SURVEY CAMP REPORT

SUBMITTED BY
BATCH II

BATCH
MEMBERS

W.CATHERINE BETH (310817103018)

K.S.KALAIVANI (310817103034)

F.LALITHA (310817103040)

V.MAHALAKSHMI (310817103041)

S.KEERTHANA (310817103701)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, CHENNAI – 600 119.
OCTOBER 2019
 JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING
COLLEGE

JEPPIAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST

Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai –
600 119.

This is a certified Bonafide Record Book of REGISTER NO:

Submitted for the Anna University Practical Examination held on
in SURVEY CAMP during the year 2019-2020

Signature of the Lab-in-charge

EXAMINERS:

Date: Internal:

External:
 JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JEPPIAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST

Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai –
600 119.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that Shri/Smt, is a bonafide student of JEPPIAAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE pursuing B.E CIVIL ENGINEERING
Certified further that this report titled “SURVEY CAMP REPORT” is the
bonafide work of. (REG.No: ) who carried out the work under
my supervision. It is also hereby certified that the above student had regular
attendance during the camp.

Mrs. T.Pauline M.E.,

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil
Engineering
Jeppiaar Engineering
College Chennai –
600 119.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Late.Honourable.

Colonel. Dr.Jeppiaar, M.A., BL., Ph.D., (chairman-Jeppiaar Education Trust)
and our Beloved Director Mrs.M.Regeena Jeppiaar, B, Tech., M.B.A.,
(Ph.D.).For giving us an opportunity to do the survey camp.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to our Principal

Dr.J.Venugopala krishnan (M.Tech., Ph.D.), for his valuable support.

I would also like to thank Mrs. T.Pauline M.E., (Assistant professor) for
selecting the site of Manamathi village for the phase II of our camp.

Specially, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Mr.

K.KAMALESH (Assistant Professor) for his valuable guidance during the
entire camp and help in preparing this report.

I thank all the staff members of our Department for their kind support and
encouragement to make this camp a success.

Further, I thank Mr. R.Prabhu Raja, Mr. C.Vijaykumar,

Mr.D.Dineshkumar, Mr. C.Parthiban andMs. for their whole-

hearted Co-operation and assisting us during the entire camp.

Last but not the least; I thank all my team members for their enormous
effort and co- operation during the entire period.

Above all, I thank the Almighty for his grace, without which our endeavor
would not have been a success.
 SURVEY CAMP

It has been proposed to conduct an Extensive Survey Camp in Manamathi

village. The site was selected near the Manamathi village Lake. It was also proposed
to conduct a Preliminary Survey Camp in the proposed site of Jeppiaar engineering
college campus. The survey work started by 8.00 am and completed before 2.00 pm.
The calculation work was completed later on. The preparation work such as
arranging and selection of appropriate instrument and collection of required tools
and tackles has been done on the previous day evening itself to facilitate easy
starting of survey work.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. TRIANGULATION SURVEYING

2. TRILATERATION METHOD

3. TRIGNOMETRIC LEVELLING

4. RADIAL CONTOURING

5. GRID CONTOURING

6. LONGITUDINAL & CROSS SECTIONAL LEVELLING

7. RECIPROCAL LEVELLING

8. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXP. PAGE
NO. DATE DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY WORK NO.

1. 01/07/2019 TRIANGULATION SURVEYING 14

2. 01/07/2019 TRIALTERATION METHOD 17

3. 02/07/2019 TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING 21

4. 03/07/2019 RADIAL CONTOURING 25

5. 03/07/2019 GRID CONTOURING 29

6. 04/07/2019 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION SURVEYING 40

7. 04/07/2019 RECIPROCAL LEVELLING 45

8. 05/07/2019 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYING 48

 LIST OF TABLES

NO. TABLUATION AND CALCULATION PAGE NO.

1 DETERMINATION OF R.L – RADIAL CONTOURING 27

DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL ANGLE TRIGNOMETRIC

2 23
LEVELING
3 DETERMINATION OF R.L – GRID CONTOURING 32
4 DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION –
47
RECIPROCAL LEVELING
5 DETERMINATION OF R.L – LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS
SECTIONAL SURVEY 43
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
NO. NO.
1 TRIANGULATION SYSTEM 19
2 TRILATERATION 27
3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING 32

4 RECIPROCAL LEVELING 45

5 COMPONENTS OF CROSS SECTION OF ROADWAY 50

6 58
RECONAISSANCE SURVEY
 INTRODUCTION
SURVEYING:
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of
various points above or below the surface of the earth. The relative positions can be
determined by measuring the horizontal distances, vertical distances, horizontal
angles and vertical angles accurately using various surveying instruments. After
taking the measurements in the field, computations are done and the plans and maps
are prepared in the office. These plans and maps are used for planning of engineering
works, marking of boundaries, computations of area and volume and other purposes.

