Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Particulars Pg.No
Direct and Indirect Quotes 2-22
Forward Rates 23-24
India's Balance of Payments 25-26
Cross Currencies 27-29
Overview of Countries 29-38
Currency and Symbols 39-46
Foreign Exchange Market 47-48
Canadian Dollar
Canadian Dollar 1.00 CAD inv. 1.00 CAD
Singapore Dollar
Singapore Dollar 1.00 SGD inv. 1.00 SGD
Malaysian Ringgit
Malaysian Ringgit 1.00 MYR inv. 1.00 MYR
Spot USD1 = INR69.1650 Sell USD @ 69.1600 INR Buy USD @ 69.1650 INR
15 Apr 2019
BID-ASK SPREAD %ANNUALIZED
MONTH BID RATE ASK RATE SPREAD CHANGE % PREMIUM/DISCOUNT
Cross Currencies
Americas
USD PEN MXN BRL ARS CLP COP EUR
Asia Pacific
Overview of Countries
USA
Demonym(s) American
Legislature Congress
Independence
from Great Britain
Area
Population
Calling code +1
Capital London
and largest city 51°30′N 0°7′W
Scots
Recognised regional or minority
Ulster Scots
languages[note 3]
Welsh
Cornish
Scottish Gaelic
Irish
Demonym(s) British
Briton
Membership England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Formation
• Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
• Union of the Crowns under James VI 24 March 1603
and I
• Acts of Union of England and 1 May 1707
Scotland
• Acts of Union of Great Britain and 1 January 1801
Ireland
• Irish Free State Constitution Act 5 December 1922
• EC accession[note 4] 1 January 1973
Area
• Total 242,495 km2(93,628 sq mi)[8] (78th)
• Water (%) 1.34
Population
• 2017 estimate 66,040,229[9] (22nd)
• 2011 census 63,181,775[10] (22nd)
• Density 270.7/km2(701.1/sq mi) (50th)
Capital Tokyo[5]
and largest city 35°41′N 139°46′E
98.5% Japanese
Ethnic groups
(2011)[7] o ┗Yamato people
o ┗Ainu people
o ┗Ryukyuan people
0.5% Korean
0.4% Chinese
0.6% other
Demonym(s) Japanese
Formation
• National Foundation Day February 11, 660 BC[9]
• Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890
• Current constitution May 3, 1947
• San Francisco April 28, 1952
Peace Treaty
Area
• Total 377,973[10] km2(145,936 sq mi)[11] (61st)
• Water (%) 3.55
Population
• October 2018 census 126,440,000[12] (10th)
• Density 334/km2 (865.1/sq mi) (41st)
India
Hindi
Official languages
English[b][6]
Recognised regional languages State level and
Eighth Schedule[7][show]
National language None[8][9][10]
Demonym(s) Indian
Independence
from the United Kingdom
• Dominion 15 August 1947
• Republic 26 January 1950
Area
• Total 3,287,263[5] km2(1,269,219 sq mi)[d](7th)
• Water (%) 9.6
Population
• 2016 estimate 1,324,171,354[12](2nd)
• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[13][14](2nd)
• Density 401.0/km2(1,038.6/sq mi) (31st)
China
Capital Beijing[a]
39°55′N 116°23′E
Demonym(s) Chinese
Formation
• First pre-imperial dynasty c. 2070 BCE
• First imperial dynasty 221 BCE
• Republic established 1 January 1912
• Proclamation of the People's 1 October 1949
Republic
• Current constitution 4 December 1982
• Last polity admitted 20 December 1999
Area
• Total 9,596,961 km2(3,705,407 sq mi)[g](3rd/4th)
• Water (%) 2.8%[h]
Population
• 2016 estimate 1,403,500,365 [10](1st)
• 2010 census 1,339,724,852[11](1st)
• Density 145[12]/km2(375.5/sq mi) (83rd)
2.
Afghanistan
AFN
Afghani
3.
Argentina
ARS
Peso
4.
Aruba Guilder AWG
5.
Australia Dollar AUD
6.
Azerbaijan
AZN
Manat
7.
Bahamas
BSD
Dollar
8.
Barbados
BBD
Dollar
9.
