15

Physics
Class 12th
1. (c) As we know, radius of nth orbit In reverse bias, minority carriers more from one side to
2
rn = n a0 other by drift.
h h
Given, a0 = 0.529Å and n = 3 10. (a) As λ = =
p mv
∴ rn= 3 = (3)2 a0 = 9 × 0.529 Å = 4761
. Å (1) h h
⇒ =
2. (b) A particle representing quantum of light possessing mα vα mp vp
energy is called photon. vp mα 4
⇒ = =
3. (c) Magnitude of displacement current is given by vα mp 1
dq
Id = Ic =   = 2 × 10 −7 Cs −1 = 2 × 10 −7 A 11. Since, the magnetic force is perpendicular to the
dt  (1) velocity of the particle, no work is done and thus no
dQ d change in the magnitude of the velocity or speed. (1)
4. (c) Current, i = = (5t 2 + 3t + 1) = 10 t + 3
dt dt 12. The magnetic field due to a solenoid having n number
t = 5s of turns/metre and carrying current I,
µ nI
⇒ i = 10 × 5 + 3 = 53 A (1) B = 0 (cos α − cos β )
2
5. (b) As we know, angle i = 0° and angle r = 0 ° , when It is obvious from above relation that magnetic field is
light ray passes through centre of curvature of a independent of length. (1)
spherical mirror, it is reflected such that it traces back 13. As, force, F = q(v × B )
its path. (1)
For proton and electron,|qe| =|q p| = 1.6 × 10 −19C
6. (c) As, surface area = 4πR 2
So, Fe = Fp (Qgiven, ve = vp ) (1)
= 4π (R0 A1/ 3 )2 [Q R = R0 A1/ 3 ]
14. A compass needle generally points towards the
= 4π R02 ⋅ A2/ 3 magnetic north pole, which is different from geographic
north pole.
= 4 (3.14)(1.2 × 10 −15 )2 A 2/ 3
Thus, the true geographic north direction cannot be
= (1.8 × 10 −29 ) A2/ 3 (1) found by using a compass needle. (1)
7. (d) Diffraction is observed when slit width is of the order 15. Unlike electric charges, isolated magnetic north and
of wavelength of light (or any electromagnetic wave) south poles (monopoles) do not exist. (1)
used. −7 2 28
16. Given, A =10 m , n = 8.53 × 10 and i = 1.5 A
∴ λ X-rays (1 − 100 Å ) << slit width (0.6 mm) i
As, we know, vd =
nAe
⇒ So, no pattern of diffraction will be observed. (1)
15
.
⇒ vd =
8. (a) If there is increases in length, then 8.53 × 10 28 × 10 −7 × 16
. × 10 −19
R ∝ I2 . × 10 −3 m/s
= 11 (1)
2
R′  l ′   1.1l  Or
=  =  = 121
.
R l  l  Since, current drawn from the battery
∴ R′ = 121
. R E
I=
R +r
= 121
. × 10 = 12.1Ω
But in case of maximum current, R = 0.
9. (b) In forward bias, majority carriers more from one E 12
side to other by diffusion. ∴ Imax = = = 60 A
r 0.2 (1)
17. LED or light emitting diode is a special purpose heavily −1 −1
R ∫
Q= dφ B = [φ f − φ i ]
doped diode which converts electrical energy into light R
energy. It is forward biased. As under forward bias, the 1
= [φ i − φ f ] … (ii)
majority carriers recombine with the minority carriers in R
the junction region. This recombination results in where, φ i = initial value of the magnetic flux and φ f =
release of energy in the form of photons. (1) final value of the magnetic flux.
18. Displacement current is that current which comes into Hence, it is clear from the above Eq. (ii) that total
play in the region in which the electric field and the induced charge depends upon the change in the
electric flux is changing with time. It is given by magnetic flux and is independent of the time rate of
dφ change of flux. (2)
Id = ε 0 E
dt 22. The vacancy or absence of an electron in the bond of a
where, φ E = electric flux. (1) covalently bonded crystal is called a hole.
19. A choke coil reduces current in AC circuit without Characteristics of holes
consuming any power. When an ohmic resistance is (i) A hole is not a physical entity, in itself.
used, current reduces but energy losses occur due to (ii) It is associated with a positive charge of magnitude
heating. So, a choke coil is preferred. (1) . × 10 −9 C.
16
Or (iii) A hole has less drift velocity than a free electron. (2)
Quality factor of tuning circuit (series L-C-R circuit) is 1 c
given by
23. Using, vn = , we get
137 n
ω L 1
Q= 0 = 1 3 × 10 8
R Cω 0R Speed, v3 = × = 7.29 × 10 5 ms −1
(1/2) 137 3
where, ω 0 = resonant frequency, 2πr
Also, time period, Tn =
L = inductance, C = capacitance v