OBJECTS OF SURVEYING:
To take measurements to determine the relative positions of
existing features on or near the ground.
To layout or mark the position of proposed structures on the ground.
To determine the areas, volumes and related qualities.

PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING:
Always work from whole to part.
Always choose the method of survey that is most suitable.
Always make provisions for adequate checks.
Always record field observation carefully.

Surveying is primarily divided into two types:

Plane surveying.
Geodetic surveying.

PLANE SURVEYING:
It is used for relatively small area.
The curved line on earth’s surface is considered as straight.
The direction of plumb lines at various points are assumed to be
parallel to one another.
The spherical angles are considered as plane angles.
The standard of accuracy is lower than geodetic surveying.
GEODETIC SURVEY:
It is used for large areas.
It is used for establishing precise points of reference control points.
The surface of the earth is considered as curved.
The direction of plumb lines at various points is different. The
earth’s mean sea level is perpendicular to direction of gravity.
The standard of accuracy is very high.

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING:

Based on the purpose for they are conducted, survey may be classified into the
following
types:

Control surveying,
Land surveying,
City surveys,
Topographical surveys,
Route surveys,
Mine surveys,
Hydrographic surveys,
Astronomic surveys,
Geological surveys,
Construction surveys,

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED:

Chain surveying: It is the type of surveying in which only linear
measurements are taken with the help of chain or tape. Angular measurements are
not taken.

Compass surveying: In compass surveying the horizontal angles are

measured with the help of magnetic compass, in addition to the linear
measurements with chain or tape.

Levelling: This is the type of survey in which the levelling instrument is

used for determination of relative elevation of various points in a vertical plane.
 Plane table surveying: In plain table surveying a map is prepared in the
field while viewing the terrain after determining the directions of various and their
measurements are made with chain or tape.

Theodolite survey: Theodolite is a very special instruments used for

determining distance and elevation.

Tachometric survey: Tachometric is a special instrument used for

determining. Distance and elevation. This type of survey conducted using theodolite
fitted with stadia diaphragm.

Photogrammetric survey: Photogrammetric is science of taking

measurements with the help of photograph. These survey are generally used for
topographic mapping of large areas.

SCOPE OF SURVEY CAMP WORK:

Scope of survey camp work is to provide a firsthand practical knowledge and
experience for the students in surveying and traversing.

METHOD OF TRAVERSING:
Depending upon the types of instruments used for measurements of angles,
the method of traversing is classified as follows:

Chain traverse: In a chain traverse, the direction of the traverse line is fixed
by taking suitable ties near the traverse station. A chain traverse is not very accurate
and is rarely used in practice.

Plane table survey: A plane table can be for plotting a traverse directly in the
field.

Stadia traverse: In stadia traverse the length of the traverse lines, the angle
between the traverse line and elevation of traverse station are measured with
tachometer.

Theodolite survey: In a theodolite traverse, the angle are measured with

theodolite. This the most accurate method of traversing.

TYPES OF TRAVERSE:
A traverse may be classified as follows:

1. Closed traverse.

2. Open traverse.
 Closed traverse: A closed traverse starts from one station and closes on the
same station whose location is already know. The closed traverse is also called as
link traverse or connecting traverse.
 Open traverse: An open traverse starts from one station and closes at
another station whose location is neither known nor located. An open traverse is
generally done for a long strip of area.

Practical hints for good works:

1. To reduce glare buff paper should be used.

2. Setup the table at a level slightly lower than your elbow height.

3. The blade of alidade should be frequently cleaned to remove graphite.

4. Drawing board should be on edges to avoid wrapping.

5. In a plane station the traverse line should be measured in

both forward and backward direction.
6. Avoid smudging. Always use hard pencil.

7. Do not waste time in accurate centering in all cases.

COMPUTATION OF AREAS:
In surveying the areas means the area of tract of land as projected upon a
horizontal plane and not the actual area of the tract for steep tract the actual area is
much more than in the projected area. The area of the land is computed from its
plan. The methods selected for computation of the area depend upon the shape of
the tract and the accuracy required. When the plane is enclosed by straight
boundaries it can be subdivided into simple geometric shapes such as triangles,
trapezoid, rectangles etc.

