PART – A (10 X 2 = 20 MARKS)

1. Define Specification.
Specification specifies or describes the nature of the work, materials to be used in the work,
workmanship etc which are very important for the execution of the work. the cost of the work
depends on the specifications.
2. Define carpet area.
Carpet area is the useful or the liveable area in a building without taking into consideration of the
wall thickness. It does not include common areas like lobby, stairs, lifts etc. usually the carpet
area for a residence is 65% approximately.
3. Write down the Specification for excavation for foundation.
Excavation of trenches, finish of trench, pumping out of water accumulated in trench, trench
filling of concrete, masonry of footings, earth filling and measurement of works in Cu.m, ex
4. What do you mean by Rough estimate?
Rough or approximate estimate is prepared to decide approximately the financial aspect, policy
and get an idea of the cost of the project.it is normal practice to work out the approximate
estimate before its detailed estimate is worked out.
5. Write a note on Specification for centering?
Centering shall be of either of hardwood plank or steel plates stiffened by angle iron.
Centering shall not be removed before 14 days in general( 4 days for RCC columns, 10 days for
roof slab and 14 days for beams)
6. What are the types of Estimate?
Approximate or rough cost estimate, detailed estimate, revised estimate, supplementary
estimate, sub-estimate, annual maintenance estimate, repair estimate, complete estimate
7. `What are the purposes of Rate analysis?
To determine the rate per unit of a particular item of work, from the cost, quantity of the
materials, labourers, other miscellaneous expenses required for the completion of project.
8. Define Bill of quantities.
It is a statement of various item of works with description, quantities and unit of rates which is
supplied to the contractor to work out the rates and amounts which is primarily part of a tender
of any work.
9. Define Contingency.
The term contingencies indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous works which are
unforeseen expenditure, expenses to minor design changes etc. usually 3 to 5% is assumed for
contingencies.
10. What is meant by Typical bay method?
This method of estimate is mostly used for RCC structures or trussed roofs with a number of
repetitive bays ( eg. Workshop, shed, long halls etc). the total cost of the building is found out
multiplying the cost per bay by the number of bays.

PART – B
(assume suitable data wherever necessary) (5 X 16 = 80 MARKS)
11. (a) Explain the general specification of second class building.
Foundation & plinth : 1st class brickwork in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or
1:4:8 cement concrete
Damp proof course : 2.5cm thick cement concrete 1:1.5:3, mixed with1 kg of impermo cement or
other standard water proofing materials as specified with 2 coats of bitumen.
Superstructure : 1st class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over doors &
windows shall be of RCC
Roofing : RCC slab with insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above, supported over RS joists or
RCC beams as required. Height of rooms shall not be less than 3.7m.
Flooring : drawing and dining room shall be of mosaic(terrazzo). Bathroom and WC floors and dado
shall be of mosaic (terrazzo). Floors of bedrooms shall be colored and polished of 2.5cm cement
concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete.
Finishing : inside and outside walls shall be of 12mm cement lime plaster. Drawing, dining and
bedrooms inside shall be distempered and others inside white washed 3 coats. Outside shall be
colored snowcem washed 2 coats over 1 coat of whitewash.
Doors and windows : door frames shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3cm
thick paneled glazed or partly paneled and partly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge
shutters. All fittings shall be of brass. Doors & windows shall be varnished or painted 2 coats with high
class enamel paint over 1 coat of priming. Windows shall be provided with iron gratings or grills.
Miscellaneous : rainwater pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided with paint finish.
1st class sanitary, water fittings and electrical installations. 1 metre wide 7.5cm thick CC 1:3:6 apron
shall be provided all around the building

(OR)
(b) Explain the detailed specification of brick work.

Bricks : bricks shall be of 1st class of standard specifications, thoroughly burnt, deep cherry red or
copper in color. Regular in shape, edges sharp, free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind.
Shall not absorb water more than one sixth of its weight. min crushing strength 105 kg per sq.cm
Mortar : sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic matters. Proportion of cement, sand and
water shall be as specified. Fresh mixed mortar shall be used, old and stale mortar shall not be used.
Soaking of bricks : bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of
12 hours immediately before use. Soaking is continued till air bubbles is ceased.
Laying : bricks shall be well bonded. Wall should be in plumb. No damaged or broken bricks should be
used. Seclected best shaped bricks shall be used for face works.
Curing : the brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of atleast 10 days after laying. At the end of days
work the tops of walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar edging to contain
atleast 2.5cm deep water.
Protection : the brickwork shall be protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost etc during the
construction.
Scaffolding : necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of
brickwall. It shall be sound & strong supports to withstand all loads.
Measurement : brickwork shall be measured in Cu.m. different wall thickness to be taken separately.
The rate shall be for the complete work incl scaffolding and all tools & plants

