442), | rot analysts ¢ Leaalyst (5) ity yee (azst eat r 12. may be analy Ac <9 Si ° (Wty) © (3 ayy? (\-Retz)-2y 2272, nok fy YP (zepyie (arty aye @-vie ruliivadueod (not analy > Quod a Lek UGLY) = RAZ GRY) bethe veal Fat gen” analyte -Punckon #0 f the Cmplex variable 2 curly . He Fmaginay Pook gy Fe) tb: wo yay bry OF orxye Sartg- Gek Beye UlGY LV HY) Yy He & anadylte Se must sabsofy CR aah: ou _ ww yu Oye 3 eed oy) av. aye vee ove (ud dy Vz gerya gto —O Now. see Mes 2 xk wey) YY om VF xt RY) —B Compe O£O 4 Rydzy So, ve Yoy ®) Qw3 with zeastly , which ay the Following Pundons Fouy) B Not a complex anatytte dunchion? erly ey? Cup ysa ghey yl > Oyrraty wf co) ctyhiaiey os) a> Cleattyy (a saatyy> Ne 2 a Cracgigs® aaaatyye = 1-2)" (a2y6 x not analytic x0, ushioh ef the Following Runchons cont be the reah Pork a) comblex analytfe Runchon gy zaury? ay wy wetyt oO Bry? ay acy 4-43 setts Read 4 tmnagtaary Pork gy an analyNe anchor must dobtay Loblack equasias Fu ku * “Sys =D 8) 8 Zal’yy + Fay = &Y¥ +0 £0 x tart be Real. Past of complex -punsson. Ome The furclon FOGY2, 4) = Cos(2-vt) +6o(sin +9) Zaitsty the equaton: ve ay A, fo VAR ( 3:0+5par E,) s by (peat sig « (Sarda © fia 8 (ade-S ae (2 M a a ® Gahaelt = (4 -B)e SolS- dey 2dy= Cos(z-VE) + RElsTn(KAty)) NOU, — fn Guityy= ox loaly + Comretaty = Stax cosy af conncosy AUWY2t= OSZ-UH 4 stracomky — Skin X Cosy oe = Swe casky aye = 2) Sa = —Coa (2-Vt) Que Ler UOGY) = #* coin be the real hast ga Rundi $2) = WOLYrWOLY) & the complex wosiable 2= erly, whee a4 b ore Read conlards and ad. The Rurckon 42) ww compex analyse evaywhee in te cmbler Pane YH and only i Oy b=d W beta dbetara d) beaker SUE peat A Ymag. Part gy Combler analytic fundon musk soltaty eplact eq”. Yu du At ae ° ake couby —K* o™ coeby =° e-d oon 20 Ato aka Yoa ocrb Quo" LY Femy = Ueaeryy Ueys abeys) “lay (eax) 4% a combley anadys fund then find the Vatu Y a. %» 0 by O-| ade SANE TE FOG) TK Cmblex analytic punch Hen TH must saiialy 8 Qquatiou: du _ Qv dU _ ov fe urlv ae ay 4 oy - y —— ou, se a a mS Cupayy (ey) ga oedys) \) = MKtd4+Qaqx —_O ee $5 ( 83 G-4-0) —® = &U-%-an) Compare eqn () 4 ALAR 4a) = All-4-00) Weokrceenpereech| SG. eee Ma Aan o —> Por circwlar Regio. \ Fz) = BOY 4 (eay Hay 4 (or eh = ” 2 gntzo) (2-20) c Fe= e nt Note: all Power a} 2 should be 4VE- Same atandared +0ytor seer expenition abous &=0 Le 2 xX _— = Wt Ea Bae eZ. oe a % coms oe et _ Se ee Teayeenn = ee @ol > Sthez wg ME onan - 2 us ee a co GRAD Quo] The Pirat fou ferns fr TaySr sexies exbention gy the Pande PW= sinx cvourd %X=My ares & 0 de (lB) +4; OH) +4 t-Rye--~] * b0en-h HY eR] * Lo-ky -Eys--.] a> none No © 5 So's TyRarls geates oxpensiion : MN Pany= Peay (Zar allay as gia) rs Zee; OS Rly , FOO =Knx , SAy)y> WR Fy = Cone MK (4) = SR Hx) = — Stax snla) = —\yQ EM 00 = -Cose e" (Rly) ~ -\ya AV (xy = ofme 4 (lu) = lye POs Be EL yee Ya t (& &) ga + O-By rAd a. - Gre The taylor sorter extention gp the fundion Qn(toskx) whee rts real abouk Ponbx=0 alasks With the Pollouing leant: a a x2 ail. pO O bike tte. ay ptatada SS pry = Lea) 4 (Ka) Btayy (z-a)"4tla), al Fey QuRx) = & aco FOR WAR) =o J °o i) fos aa, SRK = tanRy = Pays lenRO = 0 oor secs B= FA sek’ =1 SN) = QaeRe AChE fawkn) a B= 0 BYOOT — 2 (AseRE) techy bare) —24eCR 42CRK QO becomes. 