HW 12.

21
Wendy Tan

December 28, 2019

1 Properties
Several weeks ago, we investigate the properties of the matrix M given
this form, with a size N × N :
 
−1 1 0 0 ... 0 0
 1 −2 1 0 ... 0 0 
 
0
 1 −2 1 ... 0 0  
 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . . . 
0 0 0 0 ... 1 −1
pπ
We end up with the eigenvalues λp = −4 sin2 (θp ) where θp = 2N And
2N
the period of the eigenvalues T = p . That is, when p = 1, the period of
λ1 is T = 400.
The corresponding eigenvectors is given in this form:

[cos(θp ), cos(3θp ), ..., cos((2N − 1)θp )]

Also, we want to recall that eigenvalues are scalars λ such that when a
matrix A times a nonzero vector ~x, the product is a number times that ~x,
where the nonzero vectors is called the eigenvector of A corresponding to λ

A~x = λ~x

And any nonzero multiples of ~x will be an eigenvector.

2 Ideas
We know that in a matrix of eigenvectors, denoted as U , each column
of U represents the eigenvectors corresponding to the original matrix A and

1
the eigenvalues λ. For example, in a 3 × 3 matrix, there exists a relationship
 
λ1 0 0
AU = U  0 λ2 0 
0 0 λ3
 
λ1 0 0
Let ui be the ith column of U . The ith column of U  0 λ2 0  is simply
0 0 λ3
λi ui . Therefore, for each column, we have

Aui = λui

Hence, we can rewrite the eigenvectors (U ) of matrix M into this form:

 
cos θ1 , cos θ2 , ... cos θN

 cos 3θ 1 , cos 3θ2 , ... cos 3θN 

 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
cos (2N − 1)θ1 , cos (2N − 1)θ2 , ... cos (2N − 1)θN

Note that the ith column of this matrix U represents the eigenvectors for
the eigenvalue λi

3 This Week
Last week, we suggested that the sum of the squares of the transpose of
the eigenvectors (U T ) of one row is always equal to one, or:
2 2 2 2
U1T 1 + U1T 2 + U1T 3 + ... + U1T n = 1

This equation equals

cos2 (θ1 ) + cos2 (3θ1 ) + ... + cos2 ((2N − 1)θ1 ) = 1

pπ
Plugging in θp = 2N , and for p = 1, we get:
 
2 π 3π (2N − 1)π
cos + cos2 + ... + cos2 =1
2N 2N 2N
For p=2, we will subsequently get:
 
22π 6π 2(2N − 1)π
cos + cos2 + ... + cos2 =1
2N 2N 2N

2
3.1 Using trigonometric properties for p=1
Using the identity cos 2x = 2 cos x2 − 1, one can turn the above equation
into:
cos Nπ
+ 1 cos 3πN +1 cos 5π
N +1 cos (2NN−1)π + 1
+ + + ... + =1
2 2 2 2
Since there are N terms, separate the term 12 , we get:
N 1 X zπ
+ cos( )
2 2 N
z=1,3,...(2N −1)

Using the formula cos α + cos β = 2 cos α+β α−β

2 cos 2 , we can combine the
first term with the last term, and rearrange the above equation into:
N 1 π + (2N − 1)π (2N − 1)π − π 3π + (2N − 3)π (2N − 3)π − 3π
+ (2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2 2N 2N 2N 2N
With each having a term 2 cos π in the end, we can take it out:
N (N − 1)π (N − 3)π
+ cos π(cos + cos ...)
2 N N
The last term can be in two possibilities: 1) If N is odd, then the last term
is cos 0; 2) If N is even, then the last term is cos π.

For N =odd The equation evaluates to:

N (N − 1)π (N − 3)π 2π
+ cos π(cos + cos ... + cos + cos 0)
2 N N N
Rearranged to:
N (N − 1)π + 0 (N − 1)π − 0 (N − 3)π + 2 (N − 3)π − 2
+cos π(2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2N 2N 2N 2N
..this seems not right?