12. (a) Write a detailed specification of R.C.C in roof slab and beam.
Steel : reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications shall be
free from corrosion, rust etc.
 Centering and shuttering : it shall be made with timber or steel plate, with necessary props,
bracings strong and stable. Centering and shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in
general
Proportion of cement concrete : cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportion by volume for
slabs,beams and lintels and 1:1,5:3 proportion for columns
Laying of concrete : before laying the concrete the shuttering shall be clean. Time between
mixing and placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 mins. Should be compacted by a mechanical
vibrating machine. Concreting shall be laid continuously, structures exceeding 45 metres in length
shall be divided by expansion joints.
Curing : the brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of atleast 10 days after laying. At the end of
days work the tops of walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar edging to
contain atleast 2.5cm deep water.
Finishing : exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar not exceeding 6mm
thickness, the plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of the centering while the
concrete is still damp or unset.
Measurement : shall be taken in Cu.m for the finished work and deduction shall be made for the
volume of steel. Steel shall be measured separately in quintal.centering and shuttering, tools and
plants charges to be added

(OR)
(b) Write detailed specification for varnishing and painting.
Painting :
- only specified brand should be used.
- Surface should be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with sand paper of required grade.
- All holes and open joints should be filled with strong putty or equivalent
- In steel work all rusts and scales shall be perfectly removed by scrapping and brushing
- One coat of priming and 2 coats of paint to be applied
- Paint should be applied evenly with brush and no brush mark should be visible
- Brushes should be cleaned and washed with turpentine at the end of days work and kept dry
- If old paint is to be removed, soda water or caustic soda can be used and scrapped by patent
remover, surface to be smoothened before paint is applied

Varnishing :

- Knots,holes, cracks etc shall be filled and covered with putty made of whiting and linseed oil
- Wood work shall be rubbed down with sand paper sufficiently smooth to remove any grain
marks and it shall be cleaned before hand
- Varnish shall be applied with brushes using strong firm strokes and spread evenly
- Specified copal varnish shall be laid on prepared surface in thin coats
- For new wood work a second coat shall be applied after the first coat of varnish has been
thoroughly dried
- Varnishing shall not be done during dry weather and should not be allowed to be undertaken
in rainy days

13. (a) Explain plinth area method and carpet area method.
plinth area method :
This method is also known as square area method. In this method, the area of the structure at
the plinth level is calculated omitting any projection at the plinth level. This area is multiplied by
 the plinth area rate arrived at by studying similar types of buildings in the same locality. This
gives the total approximate estimate cost of the building

Carpet area method :

It is the useful or the liveable area in a building. For residential building the carpet area is the
liveable area and should exclude the kitchen, pantry, stores and similar other room which are not
used for living purposes.
Carpet area of an office building may be 60% to 70% of plinth area of the building with a target of
75%
The carpet area of residential building may be 50% to 65% of the plinth area of building with a
target of 65%
So rates for carpet area for residential building is 50 to 65% of the plinth area rate.
(OR)
(b) The actual cost of single storey residential building of plinth area of 974 sq.m is found
Rs. 16, 65,000/- in which 69 % is towards the cost of materials and remaining percentage for cost of
labour. Now it is proposed to construct a similar building with same cost and plinth area of 1243 sq.m
at a place where cost of materials is to be 16 % more and cost of labour is 14 % less. Estimate the rough
cost of the proposed building.

Actual cost of building = 16,65,000/-

Plinth area of building = 974 Sq.m

Therefore,
Cost of materials = 11,48,850/- (69%)
Cost of labour = 5,16,150/- (31%)

Similar building with plinth area of 1243 Sq.m,

Cost of materials = 14,15,250/-
Cost of labour = 2,49,750/-
So cost of building = 16,65,000/-

Water supply & sanitation 10% = 1,66,500/-

Electrical installation 15% = 2,49,750/-
Other services 5% = 83,250/-
Contingencies 5% =83,250/-
Supervision charges 4 % = 66,600/-
Contractor’s profit 10% = 1,66,500/-

Therefore total cost = 16,65,000 + 8,15,850

= 24,80,850/-

14. (a) Explain revised estimate and supplementary estimate.