7 2 Ancor) = 040+ a oY eo 44 Ea) Godt. ~ Lyte = a THe, a alemate : ane. casky = eset x Puy | =, (2°89 . ie rl Fe Qnw=0 gloge LO he he oye a Ree at oO ° #@wm| . e-2 _0 azo o +e 7 a =O ae i) Ou The abpwyfmate cada! t valid ubio2 dacimas plats as Song a |) lew than: Crake (Ble 2 57-80) ad y.age LB cy BRE dS ot” SaANg- uring taylorls sesteb. x ait = - &, © Cosp = \ au a %] OW smash Cor8 a2 & Now check options: for G= LEI ae & corp = \- Co-oate RK _ oy a woe SF (=pidos 44 osO21 Radius af convergence. Re dim | On non One) Fos a Gece cowered at Z=% 4 wodjusy at Pousay Acries ts convergend Rr. (2-2 CR Rusty & Dhexqenk for aNd pants Tr 2g - (220 >R coudiide Hociule) Lames Sefer exbension: ® — Fos Ring shapes Ragin. FA) = Ap +A,(Z-a) 4-4, al2-04 \ wen $O(2-09'4 aed. here, Powers Q zt re as well as VE. OF ony —Ve Pousers . Orcas, Expena PR) = 1. Yn Loments serter GY Sypensfon By the region: ® o Leta B=? P= Az? (2-8) @-y + © 2y>0 o2=| \ . zl, \ On Gayeay? Vay 7 a> O=A @ Pu @RM=0 42-2 ® \ +. Jd r =@=8 (2-0@@-2 Wide, AY - ato | tha Gyey ev" e* ett (arg) (2) geen: O Taxer Aesies farm @ th \ Gay Sek a= VE 4gjc 1 _b ~8\S) 2-3) <\ ay = -b gy = 40-3) = hu gala] - Slate Here, Pousr ap 2 ave tO Of woe as NE =) Llaurent Aemrer tenn) Ohio}, the scat Reus Hermes To the laurent fees far \ on the rion K — Prleg ap aadar Sab 2= FIN | NHN A-- - dy poles order Ar2= EN 5 N=) (8/3 - GI". Beye ZS Sfn (x28) fy Pole: OT=0 Salt =0 w@ AZALNK j n=onae 28an | m0), 2 =4A, etl fA erieg oda. Cauchy Residue Formula + Y atey tu Angle vadued 4 analytic tn a Ample chow Curve exept ok foe 4rble nureber ey Alogufar Poids then > Bwdz= Six (Sumy Refduces at ¢ Polen witin |) @ « 2 COuchy Thenem. Ty £2) t an analyte Pundson witha o on the Condour 'C > R@dz=0 due _G Complex Twmber » —» Residue at Keble Pole : _ Pe ig YB PO= Rw & AZ+0 then Reatdua oF Z=Zo Ub: REL pie - be 2ty “ale 5 ReSayuy at a Pole Y dar 1: ic aa oe (wa so) @ Put 2xa-b - a2tack & expend 2x Rex = coobh-op Ree pe a FO 5 Wy Qual the vadue og the inkegrat. J d2z%e® whee c & Cc an ober contour tn He Compler ZPlare os thou 0 Figure bolouw: y Tm 1 1Cyl) \ € 4+--7 > Rez “Eby Vo) ® Sie © ef o $e O-Ee GIS Be) = ZRe* — analytic 4x0 By Cauchy +neaem : 4 zRetd2 = 0 \ foketdz+ J 2retdz =0 é A \ J cketdz ate i Bekde c =t \ Se ger_aee +8), aYe-aerne-e!-2e'ae') = Sél-e = £-e Qu® The prindple Value Y the Real talegrall 3 ee J Ad %: 22 RUB EER > axjg &nlalc) oO dd 3 3 SoMg- ge ff okt | ax a, Sura 7 J, Grea) cinbte Poles af x=-1,-2 Ska patnciple Value can be coduiaked by using conbous tnegrakon. Te dz a (2r\) (248) Potes Mies on Read oxts. zZ=-4tpa Te ani x [Re ey ® rT | ZeA a flex PL) Bn 12 _ \ | gel ae a243 |. 2c-\ 2-} Res Bi2)| _\ goa * ok Res #2) | 7s Ex) nell 2-2 228 @ To oni xl i] =o DP) Qua3 the value y the tnegrat z23dz ce 22G46 R z\-c=0 Oy —toxi by lori cy Sai dd at Soi"3- . pie ee C: @la-sz0 Cath \21=S]a Fre Poles: pli : Zs abeo 22.32-824670 22 war Simple Poles 2-28 ‘nite tne drcte, r= aniy Res P29 | Za8 T= AKL K 2 4 anix 2 g2a-s -\ 2-Q Tco—-lort 1! uso a 2 3 cts ye conbur defined by tel=Ya a Vadue gy Tregrad > ot ty: ce St Ace bw ani cdo ayrt Sotg- A Fe= Ga leleVe fx Pola. sfatz=o Pole of oder 2 ad Zant only 2-0 Qies instar (el=Ya FwoQ= _1_— a-z By =8 f = dl f+9---] coopticant oY (U2) = 0 Re P| Lo Zed T= Qrix&. so OWLS The Vadue ay the contour fadergat £ Hibe= around tne Unit circle C peyerced fy the ancdock wize direction fi. oat oO Ba -elR dp tek (Ya) @ SM py. OTL A. COMRZ-BANRE oot gQ ESP “e” = alee 36% 46h Por Pola: ol=o0 ese ~ Se eF & ace = Ine= aw Zyz M2 _, simple Pate. cafes usithin circle) gouges |. 