UNITS:

PARAMETERS UNITS DIMENSIONS

Length Meter (m) L
Area Square Meter (m2)
L2
Volume Cubic Meter (m3)
L3

AREA COMPUTED BY SUB-DIVISION INTO TRIANGLES:

If the tract has strike boundaries, can be easily divided into numbers of
triangles. The area of each triangles is computed using the following formula:

When all sides of a triangle are known:

 A= S(S − a)(S − b)(S

Where;

S= (a +b +c)/2

a, b and c are lengths of the three sides .

SIMPSON ONE-THIRD RULE:

This rule assumes that the short lengths of boundary between the ordinates
are parabolic arcs. This method is more useful when the boundary line departs
considerably from the straight line.

TRAPEZOIDAL RULE:
This rule is based on the assumption that the figures are trapezoids. Add the
average of the end offsets to the sum of the intermediate offsets multiply the total
sum thus obtained by the common distance between the ordinates to get the required
area.

MULTI-LEVEL SECTION:
In this method, the co-ordinate system provides the most general method of
calculating area. The cross section nodes provided with X and Y co-ordinates for
each vertex of the section, the origin being at central point H. The X co-ordinates
are measured positive to the right and negative to the left of the H. The Y co-
ordinates are measured positive for cuts and negative for fills.
 TRIANGULATION

EX.NO:1 Day: Monday

Date: 01/07/2019

AIM:

To determine the Horizontal and Vertical Control Points for

the given area by forming networks of triangles.

APPARATUS USED:

1. Theodolite with an accuracy of 2”

2. Tripod stand

3. Ranging rods

4. Metallic tape

5. Dumpy level

6. Levelling staff

LOCATION:

The site is situated near Manamathi village.

SITE CONDITIONS:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00
P.M on 01/07/2019 which was a clear sunny day.
DESCRIPTION:

Triangulation Survey:

Triangulation Survey is a one which is to establish primary & secondary

control point in hilly terrain by series of interconnecting triangles in which the
base line can be measured accurately by Invar Tape or EDM instrument. By
Trignometric proportion the remaining sides of the triangle can be computed. It is
applicable for area of small extent, where the traversing is slow and difficult. Such
condition exists in urban area where there is heavy traffic and also in rugged
mountain regions.

PROCEDURE:

The survey work has been conducted as described below,

1. The baseline AL is measured and fixed on level surface.

2. The leveling instrument has been set up at the given station A and it
is leveled by making temporary adjustments.

3. The horizontal angles are taken between the given stations by using
Method of Repetition combined with Method of Reiteration.

4. The instrument is shifted to L and the horizontal angles are taken

between the given stations.

5. The stations are connected in the form of Network of triangles.

6. The sides of the triangles are calculated by using sine formula.

7. The area of the Network of triangles is computed by the above formula.

 OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:

TRIANGLE INST SIGHT SIDE

. TO VERNIER A VERNIER MEAN INTERIOR OPPOSITE S AREA
A B ANGLE ANGLE (m) (m) (sq.m.)
T

0
‘ “ ‘ “ 0
‘ “ 0
‘ “
A B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 30 40 28.95

ABC 36.61 242.03

C 81 30 40 30 40 81 30 40
B A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 34 0 22.93
C 51 34 0 34 0 51 34 0
C A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 55 20 21.83

B 46 55 20 55 20 46 55 20
B C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 31 0 15.38
D 31 31 0 31 0 31 31 0 35.88 206.61
BCD C B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 44 40 27.42
D 68 44 40 44 40 68 44 40
D B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 44 20 28.95
C 79 44 20 44 20 79 44 20
C D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 20 0 12.33

CDE E 44 20 0 0 20 44 20 0 22.38 91.69

D C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 00 17.04
E 75 0 0 0 0 75 0 0
E C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 40 0 15.38
D 60 40 0 40 0 60 40 0
D E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 00 28.95

DEF F 65 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 23.85 101.8

E D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 20 0 17.15
F 74 20 0 20 0 74 20 0
F D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 0 12.33
E 40 40 0 40 0 40 40 0
MODEL CALCULATION:

51*34 B

21.83m

28.93 m A

81*30’40”
22.93m

C
By Sine rule,

(AB/Sin C) = (AC/Sin B) =

(BC/Sin A) 21.83/Sin

46*55’20” = AC/sin 51*34’

AC = 22.93 m

21.83/sin 46*55’20” = BC/sin 81*30’40”

C = 28.93m.

