2 V TVT r

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What is "Clause"?
1. A clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and predicate, and
functioning as a member of a sentence.

2. A clause is the smallest grammatical

unit that contains minimally a subject
and a predicate, that can or cannot
express a complete thought or idea.

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There are two kinds of clauses:
1. Main clause {independent clause) , a clause that can
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stand alone as a sentence (can make sense by itself);
also known as a simple sentence.

2. Subordinate clause (dependent clause), a clause that

add the additional information to the main clause, but
which cannot stand alone as a sentence.

In a complex sentence, at least consists of one main

clause and one subordinate clause , for example:

“ He believed that the earth was round” .

main clause subordinate clause

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 Clause

Main Clause Subordinate

Clause
( Independent (Dependent
Clause)
Clause)

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A subordinate clause (dependent clause)
modifies the main clause (independent clause)
of a sentence or serve as a component of it.

• The subordinate clause (dependent clause) is

divided into three different types:
a. Noun clause,
b. Adjectival clause (relative clause) ; and
c. Adverbial clause.

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 Subordinate
Clause

Adjectival
Noun Clause Clause Adverbial Clause
(Relative Clause)

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A. NOUN CLAUSE 1
• A noun clause is a clause that contains a finite verb {a
form that shows the integrated relation between tense
and subject of a verb), and functioning like a noun within
a sentence.

• Common types of noun clause in English may include:

A. Noun Clause with “ that” ;
.
B Noun Clause with “ if/ whether” ;
-
C. Noun Clause with “ wh words” .

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Examples:
A. Noun Clause with “ that ” :

1.1 believe that everything happens for a reason.

2.1 know that the students studiecj their assignment.

B. Noun clause with “ if” or “ whether” :

1.1 don’t know if mv sister is at home.

2.1 don’t know whether mv sister is at home.
3.1 don’t know whether my sister is at home or not.
4. I don’t know whether or not mv sister is at home.

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C. Noun Clause with ‘‘wh- words” :

1.1 want to know what makes you laugh -

2.1 don’t know where he lives.
3. Please tell me how old you are.
4. I wonder why Tom is absent .
5. Do you know when they left? .
6. Tell me whom you saw at the party.
7. Tell me who came to the party .
8. You haven’t told me whose car this is.

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• A noun clause has its own subject and predicate.
In a sentence:
I know where he lives, for instance, “ he” is the
subject of the noun clause; and lives” is the
predicate (in verb category ) of the noun clause.

S P
_

I know where he lives

U I I I I
S P o
Noun Clause

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B. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
• An adjective clause (also called relative clause ), is
a clause that modifies a noun. It describes or gives
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information about a noun.

• An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative

pronoun ( who, whom, that, which, and whose) or a
relative adverb ( where and when).

• There are two basic types of adjective clauses:

A. Nonrestrictive (nonessential) adjective clause;
B. Restrictive (essential) adjective clause.

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A. Nonrestrictive (nonessential) adjective clause:
The clause that simply gives extra information about
the noun.
Example:
'My older brother's car, which he bought two years
ago, has already needed many repairs

B. Restrictive (essential) adjective clause:

The clause that offers essential information and is
needed to complete the sentence's thought.
Example:
'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not
ready '.

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 Other Examples of Adjectival Clause with
“ whd , “ whom" , and Cthrfh
“ Who ” functions as a Subject Pronoun:
1. The beautiful lady who sits next to me is friendly.
2. The beautiful lady that sits next to me is friendly

“ Whom” functions as an Object Pronoun:

3. The beautiful lady whom l_ met yesterday was
friendly.*
4. The beautiful lady that / met yesterday was friendly.

INFORMAL ; The beautiful lady who I met yesterday was friendly.

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In addition, when who/that ( as subject pronoun) is
used as an adjectival clause in a sentence, it
cannot be omitted.

CORRECT:
1. The beautiful lady who sits next to me is
friendly.
2. The beautiful lady t_hat sits next to me is
friendly.

INCORRECT:
3. * The beautiful lady sits next to me is friendly.

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* However, when whom/ that (as object pronoun) is
used as an adjectival clause in a sentence, it can
be omitted.

CORRECT:
1. The beautiful lady whom I met yesterday was
friendly.
2. The beautiful lady that / met yesterday was
friendly.
3. The beautiful lady / met yesterday was friendly.

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OTHER EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE WITH
“ WHICH” , “ WHOSE” , “ WHEN” , AND “ WHERE’ \

1 . a. The river which flows through town is polluted,

b. The river that flows through town is polluted.

2. a. The books which / bought were expensive.

b. The books that l_ bought were expensive.
c. The books / bought were expensive.

3. The man whose car was stolen called the police.

4.1 know a girl whose brother is a movie star.

5.1 remember the day when we won the cup .

6. The town where they met was called London.

,

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C. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE 1
• An adverbial clause functions like an adverb in
giving information about the reason, manner, time,
place, concession, condition, or purpose of an
action that occurred.

• The name "adverbial” suggests that adverbial

clauses modify verbs; but they modify whole
clauses.

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 SOME EXAMPLES OF
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE:

1.1 did this work, because this work is part of my educational

project , { reason)

2. He ate as if he were starving for months. ( manner )

3. Before you go, bring me some water, ( time)

4. Put it where we can see it. ( place)

5. Even though we treat her kindly, she is suspicious of us.

{concession)

6. Unless you study hard, you will fail in this exam, ( condition)

7. We need to eat so that we may live ( purpose)

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 Summary Chart:

Noun
Clause
|Z_ That Clause

if/whether
Clause

Wh- Clause
Clause
Restrictive
Clause
Adjectival
¥> Subordinate Clause
Clause (Relative Clause)
Nonrestrictive
(Dependent Clause
Clause)

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GIVING
INFORMATION
ABOUT:
Adverbial
Clause Reason, Manner,
Time, Place,
Concession,
Condition, Purpose

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EXERCISE IM a
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