2M. oe | 2a, OO ee | eZ = oe, aa gains z ale ' of ~ B neu, = a 4 fl2yd2 — ‘pene. ire Quog Tre WWayeat f 26 ae ationg the closed ° dontour f Ahown ta the Pigure ¢ ao wan % oy -aw 4) Unt Gq “| co's ftey2 ze Ze For Polels » Biro HZ = ED sshapte Pote Re, 22)| Pte) | nla _ Lett 27) ales) a uw) a -— 2 pate | 2 28°) ye 22\ aa ~ & 24 re ani x( bey g gina) = RU tee Qi (soma) = -&K ica) Bnboper Wegrol: betueen Wmit, —22 Sy 4% Thenem fT. Ty Poo codaing only Polynornias team . then PZ) = POO — Bind singular Poinhs —> check pois \Pe tr ubher rally. AY rg Angular ide Ge on magia Traghoay axle - 2 [Peraz = f Pode ele a 2 anty[z fea] (Bina) x ° oe Oi Read ont "ana B® Ty Angutar Pork Me an i oe ° [ todr~ Referee] mL AN, 2 Pe] 00 pee and Thenem I: = | Ro covalo Aine , Cosine RundOn adlong woth Polpnorniah 40% then, ule & ame exept and term(, 4) which ts O fn Hits cae. Quo} The Vatue the f Tastee AR a -&k _K ae oy -K £ R Pe MR a) Soi" o J teas > PW = wp cou HY mau PUS= sepa feat fax ( exp i) fle= al. [az Se pe PPI (22) 2 pd . Zee ov Gg Z2x+R — Simple Pole. ae Ore Ranh Res Hed] - Ae exbiltis) ant 22k yt om ath HL “ager: (=e) OL stele f Ce) a8 Te Reoh far( Ki K SUM gy fest dur) = Read re Ce tre oe") -¥ = is @ Que? The Pendle Value y the IWegrat oe ° ae a dt wu xe ay -9x BK OF d> Qn Nn a 3 Sot"9— = 6 : 3 =f one dx = img. Pastoy | oe tu =e - ° ta, dee f= & a zeo i Pole a ordar3 — Mes on, Raat ant 4 2 a7 Res oie) | = a las & [wor a J Ray | dz “RB \ - it & pitw “al os le ) = ae uid)xes aa Te Tix Qa H| 2=0 = RK CQ) = HAN wequind Tweqrads fmg. Park oJ (-aKy) = - 8K Vay) & a dx 4 cS x & J pit? , the wae uJ gat é a am y oe yy Se ms o Sot"e- ae oe i dk : yaar 8 4. 43) fox ola: Yte)bo actiy Pole a order A tf 4 ° gia on Tmaghay Oxu. on upper Ray} z= ty fies Tal Brix Res F|_) AR. 2ety o-ty é Rute] = At a ieiut A eng a “ ‘ 7 Eee) 2 - Apart S Q-yy$—, | ayes cytes) 4 2- ‘s = =f. 1 4 el ‘ays = A — Bigs uy? wate dle TNF Ue (Ee) 2 Ouoy, The Value y te Ikegra. {2 Tat uw. oe oF oan Oe Sot emis. #2) = \+24 fer Poles: = a4e\=o. — eae n Ky 2 e (ane AY QR N=9)\,Q-- - e is iswly Ze eet e i eu Fes tafe upper Ralf (Oto &x) re A) sy | Rex Fe seh c ae | a wl, = yom Res fey J \ 2-6 = y ealy - ale To AKLX +f eortut are] = QM ¢ -3tRly tary ue + ny eae i a Plate - 4 ea wg: Note: Pindbad Branch a mudSvaduitd punckin Bw alinays analytye. TA) 4 chowadieristtc gy Branch Pata. —» ak Bronch Polk MuMivalutd fundim fi2 f not anadyhe — AK branch Pot the ads ay branches y Fee) ae qquat. TENSOR ANALYSTC ® —s Teragee are logical genesadisalion GY Weck . — Tensor are akocialed with magrittude 4 Huo or moe dihrechona. example : “4 OTe" gy aren \) Shese af an clautte Sold
    Yn cartaian co-ordinates: fag® Wxy% lays a2" | (53) | — magnituds g o bentor | ate gig Apt = Gu lat) eBaelA®) gyal FO)” Fag ange _blus_kuo vectors Pa tensor Notation » ay Ae! Gynet JQy ele oom G09) The length clement ds af an are UL (ast aa 8s F Lae!) Lae’) he mekie Henny gi; fb: a 8 4 Bla a \ ay (4 8) o(as ) o li a) dy none saB- ° = Iu(d x49 wa (ae 8909 (dx3)tad) Mere Sia Jay fre g a me (a. | Ougs sy 4 AY pepreiens a Aymmelie 4 anit Aymmokse seas valiod Senior Respaiuchy Wn componentz. & Sif 4 Ay are: A 3,6 wy 6B cdb)6 946 Sot"S” fadopendont aymmabse Component 3eV) = nee ge © Tadobendonk auymmebic componait = nin) 3xGt = AY, 1) -@ (8) 03 tH HAH DE two vote Fy 2-D Euclidaan Zpoce. unday Polatton the Jeux peoduck Ty= Fi By as redycos Joa dhe AUM GY 2-1%m represonhalfon bs fh an Rredudble Q—tm sebaeienhahion © seduces Joa direct gum Y (im , ad¥m4-Lim feeducinie seprearewahen 8y vedmnent Joa diac Aum gp a (Wind an &-dim. Predud able rebreenialin. Sot. 7 AB, AB, ABs Y=] a.8 A By By Ag 83 A,B, Az B fy @s Decompast hon a Thy THe TOs HL Y® —O 7 Ai- Qi Rank 0 ‘| °e | Bic Si) = 23 tensor % fadobendant conbonent O t= oes 8) 3 rue @f rank Tadohendas components @) (axa) ¥b ~ ove a@ 4 OZ witch gf the folloustng sede gy 3x2 rnabieus Fos 0. Grub under mahi mulXpOi casion? loa ay ‘ y |f/l ao bie} ° [53 Ssoe4 2 ® Yelle group . Query elomenk cy group can be generated by atngte etement Secale