S=

(22.93+28.93
+21.83)/2

=36.61m

Area, A = (36.61(36.61-22.93) (36.61-28.93)(36.61-21.83))1/2

=242.03m2

Total area of the given site=642.13m2

RESULT:
The complete area of the land surveyed using triangulation has been calculated as
642.13 m2
and it has been presented in the form of the figure
 TRILATERATION

EX.NO:2 Day: Monday

Date: 01/07/2019

AIM:

To find out the area of the given site by using a network of triangles by
Trilateration
method.

APPARATUS USED:

1. Theodolite with an accuracy of 2”

2. Tripod

3. Ranging rod

4. Metallic tape

LOCATION:

The survey site is located in Manamathi village.

SITE CONDITIONS:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on
01/07/2019 which was a clear sunny day.

DEFINITION:

Trilateration: Trilateration Survey is a technique which consists of series

of interconnecting triangles. In this, all the sides of the triangles are measured by
EDM instrument. By the Trignometrical proportion, with the help of the sides of
triangle, these angles can be determined. The traversing and plotting can be done
similar to Triangulation.
PROCEDURE:

1. The baseline AB is not measured as in triangulation survey. Instead a two

staff readings at two different vertical angles are measured from which the
baseline distance can be calculated.

2. The leveling instrument has been set up at the given station A and it is
leveled by making temporary adjustments.

3. The horizontal angles are taken between the given stations by using Theodolite
Traversing.

4. The stations are connected in the form of Network of triangles.

5. The sides of the triangles are calculated by using sine formula.

6. The area of the Network of triangles is computed by the Area of Triangle

Method mentioned in the introduction chapter.
TABULATION:

I SI
G SIDE
N H VERNIER VERNIER MEAN STAFF OPPOSITE S(m) AREA
S T A B ANGLE STATION (m) (sq.m.)
T T
A O
T
0 ‘ “ ‘ “ 0 ‘ “

B 9 21 40 21 40 9 21 40 2.600 18.85
A 24.54 104.99
10 33 20 33 20 10 33 20 3.005
2 20 0 20 0 2 20 0 2.950 11.97
C
5 40 0 40 0 5 40 0 3.650
1 52 20 52 20 1 52 20 1.350 18.26 24.53 67.69
B C
3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1.710
D 2 25 20 25 20 2 25 20 2.600 22.72
3 19 40 19 40 3 19 40 2.960
D 1 10 0 10 0 1 10 0 2.850 8.07 17.34 50.63

C 2 5 20 5 20 2 5 20 2.980
E 3 24 40 24 40 3 24 40 3.070 13.91
5 10 20 10 20 5 10 20 3.500
E 1 44 0 44 0 1 44 0 0.450 12.69
D
4 26 0 26 0 4 26 0 1.050 19.87 71.83
F 1 20 33 20 33 1 20 33 1.410 11.48
3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1.700
E F 1 4 20 4 20 1 4 20 1.200 15.56
2 26 0 26 0 2 26 0 1.570
MODEL CALCULATION:

18.26m

18.85 m C

11.97m

∆ABC,

AB= S / (tanα1-tanα2)

= (3.005-2.600) /

(tan10033’20”-tan9021’40”)

AB=18.85m

AC= S / (tanα1-tanα2)

= (3.650-2.950) /

(tan5040’-tan2020’)

AC= 11.97m

BC= S / (tanα1-tanα2)

= (1.710-1.350) /

(tan30-tan1052’20”)
BC=18.26m

S= (18.26 + 11.97 + 18.85)

=24.54m

Area, A = ((24.54(24.54 - 18.26)(24.54 – 11.97)(24.54 – 18.85)))1/2

=104.990m2.

Total Area of the given site = 295.14 m2.

RESULT:
The complete area of the land surveyed using trilateration has been calculated as
295.14 m2
and it has been presented in the form of the figure.
 TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING

Day: Tuesday
EX.NO: 3

Date: 02/07/2019

AIM:

To determine the elevation of the given location and horizontal distance

from instrument station and to elevation points which is to be determined.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Theodolite

2. Tape

3. Leveling staff

4. Plumb bob

FORMULA:

h1 = dtan Ө1

h2 = (d+D)tan Ө2

R.L of top of C = R.L of A + H.I + h1

Height of Hill = R.L. of top of hill – R.L. of station A

LOCATION:

The site is located at Manamathi village in the hillock located near the Madurandagam
lake.
SITE CONDITION:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on 02/07/2019
which was a clear sunny day.

