Steel Trussed Bridges 13.1 GENERAL FEATURES Steel trussed bridges! are generally economical in the span range of 100 to 200 m. ‘These type of bridges are generally preferred for long span railway bridges, Trussed bridges are economical since the members are subjected to direct forces and the open web construction facilitates the use of larger depths with a reduction in the self-weight. The construction of steel trussed bridge is faster due to lightness of members and fabrication of joints at site. However the maintenance costs of a steel bridge is higher since the members have to be painted periodically to prevent their deterioration due to rusting. In addition steel bridges should be provided with rocker and roller bearings which need periodical inspection and maintenance. 13.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES. The most common type of steel truss used for bridges is the Warren truss.’ This type can be advantageously used both for through and deck type bridges. The configuration ‘of the Warren trusses used in different forms as reported by Victor are shown in Fig. 13.1(a) to (g). When the depth of the bay is twice its length, K-bracing is adopted as shown in Fig. 13.1(e). In the case of long spans the top chords can be gradually curved towards the supports as shown in Fig, 13.1(f) and (2). A steel trussed bridge deck consists of the flooring, stringer beams, cross girders, supported by the main truss system. The flooring is either made up of steel plates or reinforced concrete slab which is generally adapted due to its rigidity. 13.3 DESIGN FEATURES The deck slab is designed as a two-way slab to support the LR.C. loads using Pigeaud’s curvesr’, The stringer beams are generally rolled steel joists and they are designed to resist the dead and live loads on the beams. The cross girders are designed as plate girders to resist the load transmitted by the stringer beams. The main truss members are designed on the assumption that the members are subjected to axial forces only with the loads applied at the nodal points. The depth of382 _| DESIGN OF BRIDGES the truss for a high-way bridge is generally in the range of 1/6 to 1/20 span and for railway bridges, it ranges from L/S to 1/10 span. The panel length is selected such that the slope of the diagonals is not less than 45 degrees with the horizonti The design of a trussed bridge deck is illustrated in the following example as reported by Krishna Murthy‘. cc (a) ‘a Fig. 13.1 Typical Bridge Trusses. 13.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE Design a steel trussed bridge to suit the following data: 1. Data Effective span = 30 m Roadway: 7.5 m (two lane)STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 383 Kerbs: 600 mm Loading: LR.C. Class AA tracked vehicle Materials: M-25 Grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars for deck slab. Rolled steel sections with an yield stress of 236 N/mm? conforming to IS: 226* and IRC: 24° are available for use. 2. Arrangement of Members For a span of 30 m, itis proposed to provide a Warren truss with 6 panels of 5 m each. Cross girders are provided at m intervals joining the nodal points. The stringers are spaced at 1.875 m centres. The configuration of the Warren truss and the arrangement of cross girders and stringers are shown in Fig, 13.2. DADL/A ‘6 panels of 5 m (30m) (a) Warren Truss L A er Bearns: 1875 1 1875 9) 1875 | 1875 Ny! Steal Truss Plate Girder (b) Cross section of Deck Fig. 13.2. Details of Deck and Truss. 