and R = resistance. 2 πr3 2 π (32 × 0.53 × 10 − 10 )
∴ T3 = =
Thus, Q can be improved by v3 7.29 × 10 5
increasing L. = 4.10 × 10 − 15 s (2)
decreasing C.
Or
Decreasing R. (1/2)
8
Given, A1 : A2 = 1 : 3
20. (b) We have, P = 200MW = 2 × 10 W
Their radii will be in the ratio
and t = 1h = 3600 s
R1 : R2 = R0 A11/ 3 : R0 A21/ 3 = 1 : 31/ 3
Energy, E = P × t = 2 × 10 8 × 3600 J
mA
As E = mc 2 As, density, ρ =
4/ 3 πR 3
E 2 × 10 8 × 3600
⇒ m= = = 8 × 10 − 6 kg where, m = mass of one nucleon
c2 (3 × 10 8 )2 (1) A = mass number.
21. According to the Faraday’s law, the induced emf (ε) in mA m
= = = constant
− dφ B 4 / 3π (R0 )3 ⋅ ( A1/ 3 )3 4/ 3πR03
the circuit is given by, ε =
dt Density ρ is independent of A. It is a constant, so ratio
where, φ B is the magnetic flux. of densities = 1 :1. (2)
If R be the resistance of the circuit, then the induced 24. The three magnetic elements of the earth are as given
current is given as below
Geographic
ε − 1 dφ B B′
I= = … (i) meridian
BH
L
R R dt B θ A
δ Angle of dip
dQ BV
Also, I= B
dt M
P
⇒ dQ = I ⋅ dt
Substituting the value of I from Eq. (i), we get
Magnetic
− 1 dφ B 1 meridian
dQ = .dt = − dφ B
R dt R C′
∴The total induced charge,
C D
 Here, B = BH2 + BV2 (ii) It does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines
in H-atom.
Given, BH is the component of the earth’s magnetic
(iii) This model does not explain why orbits of electrons
field along the horizontal direction.
are taken as circular, whereas elliptical orbits are
In the above figure, for right angle ∆ALP, also possible. (2)
AL BH
cosδ = = 28. Different characteristic properties of photons are given
AP B
below
⇒ BH = B cosδ …(i)
(i) In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation
LP AM BV
Also, sinδ = = = behaves as if it is made up of particles called
AP AP B photons.
or BV = B sinδ …(ii) (ii) A photon travels at a speed of light c in vacuum
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (i.e. 3 × 10 8m / s).
B
tanδ = V (iii) It has zero rest mass, i.e. the photon cannot exist at
BH
rest. According to the theory of relativity, the mass m
BV of a particle moving with velocity v, comparable with
⇒ δ = tan − 1
BH (2) the velocity of light c is given by
25. Given, R = 10 cm, r1 = 5 cm and r2 = 15 cm m0 v2
m= ⇒ m0 = m 1 −
For inside the sphere, potential will be same as that on v2 c2
1−
its surface. c2
KQ KQ where, m0 is the mass of the particle at rest.
V1(r ) = = =V (for r1 ≤ R ) …(i)
R 10
As, a photon moves with the speed of light, i.e.
For outside the sphere, v = c , hence m0 = 0. So, rest mass of photon is zero.
KQ KQ
V2(r ) = = (for r2 > R ) …(ii) (iv) The inertial mass of a photon is given by
r2 15 E h
m= 2 =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get c cλ
V1(r ) 15 3 (v) Photons travel in a straight line.
= =
V2(r ) 10 2 (vi) Irrespective of the intensity of radiation, all the photons
2 2V of a particular frequency ν or wavelength λ have the
or V2(r ) = V1(r ) =
3 3 (2)  hc 
same energy E  = hν =  and momentum,
Or  λ
Given, capacitance, C = 900 pF and potential difference  hν h 
p = = .
across battery  c λ
V =100 V (3)
The charge stored on the capacitor is 29. (i) For convex mirror, f > 0
Q = CV = 900 × 10 −12 × 100 Also, u <0
⇒ Q = 9 × 10 −8 C But from mirror equation,
1 1 1 1 1
The energy stored by the capacitor is = + = + [putting u with sign]
f v u v (− u )
1 1  q
E = CV 2 = qV ∴ C = V  1 1 1
2 2 = +
1 v f u
⇒ E = × 9 × 10 −8 × 100 = 4.5 × 10 −6 J ⇒ If f and u are positive, then
2 (2)
1
26. (i) Yes, emf will be induce because the axle is >0⇒v>0
intercepting the vertical component of the earth’s v
magnetic field. QLinear magnification,
(ii) No, here also the axle intercepts the vertical −v −v
m= ⇒ m= [putting with sign]
component of the earth’s magnetic field, so emf is u −u
induced across the ends of the axle. (1) v
=
27. The limitations of Bohr’s model are as follows u
(i) This model is applicable only to a simple atom like ∴ m>0
hydrogen having Z = 1. This theory fails, if Z > 1. Hence, a virtual image is always formed by the convex