riers) Wer (4-( are tWo generclor Cyy group: oR 4 Sa Rotalfonat elements. Cy — Rotakon about Ae cat 7 Ro about | fo° C2 -» Roth aboud e107” cat 4 Rot” abouk 260° (Tdentiiy clenunt€) Reptertion sy moby lemenk my, 4 My 40% + dlagonay Refedtin. oe LEGG mumy gg} 2 eoreP Proberty elena we Paverse element cy ee My my O% KK cq as 4 — order y chemow of Qnup: poe nN Odgr . Spatod urdtory group: Sutn) oder =n deleminan =| SOW) grubs oxdoy =a, datesminant =! generat tom; U = is al \ » [Ms “We ari Ut i‘ = td © ( a | aso sat" ob) [Sh Us \S oe a | = =| Te. wks aot ry & Syd. ater \ o .8 Be FroRnesL Ty Pabosiity af any ever A : PAS T Prob. OF Failing of event A. Quo Am unbiased dite ts dhown Shee Hyer auccouvolly. The probability Jnok the twin bers cy dok on the ubbermot Ade odd ub b lb: ates od ng »y ch ag ot "B- 6,6 SE gamete m “Lo Gases Cauorable) ™ S56 fold cases = 6XbKE Plssw=2 6 = 6X6X6 Frdabordand eveNk2: occurence or Man-occurench a am event A docsnth ofteck gr OCCLEENA og non -OCcUrENch of event B. PLANB) = PLAD. PLB) MUAY excOusie event oceurend YA defnax non occurence af AB and \ice- versa. o PAB) = PLA PLA) — PLArti8) Quad A Doaded dice faa the Probahiihes <. sdk He GAS og Hanleg ub ° ° 13,ujoR6 PesbocRuety. sy te te dhoun tusiee , uska ts the Proboiiity trad the am Q& the numbers tok tut up ty even? ab age gy BH og ME a ty Ata “ua ual Set" Sample shaw = aya, =U Both Odd Sum = Quen ~~ Both even Plc Prob (even-even) 4 Rob (odd—0dd) = [RAMeo. QeHES (uss wees ee Bar) tar km 3 a) +lays ae CondiKonat_ Probabidtty. ® Probability af Rabbening af evens A auch tat RB Ray, already accned. Pala = PLAN) PLB) Rondam Variables: y DBCrelo Prmbsbiity Diabet bubion : Saraple Space Rox abmost Couwable umber CY Members. n — > Prob. dithkibuim ox: 2 PHAN t=\ > mean gy dibibulin : Ys = ZxPQD Sey q = Puri) > vartena: c&ws = oc ur Pte) = Standard dotal (GP): TOO = ]oay ak HE o8& +y) = o8oy eo®ty) Eoyyy = ELO-EG) Etty = EM)4 EW E{kx) = KEY) Qui A deo Fhrouun 4 the oudtomes are obsexued fa the moan , Vostente ; sandard daviaion, cy tre sondom examen. Poo, distribution af dice : Sag. 3 M1 a yo os 6 Ue We We Poriy Ve Ve we DUPead = Wb 4 Ake se Et- - Of = NF ARSE EERE ile oo mean > asken@: ok = Fy -py® eon) = (38th k aaskkhe ee mo = & 80: os faqa@D) typos af Duicaele Btekbwfon Pundion: —aty Bromifas_DlanVbuston : © Random exbesiment sepaatos any, cond”: Aimar buk no. a wiads Ahad be tile @ Randm Wetable For Kuo Pox Tble value: — Succem CP) — RPaflae (Y Ae as mean a dishtbwimn: HW =dxy= nb ns Mndobenddnt bofad bras. toy A bans t& picked ob bandom From one af tuo boxer Shak Conratne & Black 4 Swhiie wana abock 4 Uwnle balls porpechvaly. uahak @. the brobabidity that St ts while * ay 3 A & sa we o BO A Goto. Mekhod: As a+8 = = ise Xs 2A © Se 7s Fo Ay i 2 \ Bk S? 10 §xtc 2 @ Guses A, bog antaing many balls, each uotth 0. Wsmbber pajaked on Th. Thee ave arly n balls with Rave the nWmbe hn. An oxbestment cnuite % Choong ©. bald ak yOndomn , Nothing the number om Sr 4 setumiig De be the bag. wy she Chheriment *peaked a Large vo. aes the Ouerage Value a number uf fends bo a ANAL wy Boy NEL gs MiMi) / Sol"2. Samble Sbaa = WKLe axa — nN = yak os n* } 7 We | * M | NO-Y Cnbia =(4a4---_- =F bis 2 NUM) (ANAL XNy 2%; = =e Zn NINLU a | Aue W Gu03 Tr a Aerie y Fre Ciecka- mateher MRG the catalina catds ‘Head’ evey tfne ushon the tout is taken . The ny thos Re will usta 3 Hot 4 Rowe @ Baws 1 ay Ye by Se FI as sie SONY. ro. af togkes (Iria) = © gekting Read (duccem)> 3 gerteling teil (Faflwe =2 Prob= y Pa” ees: ee aa? 2 S3 = Sea (A) (4) = SY 1s g *3a7 w RE Tle: Pr Binomfad aisbubion xY aw BLP) Ox+byY yY& BMP) att) Pottaion Distsbutions Diag cate @ Bnoniah disbipubion cond: © no. gy Hats are aly large (no) @® comfank Prob. Y Aucceu For each afk th edly Amada (fe poy ® wb ts Heatle quaytly W= Wp me & bk axtb¥y * P (mp) ax - bY fp P (mp) Gx) Tio Independant random Vastables m4 1 wWch con fake tnleger vader 01,8, .