3. Loads Self-weight of deck slab = (0.2 * 24) = 4.8 KN/m? Weight of wearing coat = (0.1 « 22)=2.2 Total dead load = 7.0 kN/m? Live load is ILR.C. class AA tracked vehicle with two tracks of 3.6 m long and 0.85 m wide carrying a load of 350 KN. Impact factor is 25 percent for spans less than 9 m. 4. Design of Deck Slab Class AA tracked vehicle, one wheel placed at the centre of panel as shown in Fig. 13.3.384 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES w= 350 kN B=1875m Fig. 13.3. LR.C. Class AA Tracked Vehicle Wheel Load. w= (0.85 +2 * 0.1)= 1.05 m v= (3.642% 0.1)=3.80m b=5m B=1875m (w/B) = (1.05/1.875) = 0.56 (iL) = (3.80/5.0) = 0.76 K = (BIL) =(1.875/5) = 0.375 Referring to Pigeaud’s curves with K = 0.4 (Refer Fig. 4.6) m,=8.5* 102 m,=0.9* 10? Mg = W(m, +0.15 m,) = 350 (0.085 + 0.15 « 0.009) = 30.1 KN-m As the slab is continuous, applying impact and continuity factors My = (1,25 x 0.8 * 30,1) = 30,1 KN-m M, = W(m,+0.15 m,) = 350 (0.009 + 0.15 = 0.085) =3.57kKNm Design M, = (1.25 «0.8 « 3,57) = 3.57 kN'm (a) Dead Load bending Moment Total load on panel = (5 * 1.875 * 7.0) = 65.6 kN Referring to Pigeaud’s curves (Refer Fig. 4.13) (ulB) = 1 (vil)= 1 K = (BIL) = 0.375 (Nearly 0.4) 1K = 2.5STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 385 m, = 0.043 m, = 0.004 Mg = 65.6 (0.045 + 0.15 * 0.004) = 3.00 kN-m Taking continuity into effect Mg = (0.8 * 3.00) = 2.4 KN-m M, = 65.6 (0.004 + 0.15 = 0.045) = 0.656 kKN-m ‘Taking continuity into effect M, = (0.8 * 0.656) = 0.53 KN-m 5. Design of Slab Section The total design ultimate load moments are Short span moment = Mz, = [1.35 M+ 1.5 M,] (1.35 « 2.4) + (1.5 * 30.1] = 48.50 kN-m/im Long span Ultimate moment M, , = [(1.35 * 0.53) + (1.5 * 3.57)] = 6.06 KN-m/m _,_ f My _ | 4850x108 Effective depth of slab=4 = 355 ~Vartsex28xio00, -e™™ From practical considerations, adopt effective depth, d = 200 mm and overall depth of 250 mm Using 12 mm diameter bars Effective depth provided = 200 mm bd?) (1000x2007 Read out the percentage of reinforcement required from Table 3 of SP: 16 Design Aids =0.36 =| 1004 1, =0.36-[ ha ) Solving dq =[ 2200) = 20 mn? 100 For short span, Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 120 mm centers (A, provided = 942 mm?) For long span, provide 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers. ‘ (4 )-( Ao }-121. sing 25 recone nd Fe-415 HYSD bars 6. Design of Stringer Beams. Dead load due to self weight of slab and wearing coat = (7 * 1.875) = 13.125 kN/m Self-weight of stringer (assumed) = 1 KN/m386 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES Total dead load on stringer = (13, 125 + 1) = 14.125 KNém Maximum B.M. due to dead load = (14.125 = 52/8 = 44.14 kKN-m Maximum shear force due to dead load = (14.125 * 5)/2 = 35.3 KN The stringer is subjected to maximum bending moment when one of the tracks is directly on it as shown in Fig. 13.4(a). Maximum BM. due to live load = [(0.5 * 350 x 2.5) ~ (0.5 x 350 x 0.25 * (3.6)] = 280 kN-m 36m 350 kN (@)} Live load position for Maximum BM. (b) Live load position for Maximum shear Fig. 13.4 Live Load on Stringer Beams. Referring to Fig. 13.4(b) Maximum S.F. due to live load = (350 * 3.2)'5 = 224 KN BLM. including impact at 25% = (1.25 x 280) = 350 KN-m Design BM. = (350 + 44.14) = 395 kN-m Design S.F. =(1.25 224 + 35.3) =316 KN Section Modulus Z = (M/a,) = (395 = 10150 = 2.63 x 106mm? Use ISWB = 550 (Z = 2.72 * 10° mm’) Shear stress = (316 = 105)(10.5 = $50) = $4.7 Nimm? < 85 N/mm? (Safe) 7. Design of Cross Girders (a) Bending Moments and Shear Forces ‘Span of the cross girder = (7.5 +2 = 0.6)=8.7m