mirror.
 For concave mirror. If the medium between the object and the objective
f < 0, u < 0,| f | > | u | > 0 [given] lens a medium of refractive index n, then
But from mirror equation 1.22 λ
d =
1 1 1 2 n sin β
= +
f v u 1 2 nsinβ
∴ Resolving power = =
−1 1 1 d 1.22 λ
⇒ = − [Putting with sign]
f v u Hence, resolving power of microscope depends upon
1 1 1 1 f −u following parameter.
= − ⇒ =
v u f v fu (i) Wavelength of light used (λ ).
Q |f | > | u | (numerically) (ii) Refractive index (n ) of the medium between the
object and objective.
1
⇒ >0⇒v>0 (iii) Half angle θ of the cone of light from one of the
| v|
objects, i.e. β. (3)
Image is formed on RHS of mirror. 32. (i) According to the question,
1 1 1 For air, the capacitance of the capacitor,
Also, = −
f | v| |u | Aε 0
C0 = = 2µF … (i)
For concave mirror, d
−v −v When a dielectric medium is placed between the
Linear magnification, m = = [putting with sign]
u −u pates,
v KAε 0
= then C= = 12µF …(ii)
u d
∴ m>1 Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
Enlarged, virtual and erect image is formed on the other (KAε 0 / d ) 12
⇒ =
side of mirror. (3) ( Aε 0 / d ) 2
30. (i) By increasing the resistance R, the current in main ⇒ K =6
circuit decreases. So, potential gradient decreases.
∴The value of the dielectric constant of material K is 6.
Hence, a greater length of the wire would balance
(ii) Induced charge due to polarisation is given by
the same potential difference, so the null point will
shift towards right, i.e. towards B.  1
qp = q 1 − 
E  K
(ii) By decreasing S, the terminal voltage V =
1+ R / S where, q = charge on the capacitor = 6 × 10 −6C
across the cell decreases. So, balance point is Also, dielectric constant, K = 6
obtained at a smaller length. So, the null point shifts  1
towards left, i.e. is towards A. (3) ∴ q p = 6 × 10 −6 1 − 
 6
31. From given diagram in question, = 5 × 10 −6C = 5µC (3)
D  Arc 
2β = Q Angle = Radius  Or
f
The electric field vector E1 at A due to the positive
Since, β is very small, hence
charge q 1 points towards the right and has a magnitude
β • tan β
(9 × 10 9 Nm 2 C −2 ) × (10 −8C)
D E1 = = 3.6 × 10 4NC − 1
∴ = 2 β • 2 tan β …(i) (0.05 m)2
f
The electric field vector E2 at A due to the negative
Again, from given diagram.
charge q 2 points towards the right and has a
Limit of resolution of microscope is given by magnitude
1.22 fλ 1.22λ
d = = (9 × 10 9 Nm −2C −2 ) × (10 −8C)
D (D / f ) E2 =
(0.05 m)2
1.22 λ
= [From Eq. (i)] = 3.6 × 10 4NC − 1
2 tan β
The magnitude of the total electric field at A is
1.22 λ
d = E A = E1 + E2 = 7.2 × 10 4 NC − 1
2 sin β
E A is directed towards the right.
[For small value of β, tan β •sin β]
 (ii) X-rays are used at metro station to detect metal or
C explosive material.
(iii) Ultraviolet rays are used in RO water purifier to kill
0.1 m bacteria in water. (3)
0.1 m
35. Mutual inductance The multual inductance of a pair of
coils is the magnetic flux linked with one due to a unit
q1 q2 current in the other.
A
0.05 m 0.05 m Factors affecting the mutual inductance of a pair of
coils
The magnitude of each electric field vector at point C, (a) The sizes of the two coils
due to charge q 1 and q 2 is (b) The shape of the two coils
(9 × 10 9 Nm 2 C − 2 ) × (10 − 8C) (c) The distance of separation between the two coils
E1′ = E2′ =
(0.10 m)2 (d) The nature of the medium between the two coils.
3 −1 (e) From t = 0 s − 3s, the loop remains outside the field,
= 9 × 10 NC
so magnetic flux through it is zero is
The resultant of these two vectors is φ = 0 from 0 < t < 3
π π
EC = E1′ cos + E2′ cos = 9 × 10 3 NC −1 From t = 3s − 5s, the square loop enters the field
3 3 (20 cm length is covered in 2s).
EC points towards right. (3)
φmax = BA = 0.1 × (20 × 20 ) × 10 −4
33. (i) The V-I characteristic of p-n junction diode is given
= 0.004 Tm 2
below
From t 0 = 5s − 11s, the flux through it remains
I(mA) constant as it remains inside B.
From t 0 = 11s − 13s, as it comes out of B, flux
–Vbr decreases from φmax to 0.
(i) The plot of φ against t is as given below
O V