PROCEDURE:

The survey work has been conducted as described below,

1. Set up the theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude
bubble.

2. Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the
plates. Read the vertical angle Ө1.

3. Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the second
instrument station R on the ground. Measure the distance RP accurately.

4. Repeat steps (2) and (3) for both face observations. The mean values should be
adopted.

5. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the
center of its run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M.

6. Shift the instrument to R and set up the theodolite there. Measure the
vertical angle Ө2 to Q with both face observations.

7. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the
center of its run. Take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M.

INSTRUMENT AXES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS:

When the instrument axes are at different levels. If S1 and S2 are the
corresponding staff readings on the staff kept at B.M., the difference in levels of the
instrument axes will be either (S2-S1) if the axis at B is higher or (S1-S2) if the axis
at A is higher. It has been derived from, when S2 is greater than S1

h1= D tanØ1
h2 = (d+D) tan Ø2
OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:

H.I (I) = 0.110m

H.I (II) = 1.380m

INSTRUMENT STAFF DISTANCE VERTICAL

POSITION (m) ANGLE
AT
A BM 10045’00”
10
B BM 9028’40”

CALCULATION:

Ø = 10045’00”

tan Ø1 =h2/D

1=D tan Ø1

tan Ø2

=h2/(d+D)

h2=(d+D)tan

Ø2

subtracting(2)fr

om(1),we get

h1-h2=D tan

Ø1- (d+D) tan

Ø2

S =D tan Ø1-dtan Ø2-Dtan Ø2

 S= D(tan Ø1-tan

Ø2)-d tan Ø2 D(tan

Ø1-tan Ø2)= s+d

tan Ø2

D = (S+d tan

Ø2)/(tan Ø1-tan

Ø2) S =1.165m.

D= (1.165+10 cot 90 28’40”)(tan 90 28’40”)/(tan 10045’00”-tan 9028’40”)

 D=143.35m

h1=143.35 * tan10045’00”

=27.22m.

R.L of top of C = R.L of A+H.I+h1

=100.000+1.615+27.22

=128.835m.

Height of Hill= R.L of top of hill-R.L of Station A

=128.835-100.000

=28.835m.

RESULT:

By Trigonometric leveling the following results were obtained,

1) The elevation of the proposed level with respect to the staff station was found
as
28.835m.

2) The corresponding horizontal distance between the staff station and proposed
level is
153.350m.

3) The R.L of the proposed level on the hill with respect to B.M was found to be
128.835m.
 RADIAL
CONTOURING
Day: Wednesday
EX.NO: 4
Date: 03/07/2019

AIM:

To study the concept of contour surveying and to plot the contour lines of the
given area by radial contouring method. From which the volume of cutting and
filling has to be determined for the proposed R.L.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Theodolite with tripod

2. Leveling staff

FORMULA:

V .D = K × S × Sin2θ (C × Cosθ )
Vertical Distance 2

H .D = K × S × Cos 2θ + (C × Sinθ )
Horizontal Distance

When the vertical angle is positive, then

R.L of station = R.L of B.M. +

H.I - V – h When the vertical

angle is negative, then

R.L of station = R.L of B.M. + H.I +V + h.

Where, K – multiplying constant

S – Staff intercept, C - additive constant

H.I – Height of Instrument

V – Difference in height of collimation and center hair reading
LOCATION:

The site is located at Manamathi village in the Kanchipuram district.

SITE CONDITION:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on
03/07/2019 which was a clear sunny day.

PROCEDURE:

The survey work has been conducted as described below,

1. The instrument station ‘O’ was chosen such that almost all the points on
the hillock were seen from it.

2. The instrument was fixed at ‘O’ and the temporary adjustments were made.

3. The instrument was set 0°00’00” at both horizontal & vertical plane on facing
north.

4. The staff was placed along this line of sight at various control
points
were three stadia hair readings were taken.

5. Necessary angle of elevation & depression are taken to locate the specific
control points which are not visible with horizontal line of collimation with
the leveling staff fully extended.

6. Similarly various feasible line of sights were chosen and step 4&5 were repeated

7. Based on the readings the corresponding horizontal distance & vertical

distance were calculated.(using the formulae as shown below)

V .D = K × S × Sin2θ (C × Cosθ )
Vertical 2
Distance

H.D D = K × S × Cos 2θ + (C × Sinθ )

Horizontal Distance

Using the calculated values of horizontal distance & vertical distance a

contour map of the hillock has been generate.
TABULATION:
STAFF READING
VERTCAL STATION HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL R.L H.I
ANGLE ANGLE TOP MIDDL BOTTOM DISTANCE (m)
E

1.250 1.265 1.28 3 100.4 101.