Impact factor (refer Fig. 2.19) for steel bridges (for a span of 9 m) = 40% Dead Load due to slab and W. Dead load due to stringer beams = (1.125 * Add load due to connectors. : Total load Self weight of cross gi )=(0.2 «8.7 + 1)=3kNim Total uniformly di coed load = (35 + 3) = 38 kKN/m Referring to Fig. 13.5(a), the dead load bending moments and shear forces are computed as M, = [(180.3 * 4.35) — (38 x 4.35 * 0.5 * 4.35)—(6 3.75)~(6 « 1.875)]STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 387 =391kN-m V, = 180.3 KN Referring to Fig. 13.5(b), the maximum live load bending moment including impact ‘occurs when the two tracks are spaced symmetrically from the centre of cross girder. M, = LAl(0.5 <380%8.7) - (0.5 = 350 « 2.05)] 1630 kN-m Maximum shear force due to live loads occur when one of the edges of the track is 1,2 m from the kerb. Maximum shear force including impact is computed as ¥,, = 1.4[(350 = 6.475)/8.7] + 1.4[(350 « 4.425y'8.7] 13.8 KN Total design B.M = (391 + 1630) = 2021 kN Total design S. 180.3 + 613.8) = 794 KN SKN 6KN GKN GKN KN $850 Kp. og 950 KN fy 4 (b) Live Loads. Fig. 13.5 Position of Dead and Live Loads for Maximum Bending Moment. (b) Trial Section of Plate Girder’ 038 Mk Economical depth of plate sine =4-() y where k = (dit, = 180 for thin webs and f, = 250 Nimm? 6 0.33: 2021%10° 180) 5 nam 250 Web depth based on shear considerations, assuming 10 mm thick plate and spacing of stiffeners as equal to the depth of web plate [Refer Table IRC: 24 and interpolate t for the ratio of (al,.) = 100] is computed as, fea) ei Adopt a web plate of size 1000 mm depth and thickness of 10 mm substituting the values, |3BB | DESIGN OF BRIDGES (c) Flange Plates Approximate area of flange plates is evaluated as, a= (Eeal where, 0, = permissible bending stress in girders as per IRC: 24-2011 op And o, = 0.62 f, = (0.62 « 250) = 155 Némm? a-{( Sy [pee 155%1000 Adopt flange width = $00 mm Thickness of plate required = (4,/B) = [13038/500] = 26 mm Adopt flange plates of size 500 mm by 25 mm The section selected is shown in Fig. 13.6 be—— 400 $< | 25 [Jo 1000 Fig. 13.6 Section of Plate Girder. (d) Check for Maximum Bending Stresses The second moment of area of the cross section of the girder about axis KX and YY are computed to determine the permissible stresses. ie -(»- eet (490% 12) = (71 x 10%) mm* (2 25% 5007) 2 smo = (521 = 10) mm‘‘STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 389 A = [(2 «25 = 500) + (1000 = 10)] = 35000 mm? 521x10° Minimum radius of gyration = %y = \(/yy/A) = [Seat 1 According to IRC: 24-2011, the permissible bending stress (6,,) is interpolated from Table 9.1 (Table 8.2 of IRC: 24-2001) corresponding to the values of f., and f,, and the equation, Teg = KX ky YM(cy/c,) MPa where X=y, b+ [ene oy) MPa and ¥ = [(2650000y/(L/r,)"] J, = elastic critical stress ¢, and c, are lesser and greater distances from neutral axis to extreme fibers D = overall depth of girder T = mean thickness of the compression flange L = effective length of compression flange (Between cross bracings at 6 m intervals) radius of gyration efficient to allow for reduction in thickness or breadth of flanges between points of effective lateral restraint A, = coefficient to allow for unequal flanges In the present case, ¢,, ¢,, k, and k, have values of 1.0 ‘The simplified equation for the value of elastic critical stress is given by Sa, = (+ ¥) MPa However, the code provides for a simpler method for evaluating the value of X and ¥ which involves the computation two parameters such as (D/T) = (1080/25) = 42 and (Lir,) = (5000/12) = 40.9 Using these values, Vand Y can be interpolated from Table 9.2 (Table 8.5 of IRC: 24.2001 code) for known values of the ratio (D/T) and (Lir,) Using this method, the value of Y= 1630 and Y = 1500 and Soy = (1630 + 1500) = 3130 Nem? Using the values off, and f, = 250 N/mm?, the permissible compressive stress 0, can be interpolated from Table 9.1 as o,. = 161 N/mm? Actual maximum bending stress is given by ey) (mace es = Oy, =| =149'N/mm? < 161 N/min? (Hence safe ena Cs 7x10" ] q ,390 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES (e) Check for Maximum Shear Stress Shear stress depends upon the ratio of (a1) = (1000/10) = 100 Using stiffener spacing = c= 0.33 to Sd Adopting, c= 1000 mm, (d/f) = 100 and spacing of stiffeners at ‘a? Referring to Table 9.3 (Table 8.6 of IRC: 24-2001), interpolate the average permissible shear stress as T,, = 100 N/mm? % Actual average shear stress = (4) = (a) =79.4Nimm? < 100.N/mm? fy} (1000*10) ence safe) (f) Connections Between Flanges and Web® Maximum shear force at the junction of web and flange is given by <(@) ‘Where V = 794KN A = (500 x 25) = 12500 mm? y = 512.5 mm T= 71> 108 mm* v=) ={ Bearatatoast25 ng Wiauat 1 71x10" Refer Table 9.4 and read out the size of weld required as 6 mm with a strength of 793 N/mm. Provide 6 mm continuous fillet welds on either side. (g) Intermediate Stiffeners’ Since the ratio of (dt) = (1000/10) = 100 > 85, vertical stiffeners are required Adopting the spacing of stiffeners =.c = 1000 mm Greater unsupported panel dimension of the web = 1000 mm < 270 1, < (270 « 10) = 2700 mm The Intermediate stiffeners are designed to have a minimum moment of inertia specified as aya a Tome? ]-0sos ) mm’ Using 10 mm thick plate, outstand of stiffener should be not greater than 12e = (12 « 10) = 120 mm Adopt a plate 10 mm by 80 mm, having, T= (10 * 807)/3) = (170 * 104) > (150 « 10%) mm* 1! sg) -[: 51000" x10sree TRusseo BRIDGES | 391 (h) Connections of Vertical Stiffener to Web Shear on welds connecting stiffener to web = (1267/h) Where = web thickness (mm) = 10mm h = outstand of stiffener (mm) = 80 mm [(126 x 107)/80) = 157.5 Nimm [157.5((0.7 * 158)] = 1.42 mm Effective length of weld should be not less than 107 = (10 « 10) = 100 mm Provide 100 mm long, 5 mm fillet welds alternately on either side. Shear on welds Size of weld 8. Design of Stee! Truss” ‘A.warren truss with 6 panels of Sm each is used Span of the truss = 30 m Height of Truss = (1/6) span = (30/6) = 5 m fa) Loads Dead loads due to deck slab, wearing coat, stringer beams and cross girders acting at each node = 181 kN Self-weight of truss = (0.15 L + $.5)= 10 kN/m = (0.15 * 30+ 5.5) = 10 kN/m Self-weight at each node point = 50kN Total dead load = (181 + 50) Live loads: LR.C. Class AA loading. Maximum B.M. is produced when the class AA vehicle is closest to main girder, Maximum load transferred when one track is at 1.625 m from the edge of the kerb as shown in Fig. 13.7. S50kKN 350 KN. 5 |, 2.05 0.6, 1.62 4.425 m Fig. 13.7 Load Position for Truss Design. Maximum load transferred when one track is at 1.625 m from the edge of the kerb = [(350 = 6,.475/8.7] + [(350 = 4.425)/8.7] = 439 kN Impact factor = 10% Live Load including impact = (439 = 1.1) = 483 kN Average ul = (483/3.6) = 135 kN-m392 | DESIGNOF BRIDGES Forces in the members of the truss is determined when a rolling load of length 3.6 m, shorter than span rolls on the bridge. 