HONORS BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE FALL 2018

THIS WILL BE COLLECTED ON YOUR FINAL EXAM DAY.

ALL STUDY GUIDES MUST BE HANDWRITTEN. NO TYPED (PHOTOGRAPHED, PHOTOCOPIED, ETC)

TEXT, DIAGRAMS OR PHOTOS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

This study guide is designed to help you organize yourself to review for the 1st semester final exam. In addition
to this document, you should review all unit objectives, handouts, past review activities, PowerPoint
presentations and labs.

UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Compare protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to location within atoms, electric charge, and mass.

2. Use definitions, examples and drawings to explain what ions, isotopes and neutral atoms are.

3. Describe the role of bonds and recognize the differences between covalent, hydrogen and ionic bonding.

4. What is CHONPS? Why are these atoms important?

5. What are the HONC rules?

6. Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers. Provide examples of the following group of
molecules- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Triglycerides and Nucleic Acids. Include a drawing and name the
monomer

Carbohydrates Protein

Nucleic Acid Triglyceride

7. Hydrolysis reactions are also called decomposition reactions. Why are these both good names for this type
of reaction?
Figure 5-2

8. What type of molecule is shown in Figure 5-2?

9. What is the molecule at the left side of Figure 5-2?

10. What are the three molecules at the right side of Figure 5-2?

11. Why does this molecule store more energy than other macromolecules?

12. How many water molecules are needed when the molecule above breaks apart? Name and describe this
type of reaction.

13. How many water molecules are formed when 6 monosaccharides are joined together? Name and describe
this type of reaction.

14. What are disaccharides and polysaccharides? Draw their structures below and provide several examples
of each.

15. What is a polypeptide?

16. Identify the following structure. Label the functional groups. What does the letter R stand for?

17. Identify each of the characteristics listed below for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

A. Elements E. Special groups

B. Building blocks F. Special rules
C. Function G. Examples
D. Molecular structure
18. Put the following terms in order from the most inclusive to the least inclusive.

Atom DNA Molecule

Cell Organism Nucleus
Chromatin Organ system Organ
Chromosome

UNIT 2- ENERGY
19. What is meant by selectively permeable membrane model?

20. What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions? Give an example of each.

21. What is the difference between reduction and oxidation? Write out a chemical reaction and indicate the
oxidized molecule, the reduced molecule, the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent.

22. What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?

23. What is activation energy, and how do enzymes affect it?

24. Using lactase as an example, explain and diagram how enzymes work. Include the following terms in your
answer- active site, enzyme, products, reactants, substrate, substrate-enzyme complex

25. Describe the general function and properties of all enzymes?

Figure 5-1

26. According to Figure 5-1, which enzyme is most effective at a

temperature of 40C? Which enzyme would you expect to find in a
bacterium growing in a hot spring?

27. Use figure 5-1 to explain why enzymes have optimal working
conditions.
28. Use the following key for the next set of questions:

A. Always true
B. Sometimes true
C. Never true

• Enzymes are organic. ____________

• Enzymes work best at 86 o F. ______________
• Enzymes can be reused. _________________
• Enzymes are made of protein. ____________
• Enzymes work best at a pH of 10. ________________

29. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Give an example of each type of
organism.

30. What organelle(s) performs cellular respiration in eukaryotes, photosynthesis? How do the structures of
these organelles enhance their functions?

31. What is ATP and how is energy released from it? What is the ATP/ ADP cycle?

32. Why are six carbon dioxide molecules required to make one glucose molecule?

33. What is chemical energy? How do cells release it from food?

34. Identify the electron carriers of cellular respiration. Discuss the relationship between the electron carriers
and the electron transport chain.

35. Describe the products and reactants at each stage of cellular respiration- Glycolysis, (transition), Krebs and
Electron Transport Chain. What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Figure 7-3
36. Label Figure 7-3 as Cellular Respiration, alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Explain your
reasoning for labeling each.

A student poured a solution of bromothymol blue indicator into three test tubes. Then, he placed an
aquatic plant in two of the test tubes, as shown below. He placed a stopper on each test tube and
placed them all in the dark for 24 hours. Bromothymol blue turns from blue to yellow in the presence of
CO2.

Figure 9–4
37. Look at Figure 9–4. Which process or processes would you expect the
organisms in the test tubes to carry out—cellular respiration, photosynthesis,
or both? When would you expect each process to occur?