Belarus Ruble BYN
10.
Belize Dollar BZD
11.
Bermuda
BMD
Dollar
12.
Bolivia
BOB
Bolíviano
13.
Bosnia and
BAM
Herzegovina
14.
Botswana Pula BWP
15.
Bulgaria Lev BGN
16.
Brazil Real BRL
17.
Brunei
Darussalam BND
Dollar
18.
Cambodia Riel KHR
19.
Canada Dollar CAD
20.
Cayman
KYD
Islands Dollar
21.
Chile Peso CLP
22.
China Yuan
CNY
Renminbi
23.
Colombia Peso COP
24.
Costa Rica
CRC
Colon
25.
Croatia Kuna HRK
26.
Cuba Peso CUP
27.
Czech
CZK
Republic
Koruna
28.
Denmark
DKK
Krone
29.
Dominican
DOP
Republic Peso
30.
East
Caribbean XCD
Dollar
31.
Egypt Pound EGP
32.
El Salvador
SVC
Colon
33.
Euro Member
EUR
Countries
34.
Falkland
Islands
FKP
(Malvinas)
Pound
35.
Fiji Dollar FJD
36.
Ghana Cedi GHS
37.
Gibraltar
GIP
Pound
38.
Guatemala
GTQ
Quetzal
39.
Guernsey
GGP
Pound
40.
Guyana Dollar GYD
41.
Honduras
HNL
Lempira
42.
Hong Kong
HKD
Dollar
43.
Hungary Forint HUF
44.
Iceland Krona ISK
45.
India Rupee INR
46.
Indonesia
IDR
Rupiah
47.
Iran Rial IRR
48.
Isle of Man
IMP
Pound
49.
Israel Shekel ILS
50.
Jamaica Dollar JMD
51.
Japan Yen JPY
52.
Jersey Pound JEP
53.
Kazakhstan
KZT
Tenge
54.
Korea (North)
KPW
Won
55.
Korea (South)
KRW
Won
56.
Kyrgyzstan
KGS
Som
57.
Laos Kip LAK
58.
Lebanon
LBP
Pound
59.
Liberia Dollar LRD
60.
Macedonia
MKD
Denar
61.
Malaysia
MYR
Ringgit
62.
Mauritius
MUR
Rupee
63.
Mexico Peso MXN
64.
Mongolia
MNT
Tughrik
65.
Mozambique
MZN
Metical
66.
Namibia Dollar NAD
67.
Nepal Rupee NPR
68.
Netherlands
ANG
Antilles Guilder
69.
New Zealand
NZD
Dollar
70.
Nicaragua
NIO
Cordoba
71.
Nigeria Naira NGN
72.
Norway Krone NOK
73.
Oman Rial OMR
74.
Pakistan
PKR
Rupee
75.
Panama
PAB
Balboa
76.
Paraguay
PYG
Guarani
77.
Peru Sol PEN
78.
Philippines
PHP
Peso
79.
Poland Zloty PLN
80.
Qatar Riyal QAR
81.
Romania Leu RON
82.
Russia Ruble RUB
83.
Saint Helena
SHP
Pound
84.
Saudi Arabia
SAR
Riyal
85.
Serbia Dinar RSD
86.
Seychelles
SCR
Rupee
87.
Singapore
SGD
Dollar
88.
Solomon
SBD
Islands Dollar
89.
Somalia
SOS
Shilling
90.
South Africa
ZAR
Rand
91.
Sri Lanka
LKR
Rupee
92.
Sweden Krona SEK
93.
Switzerland
CHF
Franc
94.
Suriname
SRD
Dollar
95.
Syria Pound SYP
96.
Taiwan New
TWD
Dollar
97.
Thailand Baht THB
98.
Trinidad and
TTD
Tobago Dollar
99.
Turkey Lira TRY
100.
Tuvalu Dollar TVD
101.
Ukraine
UAH
Hryvnia
102.
United
Kingdom GBP
Pound
103.
United States
USD
Dollar
104.
Uruguay Peso UYU
105.
Uzbekistan
UZS
Som
106.
Venezuela
VEF
Bolívar
107.
Viet Nam Dong VND
108.