9. Forces in Truss Members Influence lines are drawn for forces in the various members of the truss as shown in Fig. 13.8 and 13.9. Pape im & a osbatsm SN" Ss S UU, ed Fig. 13.8 Influence Lines for Forces in Truss Members. 1. Member L,L, Taking moments about U,, influence line ordinate at U, = (BM. about U,)/(Perpendicular distance) 2.5 * 27.5)(30 * 5) = 0.46 Influence line ordinate at L, = (0.46 = 25)(27.5) =0416STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 393 Using the influence line diagram, force due to dead loads = 231 (0.416 + 0.33 + 0.25 + 0.16 +.0.08) = 286 kN (Tension) Force due to live loads = [0.5 (0,416 + 0,366) 3,6 * 135] = 190 kN (Tension) IFig. 13.8 Influence Lines for Forces in Truss Members. 2. Member LL, Taking moments about U, LL. ordinate at U= (7.5 * 22.5)/(30 * 5) = 1.13 LL. ordinate at L, = (1.13 x $V7.5=0.75 LL. ordinate at L, = (1.13 « 20/22.5394 | DESIGNOF aRIDGES Force due to dead load = 231 (0.75 + 1 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 0.25) = 751 KN Force due to live load = [0.5 (0.88 + 0,94) 3.6 x 135] = 442 KN (Tension) 3. Member L,L, Taking moments about U, LL. ordinate at U,= (12.5 * 17.5)7(30 * $)= 1.46 LL. ordinate at L, = (1.46 * 10)712.5 = 1.17 LL. ordinate at L, = (1.46 * 15)717.5 = 1.26 Force due to dead loads = 231 (1.17 + 1.26 + 0.58 + 0.84 + 0.42) = 989 kN (Tension) Force due to live load = 0.5 (1.13 + 1.11) 3.6 « 135 = 544 kN (Tension) 4. Member U,U, Taking moments about L, LL. ordinate at L, = (5 * 25)/(30 * 5) = 0.833 Force due to dead loads = 231 (0.833 + 0.67 + 0.5 + 0.33 + 0.17)= 578 KN (Compression) Force due to live loads = 0.5 (0.735 + 0,883) (3.6 « 135) = 381 KN (Compression) 5. Member U,U, Taking moments about L, LL. ordinate for force at L, = (10 x 20)/(30 * 5) = 1.33 Force due to dead loads = 231 (0.66 + 1.33 + 1,0 + 0.66 + 0.33) = 920 KN (Compression) Force due to live loads = 0.5 (1.17 + 1.33) (3.6 * 135) = 608 kN (Compression) 6. Member U,U, Taking moments about L, LL. ordinate for force at L, = (15 * 15)/(30 * 5)= 1.5 Force due to dead loads = 231 (0.5 +1+15+1+0.5) = 1040 kN (Compression) Force due to live loads = 0.5 (1.5 + 1.32) 3.6 x 135 = 686 kN (Compression) 7. Member L,U, Force in LU, is governed by the shear force in panel LL, LL. ordinate at L, = [(30 —5)/30] sec @ = (25/30) * 1.13 = 0.94 Force due to dead loads = 231 (0.94 + 0,75 + 0.56 + 0.37 + 0.19) = 650 KN (Compression) Force due to live loads = 0.5 (0.94 + 0.8) 3.6 * 135 = 423.KN (Compression)STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 395 8 Member U,L, Influence Line is the same as that formember L,U, Force due to dead loads = 650 KN (Tension) Force due to live loads = 423 KN (Tension) 9, Member U,L, Force in UL, is governed by shear force is panel L,L, LL, ordinate at L, = (5/30) « 1.13 = 0.19 LLL. ordinate at L, = (20/30) * 1.13 = 0.75 Force due to dead loads = 231 (-0.19-+0.75-+ 0,56 + 0,375 + 0.187) =389 kN (Compression) Force due to live loads: Maximum compressive force = (0.5 * 0.72 * 3.6 * 135) = 175 KN Maximum tensile force = (0.5 * 0.19 1.22 x 135) + 0.5 (0.09 + 0,19) (2.38 * 135)= 61 KN 10, Member U,L, Force in member U;L, is the same as in U,L, but with different sign. Force due to dead loads = 389 kN (Tension) Maximum tensile force = 175 KN Maximum compressive farce = 61 kN 1, Member U,L, Force in member is governed by shear force in panel LyL LL. ordinate at L, = 1.13 * (10/30) = 0.377 LL. ordinate at L, = 1.13 * (15/20) = 0.565 Force due to dead load =-231 (0.377 + 0.189) + 231 (0,565 + 0.376 + 0.188) = (131 + 261) = 130 kN (Compression) Force due to live load: Maximum compressive force = (1/2 * 3 * 0.565 * 135) + [0.565 + 