00 0 0 0’ 0”
0 35 7
1.440 1.455 1.47 6 100.2
45
1.910 1.885 1.845 9 100.8
15
2.535 2.50 2.455 12 99.2
400 0’ 0” 1.745 1.725 1.705 3 99.98
00 0 101.
2.470 2.380 2.290 6 99.32
7
2.20 2.180 2.160 9 99.52
3.415 3.350 3.285 12 99.35
1.705 1.745 1.785 3 99.95
00 0 80 0’ 0”
0 101.
2.145 2.125 2.405 6 99.5
7
2.505 2.530 2.555 9 99.17
3.510 3.460 3.470 12 98.24
1.505 2.175 2.405 3 100.2
00 0 120 0’0”
0 1 101.
7
2.205 2.590 2.640 6 99.30
5
3.205 3.055 3.170 9 98.56
4.200 4.220 4.31 12 97.58
2.145 2.275 2.405 3 99.42
00 0 160 0’0”
0 5 101.
7
2.540 2.590 2.640 6 99.11
2.940 3.055 3.170 9 98.64
5
4.130 4.220 4.31 12 99.48
 2.365 2.505 2.745 3 99.19
00 0 200 0’ 0”
0 5 101.
7
3.375 3.130 2.885 6 98.57
4.335 4.180 3.935 9 97.52
3.790 3.640 3.49 12 98.06
4.265 4.100 3.935 3 97.6
00 0 240 0’ 0”
0 101.
3.805 3.695 3.585 6 98.05
7
4.105 4.27 4.435 9 97.43
4.790 4.880 4.79 12 96.82
2.540 2.685 2.54 3 99.01
00 0 280 0’ 0”
0 5 101.
7
3.195 3.00 3.195 6 98.7
3.720 3.605 3.49 9 98.09
5
4.405 4.135 4.405 12 97.56
5
1.380 1.220 1.38 3 100.4
00 0 320 0’ 0”
0 8 101.
7
2.090 1.940 1.79 6 99.76
2.620 2.360 2.100 9 99.34
1.350 1.89 2.43 12 99.81

Check:

∑B.S - ∑F.S. = Last R.L. – First R.L.

1.175-1.8 = 100.435 – 99.81

0.625 = 0.625

Hence checked.

RESULT:

Thus the R.L of the different points on the radial contour are determined.
 GRID CONTOURING

EX.NO: 5 Day:
Wednesday

Date: 03/07/2019

AIM:

To study the concept of contour surveying and to plot the contour plan of the
given area by grid contouring method. From which the volume of cutting and filling
has to be determined for the proposed R.L.

INSTRUMENTS USED:

1. Theodolite with tripod

2. Magnetic compass with stand

3. Leveling staff

4. Ranging rods

5. Tape

6. Arrows

LOCATION OF THE SITE:

The site is located at Manamathi village on the foot of hillock.

SITE CONDITION:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on
03/07/2019 which was a clear sunny day.

FORMULA USED:

Height of the instrument axis = RL of the B.M + B.S

 RL of the staff station = Height of the instrument axis-(I.S

or F.S) Thickness of the Grid = Average of R.L of the Grid

– Proposed R.L

ARITHMETIC CHECK:

∑ B.S - ∑ F.S = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L

DESCRIPTION:

Contour:

A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal

elevation.
It is a line passing through points of equal reduced levels.

Contour Interval:

The interval distance between any two consecutive contours is called

interval. The contour level is kept constant for contour plan. The choice of proper
contour interval depends upon the following considerations.

i. The nature of the ground.

ii. The scale of the map.

iii. The purpose and extent of the survey.

iv. The time and expensive of field and office work.

Characteristics of Contour:

1. The contour lines are closer near the top of a hill or high ground and wide
apart near the foot. This indicates steep slope towards the peak and flatter
slopes towards the foot.

2. Uniformly spaced contour lines indicate a uniform slope.

3. The contour lines are closer near the bank of a pond or depression and
wide apart towards the center.
4. Contour lines always form a close circuit, but these lines may be within or
outside the limits of the map.
 5. Contour lines cannot cross one another except in the case of an
overhanging cliff. But overlapping portion must be shown by a dotted
line.

METHODS OF LOCATING CONTOURS:

The Directed Method:

In direct method the reduced levels are determined in the known coordinates.
This method is applicable to recheck the reduced level in the existing site.