--,08 Follow tre PrPitfon ditbibuion , uolicn ding mean valu YA v rerboUtholy. Then O5 the boob. ubibulin oy the random Vartable Jeman & a Bromfal diet bulvon by the pad. dixbibulSon aq random variables yewn fs alto a Potton dukabutn tho yastond q Yarden Vavable: Loman eo tA equal to W+Vv & the mean GF Orden Vostable, Yemen bb equal tr zex. Soi" Vy by %y gre & yey" sop. gfren diabtbulton & Potigton ditktbutin: Y= fandom vastable (ry 2d = Haug. Laecayfag Pn & yeura) Poobabtiity Hat 4k atom doemnlt dacay try ar Auto YRara’ e = ot PE ‘e | Gadlarty fg = a Prob. tha AHeast ond af trem docays Pe (AR = \-24 Mue3 there cre go butes paring a bus shop wan, ust on hour. what & the peobabiiity that there ust be no buser uitthio s minwer? (given aSl% 0.19) Sol"- - & PC bud Pas Py | mnie) = oa 4 no. Y bal (n)= M=NP= & no. Gf Succew (r)=0 Pe Ble Plrsay = Man — aS (spy Wo” ol 2 ee. fee, 8Y compro Probabtility disbvbuton : tek x Conus Randa variable 8 Prob. disibuiion Px8: Boos feo dxel —® 2a moon |aug. vatur ay diehibulie: XC CoJ weer a | bi Cc V{} tL jo (Orb- AO mia ea fo |t Carb 8c) mage & % Somple Shaw: —2< (arb) 2 Raquired Apacg - OK (axb-acd oo SS por nosmad dition. SY oz Fe = TE eK (4) Phx) OG R86 \< fig PO AH wo Laas ——o.48q5 > \ v PUR-o $x < Hao) = 0.686 PCH 80 2 Hot O@)= Lh so8) 4 Oty = (BY 46 to? +304) (Pract) 1 “The rodioatle dacay a a cavtaln roalesat AOMAH es Paiafon AbabeNer with a. wean vale gy A per decond , what Ahould be the miininn duration gy courving (tm xec.y bo tha aelahre enor U Nox tron U2 a) tof, wise oly ada Sol"g- accuracy = VY. = mean Yale> Az! minimum durodson a counting = eens 8 S 1s" tnytion Wert “he uo! lo u be ao RV unigeomly igh bubed fn the Plead Co] and Ve-cdnu, whae ch a rat combat. v € do be extonenITably disbr buted fo tne WWewal Coe} with unk Standard dunt? hen tne Value @ ¢ Ahould be? oy Ina bd YA dy-l solMS- Sok Ua Random vakabe Su sue Oo btherwfge) atahtbwifn 4x0 UR expoontaly dlabrdufed 2, (0,0) udith O21 Boyz Ae. OY tr (OM) Convert Unt}arn duPbubin fnbo exbo. We av Qnuuc -V ve -&nu= —C nu (Qhen) eS so Quad ok y ob OUHAD-H , hae ZA Ay axe Indepondtyd A Vdoneally disrsibuled gawatan random vorables gy mean H and Atandard deviation o. “The yy foto: M1 W3y OO WA dy sog — opRova are Pndobendord q H so take HAD ga} Our) Ne ae Oat th Ug + Gag 4 HKG) dh). = te Keiperenracorcns: Gari disbibulon with Huo bec ot EH 4 Meno and SO: old ty nosmad disbibulion wit. relay o4 &0 ar e> diatibulton with Huo beaks ok EM 4 Meno ANd SP aor a> Nowra atbibuvon uth mean o 4 GD oR. Soi" mean (uz Mathys HHS © ok ot 4 oy? a4 ol-fao Pp WoveRson, Teonaaes ° © Womercar Terrsique Rr folyromiad 4 “Twonstadoat Poynomfas Cquaon: 3p peed eqnbofas only ats Pundion afr. eg. We ab 48x 4350 TWonsdandal quaton: TY FO conbaina algerie ax wea other Fyre a pa eg xP-acon +6 =O > shreon malhed: (Bolzano reatned) 1 pena ow Prdertal T= (ao,bo) A+ F(A) $Uw) peas ane mid Aad: Ay= Cote 2 Sdleck tre Next Werval T=Coa3 Te PayPlay do ok = Lay,ta) J POD Fed Repeat nth procer . SY no. a) Veralkous can be dokewntrad hy: o9- Oo an XK & (esos) Te Ay Ba lopnts) —Lne Qna Ss Quo! pia Bed abproxt maken rook gf C4XE\ on Er,o1 by BredSon method? Sa" £qys Bt [Fe ody) 5 sblchty Nag Bx® exactly \ Rook - Cre} 2 dy=-\, B20 FO] = WY -A+l o-oo Ce) Flys Ord) = [| po (ve) New, Ay= Forth _ : == Vg - [13 FQ= ( 4) “4) = ave 70 