f(Wb) 0.004

–I(µA)

(ii) The V-I characteristic of zener diode is given below.

t(in ms)
I(mA) O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

−dφ
Reverse bias (ii) Induced emf, E = = − Blv
Vz
dt
⇒ E = −0.1 × 0.2 × 0.1
O V
Forward bias ⇒ |E|= 2 × 10 −3 V = 2 mV
The plot of E against t is as given below
–I(µA)
E(mV) 2
(iii) The V-I characteristic of solar cell is 1
I 0
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
–2 t(s)

VOC (Open circuit voltage)

E 2 × 10 3
O V (iii) I = = = 20 mA
R 0.1Ω
ISC
I(mA) 20
(Short circuit current)
(3) 10
0
34. (i) The electromagnetic waves coming from the fire are –10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
infrared rays which produce heating effect. –20 t
This effect helped to Shyam to become normal. (5)
 Or Q  Ba3 
⇒ VA − VB = a + 
(i) Here, EV =10 V, ν = 650 Hz, R = 100 Ω ε0 A  3 
C = 10 µF = 10 × 10 −6 F, L = 0.15 H
Q⋅a  Ba2 
= 1 + 
∆θ = 10 °C, ε0 A 3 

ms = 20 J°/C
VA − VB a  3 + Ba2 
22 ⇒ =  
As, XL = 2 πν L = 2 × × 650 × 0.15 = 612.61 Ω Q ε0 A 3 
7 
1 Q 3ε 0 A
and XC = ⇒ =
2πνC VA − VB a [3 + Ba2 ]
1 Q
= = 24.48 Ω Since, we know, = C (Capacitance)
22
2× × 650 × 10 × 10 −6 V
7
Thus, the capacitance of the given conductor,
Z = R 2 + ( XL − XC )2 3ε 0 A
C=
= (100 )2 + (612.61 − 24.48)2 a[3 + Ba2 ] (3)
(ii) (a) An electric field line is the path along which a unit
= 596.57 Ω
positive charge would move, if left free to do so. A
E 10
IV = V = = 0.0168 A moving charge would experience a continuous force in
Z 596.57
an electrostatic field. So, electrostatic field line is a
As , IV2Rt = (ms) ∆θ continuous curve.
(ms)∆θ 20 × 10 (b) Two electric field lines never cross one another
∴ t = = = 708616
. s
Iv2R (0.0168)2 × 100 because at the point of intersection, there would be
(ii) Given, L = 4 H, two directions of electric field which is not possible.
(2)
C = 64 µF = 64 × 10 −6F, R = 20 Ω Or
1 According to the question.
Resonant frequency ω 1 = (in rad/s)
LC (i) Potential at P due to ring of radius x and thickness
1 1 dx at height z form disc’s centre.
= =
4 × 64 × 10 −6 2 × 8 × 10 −3 1 2 π xdxσ
dV =
1 4πε 0 ( x 2 + z 2 )1/ 2
= = 62.5 rad/s
0.016 So, potential due to whole disc
1 L 1 t xdx
Quality factor, Q = V= . 2 πσ ∫ 2
R C 4πε 0 0 ( x + z 2 )1/ 2
1 4 1 x = t tdt
=
20 64 × 10 −6
=
4πε 0
2 πσ ∫x = 0 t
1 [put x 2 + z 2 = t 2, xdx = tdt ]
= −3
= 12.5
20 × 4 × 10 (5) 1
= .2 πσ [ z 2 + r 2 − z ]
Q 4πε 0
36. (i) Given, E = [1 + BY 2 ]
ε0 A Applying law of conservation of energy,
−dV
Since, we know, E = 1 2 πσ q
dr mgH + . [ H2 + r 2 − H ]
4πε 0 1
−dV Q
Thus, we have = [1 + BY 2 ] 1
dY ε0 A = .2 πσ qr
4πε 0
Q
⇒ − dV = [1 + BY 2 ] dY q 4ε 0g 4ε mg
ε0 A put, = , i.e. q = 0
m σ σ
VB Q a 2
⇒ − ∫ dV = ∫0[1 + BY ] dY σ 4ε 0mg σ 4ε 0mgr
VA ε0 A mgH = . [H − H 2 + r 2 ]+ .
a 2ε0 σ 2ε0 σ
Q  BY 3 
⇒ VA − VB = Y +  or mg(H − 2 r ) = 2 mg [H − H 2 + r 2 ]
ε0 A  3 
0
 4r 37. (i) Given, d = 2 mm, D =140 cm, λ = 600 nm
∴ Solving, H =
3 λD
p m
For bright fringes, x = n
d
For third bright fringe,
3 × 600 × 10 −9 × 140 × 10 −2
x=
H 2 × 10 −3
= 126 × 10 −5 m = 1.26 mm
z
(ii) When, λ = 480 nm then,
O 3 × 480 × 10 −9 × 140 × 10 −2
x3 =
2 × 10 −3
r
= 1008 × 10 −6 = 100.8 × 10 −5 m
(2½)
Shift in bright fringe
(ii) Potential energy of particle at height y
q = 126 × 10 −5 − 100.8 × 10 −5
U =σ .[ z 2 + r 2 − z ] + mgz
2ε0 . × 10 −5 m = 0.252 mm
= 252
(iii) Width of central maxima
Substituting for q, 2 λD
(∆y0 ) = 2 y = …(i)
σ 4ε 0mg d
U= [ z 2 + r 2 − az ] + mgy
2ε0 σ Width of first order secondary maxima
= Distance between D1 and D2
= 2 mg [ z 2 + r 2 − z ] + mgz (consecutive dark bands)
= y2 − y1 (3)
dU
For equilibrium, =0
dz
 12 z 
D2
2 mg  −1 + mg = 0
2 z 2 + r 2  D1 y2
y1
d
 2z 
mg  −1 = 0
 z 2 + r 2 