The Indirect Method:

In indirect method the reduced levels are determined randomly in the area to
be surveyed. From which contour lines are plotted. This method is generally
applicable to determine the R.L for the newly constructing site.

PROCEDURE:

The survey work has been conducted as described below,

1. Base line of the given area is marked along the longitudinal direction at
midway.

2. Grids of size 24m x 24m are marked on both sides of base line by
running parallels and perpendicular survey lines.

3. Now the instrument is set at a convenient point in such a way that

maximum number of points could be covered.

4. Preliminary adjustment should be made for perfect leveling of the

instrument.

5. Height of instrument is noted by using leveling staff reading taken

on the standard bench mark.
 6. The leveling staff is kept at every point of the grid and corresponding
readings are noted.

7. If other stations are not visible, the instrument might be shifted and
the above procedures (3 to 6) are repeated.

8. Using the observations the reduced level of all the points of grids is
determined. Then the contour lines of the spillway profile are plotted
on graph sheet at same convenient contour intervals.

TABULATION:

B.S(m) I.S(m) F.S(m) H.I(m) R.L(m) Remarks

1.48 101.48 100 BM
1.49 101.48 99.99 A0
1.47 101.48 100.01 A1
1.43 101.48 100.05 A2
1.37 101.48 100.11 A3
1.35 101.48 100.13 A4
1.31 101.48 100.17 A5
1.27 101.48 100.21 A6
1.19 101.48 100.29 A7
1.3 101.48 100.18 A8
1.32 101.48 100.16 A9
1.2 101.48 100.28 A10
1.15 101.48 100.33 A11
1.15 101.48 100.33 A12
1.16 101.48 100.32 A13
1.1 101.48 100.38 A14
1.57 101.48 99.91 A15
1.59 101.48 99.89 A16
1.45 101.48 100.03 A17
1.43 101.48 100.05 A18
1.39 101.48 100.09 A19
1.37 101.48 100.11 A20
1.3 101.48 100.18 B0
1.34 101.48 100.14 B1
1.26 101.48 100.22 B2
1.21 101.48 100.27 B3
1.2 101.48 100.28 B4
1.25 101.48 100.23 B5
1.21 101.48 100.27 B6
1.2 101.48 100.28 B7
1.12 101.48 100.36 B8
1.1 101.48 100.38 B9
1.61 101.48 99.87 B10
1.59 101.48 99.89 B11
1.57 101.48 99.91 B12
1.52 101.48 99.96 B13
1.5 101.48 99.98 B14
1.46 101.48 100.02 B15
1.42 101.48 100.06 B16
1.39 101.48 100.09 B17
1.74 101.48 99.74 B18
1.75 101.48 99.73 B19
1.72 101.48 99.76 B20
1.7 101.48 99.78 C0
1.63 101.48 99.85 C1
1.63 101.48 99.85 C2
1.57 101.48 99.91 C3
1.5 101.48 99.98 C4
1.66 101.48 99.82 C5
1.63 101.48 99.85 C6
1.64 101.48 99.84 C7
1.54 101.48 99.94 C8
1.55 101.48 99.93 C9
1.52 101.48 99.96 C10
1.5 101.48 99.98 C11
1.45 101.48 100.03 C12
1.56 101.48 99.92 C13
1.78 101.48 99.7 C14
1.8 101.48 99.68 C15
1.74 101.48 99.74 C16
1.72 101.48 99.76 C17
1.68 101.48 99.8 C18
1.66 101.48 99.82 C19
1.63 101.48 99.85 C20
1.98 101.48 99.5 D0
1.84 101.48 99.64 D1
1.71 101.48 99.77 D2
1.52 101.48 99.96 D3
1.56 101.48 99.92 D4
1.55 101.48 99.93 D5
1.54 101.48 99.94 D6
1.65 101.48 99.83 D7