Revised estimate :
- When the sanctioned estimate exceeds by 10% either due to the rates being found
insufficient or due to some othe reasons, such as increase in rates, changes in drawings and
design etc. a fresh estimate is prepared which is called revised estimate.
- A comparative statement is prepared showing the variations of each items of works, its
quality, rate and cost under original and revised.
 - The excess or saving and reasons for it is attached.
- The estimate should be accompanied by all the records as in the case of detailed estimate
Supplementary estimate :
- It is a fresh estimate in addition to the original sanctioned estimate. It is prepared when
additional works are found necessary during the progress of a project, to supplement the
original works
(OR)
(b) Explain rate analysis in detail and write how to prepare the rate analysis.
The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of work, from the cost of quantities of
materials, the cost of labourers and other miscellaneous petty expenses required for the completion of
the project is called the analysis of rates.
A reasonable profit, usually 10% for the contractor is also included in the analysis of rates. Rates of
materials are taken as rates which they are delivered which include transport charges like railway or
other modes.
The rates of materials and labour vary from place to place, therefore the rates of different items of works
also vary from place to place.
The rates of a particular item of work depends on the following :
- specification of work and materials, quality of materials, proportion of mixing for mortar and concrete
items.
- quantities of materials and their rates, number of labourers and their wages/pay
- location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and the rate of transport,
availability of water
- profits, miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor

How to prepare the rate analysis :

- basically the two main rates are for materials and labour, the combined cost together gives the cost of
items of works.
- a provision for water charges @ 1½ % of total cost is made in rate
- if transport is done more than 8 kms away from the site, analysis can be done separately
- for those materials which are not supplied by the contractor, the 10% profit charges cannot be applied
- in certain cases, unforeseen expenses like contingencies costs also to be added to the total cost

15. (a )Explain the different methods (units) of measurement of work.

The principle for dimensions and measurements is to use millimeter(mm) for minute dimensions,
centimeter (cm) for small dimensions and metre(m) for big dimensions,. Distances are measured in
kilometer(km)
Some of the materials and their unit of dimensions are
1. Bricks,stone blocks etc all dimensions in cm
2. Glass panes, AC sheets etc length, breadth in cm, thickness
3. Doors, windows etc height and breadth in cm
4. Timber length in m and cross directional dimension in cm/mm
5. Masonry(brickwork,stone) length and height in m, thickness or breadth in cm

Typical bay method :

- This method is mainly useful for RCC framed structures or trussed roofs with a number of
repetitive bays ( eg. Workshop shed, long halls on beams)
- This method is useful at the planning stage to decide upon the layout of the structure
 - In this method, a typical bay of the building is considered. The detailed estimate is prepared
by taking all the items of work involved from foundation to roof level
- Then the cost of the typical bay is worked out by multiplying the quantities by thecurrent
rate of each item of work.
Rough quantity method :
In this method approximate total length of walls is found in running metre and this total
length multiplied by the rate per running metre of wall gives a fairly accurate cost.
For this method the structure may be divided into
1. Foundation including plinth
2. Superstructure should be multiplied by the total length of walls
The running metre cost for foundation and superstructure should be calculated first and
these running metre rates should be multiplied by the total length of walls

(OR)
(b) Explain the following terms (a) Abstract estimate (b) Out turn work (c) Data to be considered for
measurement of works.

Abstract /preliminary/approximate estimate:

- It is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work or project, to decide the
financial position and policy making for the administration sanction by the competent
authority.
- In case of commercial projects which earn revenue income, the approximate cost may be
known to know whether the investment is justified or not.
- The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar
works.
- This estimate is prepared showing separately cost of all items of works
- This estimate is accompanied by a brief report, showing how the cost of separate items have
been arrived at, site plan or layout plan
- A percentage of 5% to 10% is added as contingencies
Out turn work :
The capacity of doing work by an artisan or skilled labour in the form of quantity of work per
day is known as the task work or out turn of the labour
The out-turn of work per artisan varies to some extent according to the nature, size, height,
situation, location etc. in bigger cities where specialized and experienced labour is available
the out-turn is greater compared to small towns
For ex. Some of the out-turn of the labourers as follows
Particulars quantity per day
1. Brickwork in lime or cement 1.25 Cu.m 45 Cu.ft per mason
Mortar on foundation
2. RCC work 3.0 Cu.m 125 Cu.ft per mason
3. Painting or varnishing 200 Sq.m 250 Sq.ft per painter
4. Door and windows 0.15 Sq.m 1.5 Sq.ft per carpenter
5. White washing or color washing 200 Sq.m 200 Sq.ft per painter
(one coat)