For N =even The equation evaluates to:

N (N − 1)π (N − 3)π
+ cos π(cos + cos ... + cos π)
2 N N
If we apply the identity cos α + cos β = 2 cos α+β α−β
2 cos 2 again:

N (N − 1)π + π (N − 1)π − π (N − 3)π + 3π (N − 3)π − 3π

+cos π(2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2N 2N 2N 2N
Since each term has cos π2 = 0, the total summation of the equation equals
to N2 + 0 = N2 .

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3.2 For other values of p
For p = 2, we can
P follow similar procedures. We will change the z in the
expression N2 + 12 z=1,3,...(2N −1) cos( zπ
N ) into multiples of 2. If p = 3, then
z will change into multiples of 3. Using p = 2
N 1 X zπ
+ cos( )
2 2 N
z=2,6,...2(2N −1)

We can rearrange them using the cosine identity into:

N 1 2π + 2(2N − 1)π 2(2N − 1)π − 2π 6π + 2(2N − 3)π 2(2N − 3)π − 6π

+ (2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2 2N 2N 2N 2N
where each term has a cos 2π, and we can get it out:

N 2(N − 1)π 2(N − 3)π

+ cos 2π(cos + cos ...)
2 N N
The equation evaluates to:

N 2(N − 1)π 2(N − 3)π

+ cos 2π(cos + cos ... + cos 2π)
2 N N
N 2(N − 1)π + 2π 2(N − 1)π − 2π 2(N − 3)π + 6π 2(N − 3)π − 6π
+cos 2π(2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2N 2N 2N 2N
Each term has cos π, and we can get them out:

N (N − 2)π (N − 6)π 2π
+ 2 cos 2π cos π(cos + cos ... + cos )
2 N N N
Again using the identity:

N (N − 2)π + 2π (N − 2)π − 2π (N − 6)π + 6π (N − 6)π − 6π

+2 cos 2π cos π(2 cos cos +2 cos cos ...)
2 2N 2N 2N 2N
This time, we get the term cos π2 for each expression, and the total equa-
tion equals to N2 .
Similar procedures can be carried on with p = 3 and larger values, with
only altering the number of times using the cosine identity.

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4 for p of any values
The expression is:
N 1 X zπ
+ cos( )
2 2 N
z=p,3p,...p(2N −1)

After first round of application of the cosine identity:

N (N − 1)pπ (N − 3)pπ pπ
+ cos pπ(cos + cos + cos ...
2 N N N
A second round of the identity gives:
N (N − 2)pπ (N − 6)pπ 2pπ
+ cos pπ2 cos pπ(cos + cos ... + cos
2 N N N
Each round of extraction will extract 2 cos pπ out, and when the rounds of
application equals to the value of p, the resulting expression will include
cos π2 , and the whole term will equals to N2

4.1 Using cosine periodic properties

Here think of the sum function as representing a unit circle, and since
(2N − 1)π/N will only approximate to 2π, the whole expression will be
nearly a full revolution around the unit circle.

Using the property that the cosine function is symmetric around the x
π
axis, we know that cos N +cos (N −1)π
N = 0 (if N is even) since the cosine value
in Quadrant II and is negative and cancel the original one. For example, in
N = 20,
π 19π
cos + cos =0
20 20
As they pair up, each will cancel out. And we can do the similar grouping
for cosine values in quadrant III and IV. After grouping them, we get:
N 1 π (N − 1)π 3π (N − 3)π (N + 1)π (2N − 1)π
+ [(cos +cos )+(cos +cos ).......+cos )+cos )
2 2 N N N N N N
All of the combination equals to 0, so the overall expression is
N 1 X zπ
+ cos( )
2 2 N
z=1,3,...(2N −1)

N N
equals to 2 +0= 2

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5 Using MATLAB to verify
 
2 π 2 3π 2 (2N − 1)π
cos + cos + ... + cos =1
2N 2N 2N
 
2π 6π 2(2N − 1)π
cos2 + cos2 + ... + cos2 =1
2N 2N 2N
Plug in MATLAB with the for function, we use n = 20

Sum = 10

After multiple trials with n of different values, it is evident that the each
row has the same sum, but the sum will varies, basically with the equation:

Sum = 0.5N

This coincides with the expression in the section above, where the sum
evaluates to 0.5N .