Gas Turbines & Aircraft Propulsion – SESSION 4

Turbofan engines

Exercise 1

Analyse a two-spool high-bypass ratio turbofan with separate (i.e. non-mixed) core and fan ex-
hausts at flight Mach 0.30 under standard day conditions at an altitude of 400 ft (second segment
climb). The primary airflow of the turbofan amounts to 90 kg/s and the bypass ratio is 6. The fan
works at a total pressure ratio of 2.2 and the overall pressure ratio is 36. The gases leaving the com-
bustion chamber have a total temperature of 1680 K, while the total pressure ratio over the latter
is 0.95. The combustion efficiency is 99% and the fuel lower heating value equals 41 400 kJ/kg.
Both core and bypass nozzles are converging and can be assumed to be lossless. The isentropic
efficiency of the fan, compressor and turbines (LPT+HPT) is respectively 92%, 90% and 91%. The
ram recovery equals 97%. The shaft mechanical losses are negligible (both shafts). Determine the
developed thrust and T SFC .

B Find γ by iteration using the C p =f(T ) charts.

Exercise 2

An Airbus A321 powered with two CFM56-5B2 turbofans (non-mixed exhaust configuration) flies
at Mach 0.80 FL 350 (ISA). At the top of climb rating, the engine overall pressure ratio OP R is 35.5
and the T I T is 1460 K. The other engine parameters are:

RR = 0.995 B P R = 5.2 π f an = 1.7 η f an = 0.895

πboost er = 1.8 η i s, boost er = 0.875 η i s, H PC = 0.875 λCC = 0.06

ηCC = 0.999 η i s, H P T = 0.91 η i s, LP T = 0.92 η m, H P = 0.995 η m, LP = 0.995

1. Using the gas and fuel properties given on the next page, compute the primary airflow when
the engine delivers a thrust of 28558 N.

2. Based on the airflows established in the previous question, determine the performance of the
engine in a mixed exhaust configuration. Use a perfect mixer (mixing efficiency of 100%).
? Hint ?: Vary the fan pressure ratio, whilst keeping OP R constant.

Use the simplified combustion equation for both parts of the exercise.

V. November 9, 2018 Ï p.1

Session 4 - Turbofan engines

Additional information:

γai r = 1.401 γ f an = 1.400 γboost er = 1.399 γH PC = 1.381

MJ J
q ci = 42.9 C p,CC = 1178 γH P T = 1.305 γLP T = 1.325
kg kg K
γN ,b y p = 1.400 γN ,cor e = 1.344 γN ,mi xed = 1.397

Exercise 3

A Boeing 757-200 is cruising at an altitude of 35 000 ft at Mach 0.80 on a standard day (ISA). The
aircraft is equipped with two Pratt & Whitney PW 2037 turbofans. For the considered flight condi-
tions, the following parameters are known :

RR = 0.97 B P R = 5.8 πC ,ov = 30 π f an = 1.7

η p, f an = 0.90 η p,H PC = 0.89 η p,LP T = 0.90 η p,H P T = 0.88
MJ
λcc = 0.05 η cc = 0.99 q ci = 43.1 T I T = 1130 ◦ C
kg

Disregard nozzle pressure losses, mechanical losses and the power absorbed by auxiliaries. The
fan diameter is 78.5 inch (See figure in attachment).

1. Find the fan nozzle outlet area A 18 using the figure in attachment.

2. Find the net thrust F N and T SFC .

Ï p.2 V. November 9, 2018