2z = z2 + r 2 D
∴ z = a/ 3
For secondary minima (or dark band) path difference
 r2 2r r  = d sinθ = mλ (where, m = 1, 2, 3, …)
Umin = mg 2 + r2 − +  = 3 mgr
 3 3 3 Position of first dark band

yd λD
At y = 0, U = 2 mgr Path difference = 1 = λ or y1 =
D d
4r  16r 2 4r  4r Position of second dark band
At z = , U = 2 mg  + r 2 −  + mg ×
3 9 3 3 y d
  Path difference = 2 = 2λ
D
= 2mgr 2 λD
⇒ y2 =
The variation in potential energy of the particle with d
its height from the centre of the disc. ∴ Width of secondary maxima (∆y1)
2mga ⇒ ∆y1 = y2 − y1
λD
√ 3 mga or ∆y1 = =y
d
Thus, width of other secondary maxima is half that of
central maxima.
∆ y0 2
r/ √ 3 4r / 3 z or =
(2½) ∆ y1 1 (2)
 Or (ii) Image formed by first lens.
(i) (a) For convex lens, f = 20 cm 1 1 1
− =
v1 u 1 f
P 1 1 1
⇒ − =
v1 (− 30 ) 10
1 1 1
12 cm ⇒ + =
v1 30 10
Using the formula, 1 1 1
⇒ = −
1 1 1 v1 10 30
= − , we get
f v u ⇒ v1 = 15 cm
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + So, this is at a distance of (15 − 5) cm = 10 cm right
v u f 12 20
60 of second lens. The image serves as virtual object
∴ v= = 7.5 cm for second lens. Which means that the rays appear
8 (1½)
to come from it for the second lens.
i.e. the image is formed on the right of the lens and is
real. 1 1 1
− =
(b) For concave lens, f = −16 cm v2 10 − 10

⇒ v2 = ∞
P
The virtual image is formed at infinite distance to the
left of the second lens. This acts as an object for
third lens.
12 cm 1 1 1
− =
v3 u 3 f3
1 1 1
∴ Using the relation, = − ,
f v u 1 1 1
⇒ = +
1 1 1 1 1 v3 ∞ 30
we get = + = +
v f u −16 12
∴ v = +48 cm ⇒ v3 = 30 cm
The image is formed at 48 cm to the right of the The final image is formed 30 cm to the right of the
lens where the beam would converge and is real. third lens. (2)
(1½)