Hen, wot dies blur Coo,aJ te C1,-Ye] Oy 2 Aor -\-V ae Se ges wg Nessa ° Fy) - \-2V 2 44 <6 ip Ves Heng, root Mes blus Car, aaj a> Atte Aula. _ gy Les- (A,= -0.625) Ps. — > Regula Fate method Me, Biles, = Fy) Oy —Xaat) £Uy) -# na) Quod Ping tne Aolubon gp ea” F241 on E1,0] by Reguto —Palse method . soe. Pops Water C1, 0] Fs AB = = hte (OAo4A = Ws to - PO) P%H) EO) — FQ) 2a co 4 foxy \ —— _ = -\+\ \+\ ~ (a -@y — Nautton Rabason method: Que & twe 373 Uy —8 Pra he Vale oY +L equahon , uskag dre Neuuten RabAson method . “the Yaa guus ub be fakon X28. The next Chealtim , The valus & neaw Jo be! So PU) % = hy 7 ee TH 0 BO 3 42%, 5. CE #09) aay = o-U tue Bae fw Noe: Grdlaty, We can find next thealtors. FR) %ye Mr TU Bh) a( 1-656) — WL-656) AG = \bS6- AL osoye—4 = hose — WE6R— 6 684-8 2468-4 = Ose — 1996 | | 1AR6, , Wors-00rKs (9 .o @ Ooty Prd the veccnence retaken ox thalve oma for Ye following by Newton Rablton e}vod: 1) Foe frverse y 'b 40 Sots. ° oe Joke Inverse Yo b = xzt 4 F bto. je Lupe Fly) Keb =o +-b ney to FO ay = ETP BOp> SC, XA 9 = ty-Eknt bw} Koay = Bk x DAH typ yoot yN \ Soi"9- xe » alan Fy = 2 e Key = ty — Sno kona Pas - PxP kay = P-Die NU pyr ty he WH Sot. x-Iwo en a xn =0 En) = xe ew a XR Xn) = Xn - — é. + Cnr x] n a 5 é Ky with %W = OL obleiaed by Neuen PabAson weeknad , then the sequancs converges 2: aise BW ote dty x sang Gm My = Xp Ol moe CO also Anau am =e o Se Qe hae = at mi r « FArh ea Note: — ovday Y Cnversga: \) ABeckon wathod > 1 | los & begullo Fale mold ole accurale => Nowlon fobuon moths & (very accurale whan Plo Us large) Numerical Inlegralton: o — Bide the afren inderval % fo%n ine 4 RUMbeY g@ AUb MICA ust equal width Wes — Sep ape. — cotautate tne follouring tebe: m: & & Hone FW. Yo Ya gn Wobezodial fue : — oppicabie Per any Value gn Sy t= J 00 due & (Gortn waturdys-—-J] % 2 2850s: heal 6 , Ky %) R Gps V3 Rule: = , oppdiabe fae aren Volt gn, Jove ae {UYotn) HAUayst--) +Alistiur-—J) Eetnpions $ SR 7 «Oya Simpson's Be Rule: — appiicane for n= muhbe o 3 Sema: [ ottny + aCutd gr tte + oy +8 ( Ys e¥et--) | Quo the fnlegrat | Imax Jo be quadualed upty 3 docimall Soe wing dimbronl, Spr Rule. Y the ‘ntenad Co, ts divided two 4 equal Parte, the coment reruak fe: ay 0.662 > 0.061 e061 > one Sot"3- n=4 ATO g zi 20.207 = Mn-%o \-o Ya, = 0.8 ey Spates : qu = Hy MM ky RQ FMW 1 0 os yr We 1 a oR (Lordy) + ucyceya + 2ar) = 0.49 oF oulos +S) ark] &. = 0.651 g Ow he value af frlegrat [ de, cau, eraduales ° using aimpaon's Va Rwe wrth Red oe, OS Obs > 06d O O448 A> 0-186 Sot*¢- ne Mw 8-0 Ly RF a 7 x\o la lu ee Food | Ys | Yq | YutYur | Me9 n= [Uses ek = 0-S61 @l 9e2 the Frderwad Ct) % ditded fro an Packs @ , equat lengthy to cadeulase the Bele I fm using Aimpeovl, Ya-Rute- ushab & the nuninum Uadut yn dor the raul, dv be - kerk ? a4 oe Wa .O2 Ad S49 \ ° \ J BaP gy = J (sana Catala) dx =o 8 ° By Smbsonk 2 Rule: i nea 4 ana inkewals Re LP ly * [oo | Val yy lat oy cpu ba uly T= Bl Worda) «ayy cNetya)) PEC aro+ Aen a My] =o e@ra) G Bier bolation g- ® Sor Poo=y Ki Uy A Ry %Q.---- Xn Y. Yo BY Ys Ya -----dn “the mekhod Y Finding yf Corveerpondéng uo avy "Vode gf % Blur %odo %y sR known oH | thkestolation , Forward De Lerenueg. ) > Pleat ardor Roruannd dithevente ¢- ' BPO = POR) —FOO * 6 : Povroora att - operator ’ ’ BYy =Yi-Yo ’ BY = Var . . ) 9 Second Orda Forward difeencts- ' zeD= HROUR)—HROO ' Ryo= dy\bYo = Ya-W 1 -Wi-Yod= Ja BI tYo s , Ry. = Ya -28Yartyy ' ' ’ ’ ‘ , ’ 4 = = Sy, = ne ray 7 Bde Ou, cogulase fh Seg C00] cate pie CHa teQacean] ~ tye = dog { PA) POE DHA Lae) “= fore) D.Xog FO = Reg [+ DRO) FOO Backusard DtHerence g- WVEOO = BOO-FUCR) wy = why is Ye Cowal