38. What is the purpose of the bromothymol blue in Figure 9–4? How can the
student use this indicator to draw conclusions about the processes that the
aquatic plants are carrying out? Explain your answer.

39. Predict what will happen to the test tubes in Figure 9–4 after 24 hours in
the dark.

40. Assume that after 24 hours in the dark, the bromothymol blue in test tubes 2 and 3 in Figure 9–4 had
turned yellow. The student then placed test tube 3 in a sunny window. He left test tube 2 in the dark. Predict
what color the solution in each test tube will be after the next 24 hours.

41. Explain your predictions above in terms of cellular respiration and/or photosynthesis.

42. How is the experiment above like the goldfish and plant experiment shown in class? How would adding a
fish to each of the test tubes above change the results?

43. What is the relationship between the reactions of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

44. Compare the light dependent and Calvin cycles of photosynthesis. Where does each occur? What are the
reactants and products of each? Explain the role of each of the reactants in photosynthesis.

45. Explain the role of sunlight in photosynthesis.

46. Why are plants green?

47. Write the overall equation for photosynthesis in both symbols and words.

48. What is CO2 fixation?

49. Why is the splitting of water important in photosynthesis?

UNIT 3- DNA AND CELL DIVISION

50. List and describe the main events of the cell cycle. Illustrate your description with a diagram of the cell
cycle. Create a key for the diagram below. Indicate what happens at each stage

51. Distinguish between chromatin, chromatid, chromosome, sister chromatids and duplicated chromosomes.

52. When does a cell have duplicated chromosomes? When does a cell have unduplicated chromosomes?

52. What is the chromosome number of the cell shown in Figure 9-4?

54. Identify the structures labeled X and Y in Figure 9-4.

55. List the correct order for the diagrams in Figure 9-4 and describe what
happens to the genetic material at each stage.

56. After the steps shown in Figure 9-4 are arranged in the correct order,
what would a diagram of the next step show?

Figure 9-4
57. Describe how a plant cell produces a new cell wall during cytokinesis.

58. What is the purpose of cell division (what life processes does it enable)?

59. Why are cells small?

60. What is the outcome of mitosis, give number of cells and the genetic relationship between original and
daughter cells.

61. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

62. What’s the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

63. Describe the roles of the P53 and RAS genes in healthy cells. What happens when one/both are mutated?

64. How does cell reproduction contribute to repair and growth? What does this picture below represent?

A. What would the complementary strand look like?

B. Draw an arrow indicating which direction this strand would be read in

the process of replication.

65. If the percentage of guanine in the DNA of a certain species

decreased by 5 percent over time, what would you expect to have
happened to the percentage of adenine in that DNA?

66. Explain why Polymerases can only add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

67. What is Chargaff’s rule?

68. What is DNA replication? Where does it occur? When does it occur? Why does it occur? How does it
occur? What are replication forks? What enzymes are involved in the process? (Draw and diagram)
69. The diagram below indicates a strand of DNA during replication. Label this diagram with as much
information as possible.

UNIT 4 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Figure 12-4

70. If the molecule labeled D in Figure 12-4 above is mRNA, what is the anticodon at the sequence labeled F?

71. In Figure 12–4, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs during step
Y?

72. Describe the above process including the functions of DNA, mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

73. Describe the process in which an RNA transcript is converted into a final mRNA. Include all post
transcriptional controls that we covered.

74. What is the advantage of alternative RNA splicing?

75. What is the relationship between codons and anticodons.

76. Describe the four types of mutations learned about in class. Why do some kinds of mutations cause greater
changes in proteins than others?
77. How does transcription differ from DNA replication? Describe at least four differences.

78. Explain what the redundancy of the genetic code means. Compare the number of amino acids and codons,
and describe how that effects mutations and relative amounts of amino acids present in proteins.

79. Your body contains many types of cells, both your skin cells and your muscle cells contain the exact same
genetic code, explain why the cells are different.

80. Describe how methylation of DNA and acetylation of histones helps to regulate gene expression.

81. For A-G indicate whether it applies to DNA, RNA, Both, or Neither

A. Contains deoxyribose ____________________

B. Double stranded ________________________
C. Contains the bases adenine, thymine, guanine _______________
D. Contains the base Uracil _________________
E. Leaves the cell nucleus __________________
F. Involved in protein synthesis ______________
G. Contains phosphate _______________
H. Contains codons__________________

82. Explain how the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus work together in producing and
transporting proteins.