Yemen Rial YER
109.
Zimbabwe
ZWD
Dollar
Foreign Exchange Market
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or
over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines the
foreign exchange rate. It includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at
current or determined prices. In terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in the
world, followed by the Credit market.[1]
The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centers
around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of
buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. Since currencies are
always traded in pairs, the foreign exchange market does not set a currency's absolute value
but rather determines its relative value by setting the market price of one currency if paid for
with another. Ex: US$1 is worth X CAD, or CHF, or JPY, etc.
The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions and operates on
several levels. Behind the scenes, banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as
"dealers", who are involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign
exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the
"interbank market" (although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are
involved). Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of
millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, Forex has
little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.
The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling
currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods
from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even
though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation
relative to the value of currencies and the carry trade speculation, based on the differential
interest rate between two currencies.
The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s. This followed
three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions under the Bretton
Woods system of monetary management, which set out the rules for commercial and financial
relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II. Countries gradually
switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained
fixed per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics:
its huge trading volume, representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high
liquidity;
its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except for weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00
GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York);
the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and
the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.
The foreign exchange market in India has been around for about
40 years now. The market started operating in 1978 after the
government's decree. After its establishment, the forex market has
seen significant growth over the years. The market is regulated by the
central government and all aspects of the trade are defined by national
laws. There are many things about this market that make it distinct
from other markets in the world. To start with, its structure is slightly
unique and defined by different market dynamics. In order to
understand the forex market in India, you need to study its structure
and what makes it different.
Like other forex markets in the world, the forex in India consists of
several stakeholders. The main stakeholders in this market are:
Traders
Banks /Authorized dealers
The Reserve Bank of India
The three actors mentioned above play different roles in the trade.
Traders are generally all individuals in the public who are also corporate
customers of the banks. These customers use the banks as authorized
dealers to access the forex market. There are traders of different kinds
but all of them are able to access the market only through dealers. This
is much like elsewhere in the world where brokers are the
intermediaries between the forex and ordinary traders.
The banks, on the other hand, are the legally authorized institutions
to handle currency. In India, banks exist in different tiers and there are
clear laws that determine which institution is categorized as a financial
institution. From these legal institutions, all those who want to trade
can create accounts, access the market and choose products that they
would like to trade in. The trading landscape has changed a lot over the
years especially since the 1990's when the Indian regulatory authorities
liberalized this market.
Statistically, the Indian forex market has changed a lot. To start with,
the daily turnover for the market is well over several billion dollars
down from a couple of millions when it started. The Indian forex market
has several forex players that facilitate the exchange of currency. The
markets in these exchanges have several listed brokers and authorized
institutions. There are several non-bank financial institutions that are
legally authorized to facilitate trade in the Indian market. These
institutions are regulated by the FEDAI and they use the USP for better
rates of exchange. The market is open 24 hours every day and it is
linked to the rest of the world markets.
FEDAI determines many of the rules that overlook the day-to-day forex transactions in
India. In addition to rule setting, FEDAI assists member banks by acting as an advisor and assists
with the training of personnel and accrediting foreign exchange brokers.
Advising and supporting member banks with issues that arise in their dealings
Representing member banks on the Reserve Bank of India (or RBI)
Announcement of daily and periodical rates to member banks
As of December 2017, FEDAI member banks spanned the public sector, private sector,
foreign banks, and co-operative banks and financial institutions, among others. The total count
was 102.
Additional examples of SROs include the Investment Dealers Association of Canada, and
the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) in the United States.
FEDAI has grown in its role as a SRO in India and now plays a key role in stabilizing
markets through its cooperation with the Reserve Bank of India and the Fixed Income Money
Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA). FEDAI continues to work with its
partners to develop customized products and adhere to international accounting and risk
management standards.
In March 2018, FEDAI joined forces with Financial Benchmark India (a company formed to
administer money market benchmarks rates), FIMMDA, and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)
to set benchmarks for Indian rupee interest rates and foreign exchange. FBIL began publishing
these rates in April 2018. Rates were displayed daily starting March 19, 2018. The Clearing
Corporation of India (CCIL) is set to act as the calculating agent.