Difference g- sod = P(x+R)_[c#) hy = Ostyg — gh de-Yy Sipe Operator 3. EPCOS POR) EPO = PORK) Average Operaler 3 Bee Baer) s4te$)] Noles- — Rolotfon blus A and E operator. DROO = FOR 200 = ERO - 200 =(EA) pd — Ration betuun V &E HFPOO = FOO FOR) = BOO - ralfinny 2 (He NY aux) gale" Nowkon Sesusord “Take bolation PoomUho: & ——_— a UW) py, me hee a Ys Yo +U BYo + oT R ho PICMG blys two Comeowktve VAMUU of x ahoudd be Quah ro given Y or Fou) ANOuld be increauing or Aacreauing Pundion QY woven x. | & 34 foo: | 1a a fing tho Vodue GY Fb)? = & | \— " SOME x Bout) OBE Bye OSyi 1 ot 5 X-% 4 Ww © aod . 8 R to YW 3°07 4 ehs-} 4 2 FUSE Yo t UBYO 4 tury Yo = I+ osley 4 os lors) y 4D a & = 3 “Vg Quas find the Polyrovniiak comesponding un dhe data given fn the previous quuhon? Sogo = tt tbl x U=X-1 = FOO> Yor Ube WEED a = (+ @064 Codie y oe = 14he—6 4 BR O44 = a ‘Tnterpatation with unequal Shactag 2. Lagrangian Tnerbolation Foemusas- fd= Hy) (Ay) ~ — -O-In) Ole 21) rAd - = -Oly tn) (CX -%o? CREW) - — CH) * (2%) fy) — — — na) y (inte) (hn) — — OX) WWI cue Nagrangele Puestolattn Pomuda to fn Vout gy y when x= ,Y the Pattowing vaduu Y~xLRy we given: Xo x Hs. 2 X*F 6. A.W dh: (a is ut Sot"g. Jo fy Ny "Ye FOO = Gy) G9) GD Yor CgX1) org) (543) K%o) (x-% 9) (X48) me (a= %) (KH) (4S) Rime) C= Rgy CAD a) 0) 0%) (13%) (1g-%1) 3X1) FO) udhon X=(0 Ptoy= UlO-6) (to-@ (to-11) (s-6) (SQ) (S-Ny Wo- ©) Clo-4) Chott) Cto-S) Ue) (toa) (6-9) (ay Gy M* bs) 0 + (o-s) Clo-6) Uo -4) ———_—__——— 44 (ues) Ure) Cu-9) : Ewyi (YX ARIZ, fee iy SxHMtl y (San) + Seta") + aoe we e (eS = AB 4 sey le 2 eB exe Cig) Opto ® FElloys QY.3334 9.166 +6 333 #tto) = (4-167 Que ttven Me Al Pt ey ey Bh) BR w:\)8\ 4 \ WwW) " Buy: | iso | aaa) wysa | o3bb S208 t i FY ds ou qo \ Evade Rta? Sore - ( 4 =1) (4-10) (4-18) (4-11) fa) = \So co) (1) (GA) (eam etn * * (45) CA-Wy (4-43) CA) 398+ — SE Ges ca (as) a1) 19) (HD eg Gis) ur) tet ue) : @-s) 1) GW) 0) 5 Ww) BA) aa 5) (41) (4-10 9). gg (5) WED Urey G3) pSKet PLM H 6-664 209-066 + (840.66 —T8C-66 4118. 6 FWY =k dws so) Given the Value Sin Us"= on ,Sfasd = 071660 StrsPaogiga 46Tnb 208660 The abpretmale Wadena qf since”, combuled by Newton's damvard diptesenca method ts : B® ofoy pow G 0.1 dy 0198 Ne : . phys SR BOG) vy a SL © Stas oxeu wv 6.0584 Bi gin OAGo ie pene Sta So. gq. ye, Oreos Stn 9.660 ON us Sask is © esta $a°) = Yok DYo uta) xy, weve Ryr-- ay al = 0-lo10 ~L(ooreay. 4 (8) 4 (0.0057) +4(S)(-4) x1 (0-008) = 0.18 iJ Guo) The veilstonce | a Aomple % measured ax O Punchon g kenboolure , ard tne doba ase aroun belous : Vey | a8 4 | 6 r RI) | go | wos [lo [us athe sabe y RVAT Grohe ,tsiKg a. sinsar- aquores Pit bo the dodo ust be: a erl€ mp uete oaelte & gale SelS ngpmad eat: Ys athe eee e Slope R= atrbT ZR= Nat bET i) Etks aetx best? —@ 2 Ugo - ° = auto = tOa+1¥Ob 4do *Hat+don yr @ conve Prt Pindble qf Least Squeres- Sek the cure: fe Atbut ca®y-—- - thx" he #itted Jv the get g data pow (291), Og,Ya) -- = -- Gayynd whne a,b,¢.--- are Conslanks b be daterrninad . Br Tk Popresowts the curse af het ik, Mekrod Gf (ask BqUUOPC §- 5 nowmal eqn uo be titan shalgat Line 5. qa ator — Nosmak en Zy =nat ber Exys Se AbEx® Normak eqrBdr Fit thre Poraboia . Ys atine ct Fy = NO abertced Exys AEX bexky cad eny = acts bax ee Cues) ap po the pulley acquired dy BiH a Load w ry means of C pulley block; find a Yingar low gy tne peers P=aMW+C Conngctny PS wo , Ustag Anse Pollouwry dota: Po 12 18 Ql ar We S TO 0d Iko n=y pone PXw are taken Tn Kg-WE . combude P volun w= Iwokg Soe ‘ P= mud+e = Cemud Henw, Nasa eq axe: ep = e+ maw —0 sure cows ment —@ So 70 loo (Qo 340 2a &@ becom. Uc +mgpd4O = BO BYOr + B1ooKE bIKD after soluteg c= 0.1814 . CZIALEE L (Men) Menck P= a.gtSy-+0-eTe ¥ 10 P= 80-UbST Be (ode 5 @©Nuweicat soiukon of ast order Oifeentiah equation CNumestat methods un solve Tritial voli Pod d SE = FOY) 5 YoO)= Yo ) Picowrds method ay succesefue ableoxt makin e- (x ps q | = Tes ae oO Xo 400-90) = f ttuyrax % X YOO = YOO) 4 J Poway Xo i du= Yo +/2ony de t hy 1b approyt matin Yn= Una + [ #0, Yo) on. Xo Rxamples- 4 5 oO SH oxy tiny Cor=1 , Pha Yo? X=O 5 fo=l $= Yo + | P0049 da ho % gt a de = b+ Jayoax = 4 x Yos Yi + feta dye ov x s Q - (+2) + {x(a jax oD — a a 4 = WR Bt avg* a Ya = lk +a]g Rylorls Sextee 2 We PHY 3 YOO=Yo te yoo & Crock rol” a above eqn, than ouycor aerieg Ror Yr) quound “X=%o ts given Ode Hor KW Ge + COP wae, We Xo th RAK —% QUIZ Prom Toyfork seater 7 Riad the Vadis qf Yak xX=01 & X=0.8 Jo five blaceg gy ducdmata prom (yfax) =x, yo)=| Sot"3- WE Yoel ak %=0 gle ey yl=oky l= = yh cokyt ay. (@&) = 0 a Bgl at Bs te HAY y= 204 gy 9 Say ® byl a 6)9~6 now, tayforle denied baemes Jo= Yo.tXYo on yg weet - asXoro- yous (e+ 280) a2? (@)4 Xt oe _ —1 Butlers _wehol § He Pu ' 5 YOO= Ya doa = Int KF Un, Yn) ” Note s_ 4 usancohion ov\_exeor me: Eulerls HeHod . En o% yay = sity order a) R° Gun using Ewteste method, Find an appsortraie © Vou af Y comredbnding do X=1, given thar ay qa ttt Q Yel whonX=0. So g tate : io, on % | y | Moxey | ony ae (4H) newy oo | t | \ Tot (or= bl ot | ut La Etta Cha) = [aa DQ | Las ria aa rol (i4gy= 1-36 0% [ae | 1-66 L36-+01(66)= LSS oy \S3 (93 (FBO! (-93)= (18 or [ye Qa LID 0.4 (2-8 = (-QY 06 fIAd | &SH | Lys OL RSY)= BU oy [au | aa AF 0-4 (HED = IU op fase | zat | AMF TOL GRO = a1 0-9 [aay | Stl &8ltou Cs) a dle 1) Ewlorig Modified method g- @& Euorid Modified method 8 Ung Una +B [tay + #0 Gn] Yas Hn +R F Kn Yn) cadeusaved by euterid MIEHOH . Qu03 Lue Ewer ynodiffed methad fo combule Y for X=A Oiiven hob! MH ey jf tye 0, Hot ofl Re Soitg- By Ewtels rakhod Thay = Yn +R FOndn) Snare Unt Sntdn a4 R= Hi = Yo HXotYo FD BY t%Xo = auwro2 a ROU, hy modifte makhod . dr= got RL Fb0to+# (% 31) = Yor dl tortor 448] 2 +hlorietta} = 3 now, hy Ewlerls Matod 4 = Bit REE YD = rete a AY pos Qxstle 7 New, by modiffed matrod. 3 Ya=4i B( POY) +20, Fe] 23+ $reg tyre) = 34 3(1434atT) o 3th [Fa=¥ ae — Runge-Kutta Method §- I) Blak Ordiy EK method s- Euder’s ynethod th RK 14h order mathod Yiz Yo +k Kye R EM, Yo) &) Second order RK method 3- 4 method tk Rk and mathod Eweri, moditie = Yor 5 (kytka) Ky2 BR Plo, 4) k= Be [Cye), Wo +) on TH Ky = R (Peto, ¥od4 eC, 4] 3 hid Order RK method g- W= Yor b Ce they tks) k= RE Oo Yo) Kae RF tot hR, Hot kh] ke= RE[ dor, york! J * Ke RE OOtR , York) Kgs Re [tore Yor Apel %orR, yor tid] YW Pourth orday R-k makhed g- — most Commonly Used — generally Caled a4 Rag mabthod . Ss FLW 5 YOI= He Kyo Rito) Kee Rp ot By Jo +e kg =P x48 stor *] ky = RpC%tR Yorks) Ainadly Quad given aH Ley®, urkue y=owhenX=0 find ¥ (0.8) , USey RK nukhod Coit g_ R=08, %=0, Yor -V ° 0 fat vag Ke= R200, 40) =k £(0,0) de = oa ot]= 08 ye RE (xorR, Yor 4) = AEC ,o1) = nat+(or] = 0-€og Kee Rp (x48 dor K8) = RK RCo1, O lol) = 0.214 Cotor®]= 6.Qoa04 kys RP (Hoth, Yorks) = 08 (14 Coron®) = 0: dost 6 k= Cet ky t AEs + Ky) = t ( 0-2-490.203)-+ [D-20aou)g +0 3%) = 0, og you Yre Yor ¥ (2=0-+4 0.A087 (od) = 0- Q97 hn Os0, Conitdax the Uiperenktad equaken 2 st ety with ge as x=0 Leh Hey & Yay be the golwns ak X=1 oblatnal uring Euder, Reward algatthrn uSith Alep au 1& Va wafodtvedy - The Wadurg dds, va o Ne b-t oO-Va dd No_ So", at, 2 xey yor=a X20, York Re\ (Gen) Yur = Yor RPG Yh) ca&* wts-s) =O dome oe - @ Yup By

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