0.5422] x (0.6 « 135) = 160 KN Maximum tensile force = (0.5 * 0.377 = 2 « 135) + [(0.316 + 0.377)/2] * (1.6 © 135) = 126 kN. 12. Member U,L, Force in member UL, is the same as in U,L, but with different sign. Force due to dead loads ~ 135 KN (Tension) Maximum compressive force = 126 KN Maximum tensile force = 160 KN396 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES 10. Design Forces The design forces in the various truss members are compiled in Table 13.1. Table 13.1 Design Forces in Truss Members 11. Design of Members (a) Member LL, Design Force in Member L,L, = 1530 kN (Tension) Try a section with 2 plates of 350 * 12 mm with a cross sectional area .. 4 angles 75 = 75 = LOmm with a cross sectional area, Total are provided Safe load on section = (13200 «150)/1000= 1980 kN 8 mm filet welds are used to connect the members (b) Member U,U, Design force in member U,U, = 1726 kN (Compression) Try a section with 1 top flange plate (500 = 8) with an area.STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 397 fy = 0.4 d= (0.4 * 350) = 140 mm Fy = 0.34 b = (0.34 = 500) = 170 mm Effective length .85 x 5000) = 4250 mm Slenderness ratio = 2 = (L/r) = (4250/140) = 30.2 Refer Table 9.5 of text or Table 11.1 of IRC: 24-2001 and interpolate he permissible compressive stress as o,, = 145 Ninm? Safe load on member = (14732 * 145)/1000 = 2136 KN > 1726 KN (Hence safe) Use 75 mm by 12 mm flat lacing to connect the channels. (c) Member U,L, (Diagonal Tension Member) Foree in member = 1073 KN (Tension) ‘The width of the member should be such that it can be accommodated in the bottom and top chord members. Adopt a width of 280 mm Use 1 plate (280 * 15) of area. 4 angles of (75 * 75 = 10). Total cross sectional area... 9808 mm? Using welded connections and permissible tensile stress of 150 N/mm? Safe permissible load = (9808 * 150)/1000 = 1471 KN (d) Member U,L, (Diagonal Member) Foree in member = 564 kN (Compression) and 61 KN (Tension) Length of the member = 5.6 m Width of the member = 280 mm Adopt a section with I plate (280 10) ......= 2800 mm? 4 angles (100 * 100% 10) ..eceeccnreeeeee 7600 Total area.... 10400: mm? Radius of gyration, 1, 0.39 * 280) = 109 mm Fy = O.21 b= (0.21 * 210) = 44 mm Slendemess ratio = ). = (Lir) = (085 * 5600/44) = 108 Refer Table 11.1 of IRC; 24-2001 and interpolate he permissible compressive stress as 9,, = 72 Nimm? Safe load on member = (10400 = 72)/1000 = 748 kN > 564 kN (Hence safe) The detailed drawings of the truss consisting of the cross sectional details at the typical junctions of the members are compiled in Figs. 13.10 and 13.11.398 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES PAVAVAVAVAVAN ISA 75 x 75 « 10, ISA 75x 75 x 8 "ISA 100 x 100 ISA 78x10 280 x 10 plate ‘280 x 15 plate- es 6 Yep Detail at Up Detail. at U, Ey Sw a SP fF Detail at Fig. 13.10 Details of Truss Members,STEEL TRUSSED BRIDGES | 399 ALF] D K V ELE oe GEN fe Ss Aa wr SS Z< AZZ LS 11 Cross Section of Stee! Trussed Bridge. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE 1. A curved chord steel truss is proposed for a highway bridge as shown in Fig. 13.12, ATI Fig. 13.12 Curved Chord Steel Truss, ‘The span of the through type bridge is 36 m made up of 6 panels of 6 m each. Cross girders are placed at 6 m intervals. Spacings of stringer beams ~ 1.875 m, Loading: I.R.C. elass AA (tracked vehicle). Road width = 7.5 m (two lane carriageway), Kerbs = 600 mm on each side. Design the reinforced conerete deck slab, stringer beams, cross girder and typical members of the curved chord steel truss.