1.92 101.48 99.56 D8
1.88 101.48 99.6 D9
1.84 101.48 99.64 D10
1.82 101.48 99.66 D11
1.76 101.48 99.72 D12
1.74 101.48 99.74 D13
1.72 101.48 99.76 D14
1.68 101.48 99.8 D15
2.1 101.48 99.38 D16
2.1 101.48 99.38 D17
2.3 101.48 99.18 D18
1.98 101.48 99.5 D19
1.95 101.48 99.53 D20
1.85 101.48 99.63 E0
1.62 101.48 99.86 E1
1.55 101.48 99.93 E2
1.9 101.48 99.58 E3
1.98 101.48 99.5 E4
1.9 101.48 99.58 E5
1.86 101.48 99.62 E6
1.8 101.48 99.68 E7
1.78 101.48 99.7 E8
1.8 101.48 99.68 E9
1.7 101.48 99.78 E10
2.12 101.48 99.36 E11
2.05 101.48 99.43 E12
2.05 101.48 99.43 E13
2 101.48 99.48 E14
2 101.48 99.48 E15
1.94 101.48 99.54 E16
1.83 101.48 99.65 E17
2.01 101.48 99.47 E18
2.09 101.48 99.39 E19
2.6 101.48 98.88 E20
1.94 101.48 99.54 F0
1.9 101.48 99.58 F1
2.55 101.48 98.93 F2
1.84 101.48 99.64 F3
1.84 101.48 99.64 F4
1.8 101.48 99.68 F5
1.78 101.48 99.7 F6
2.13 101.48 99.35 F7
2.01 101.48 99.47 F8
2.05 101.48 99.43 F9
2 101.48 99.48 F10
1.95 101.48 99.53 F11
2.06 101.48 99.42 F12
2.1 101.48 99.38 F13
2.02 101.48 99.46 F14
2 101.48 99.48 F15
1.85 101.48 99.63 F16
1.9 101.48 99.58 F17
1.88 101.48 99.6 F18
1.9 101.48 99.58 F19
1.82 101.48 99.66 F20
1.8 101.48 99.68 G0
1.92 101.48 99.56 G1
2.1 101.48 99.38 G2
2 101.48 99.48 G3
2 101.48 99.48 G4
2.05 101.48 99.43 G5
2.05 101.48 99.43 G6
2 101.48 99.48 G7
2.05 101.48 99.43 G8
2 101.48 99.48 G9
1.95 101.48 99.53 G10
1.8 101.48 99.68 G11
1.96 101.48 99.52 G12
1.9 101.48 99.58 G13
1.95 101.48 99.53 G14
1.85 101.48 99.63 G15
1.9 101.48 99.58 G16
1.94 101.48 99.54 G17
2.3 101.48 99.18 G18
2.25 101.48 99.23 G19
2.1 101.48 99.38 G20
2.15 101.48 99.33 H0
2.25 101.48 99.23 H1
2.1 101.48 99.38 H2
2.05 101.48 99.43 H3
2.15 101.48 99.33 H4
1.92 101.48 99.56 H5
1.9 101.48 99.58 H6
1.94 101.48 99.54 H7
1.9 101.48 99.58 H8
1.82 101.48 99.66 H9
1.8 101.48 99.68 H10
1.86 101.48 99.62 H11
1.8 101.48 99.68 H12
2.16 101.48 99.32 H13
2.14 101.48 99.34 H14
2.17 101.48 99.31 H15
2.19 101.48 99.29 H16
2.2 101.48 99.28 H17
2.15 101.48 99.33 H18
2.17 101.48 99.31 H19
2.16 101.48 99.32 H20
2.4 101.48 99.08 I0
2.18 101.48 99.3 I1
2.21 101.48 99.27 I2
2.27 101.48 99.21 I3
2.2 101.48 99.28 I4
2.1 101.48 99.38 I5
2.1 101.48 99.38 I6
2.12 101.48 99.36 I7
2.1 101.48 99.38 I8
2.12 101.48 99.36 I9
2.15 101.48 99.33 I10
2.2 101.48 99.28 I11
2.2 101.48 99.28 I12
2.13 101.48 99.35 I13
2.1 101.48 99.38 I14
2.15 101.48 99.33 I15
2.15 101.48 99.33 I16
2.15 101.48 99.33 I17
2.16 101.48 99.32 I18
2.16 101.48 99.32 I19
2.26 101.48 99.22 I20
2.23 101.48 99.25 J0
2.1 101.48 99.38 J1
2.2 101.48 99.28 J2
2.1 101.48 99.38 J3
2 101.48 99.48 J4
2.1 101.48 99.38 J5
2.3 101.48 99.18 J6
2.32 101.48 99.16 J7
2.2 101.48 99.28 J8
2.23 101.48 99.25 J9
2.25 101.48 99.23 J10
2.15 101.48 99.33 J11
2.23 101.48 99.25 J12
2.3 101.48 99.18 J13
2.29 101.48 99.19 J14
2.3 101.48 99.18 J15
2.29 101.48 99.19 J16
2.3 101.48 99.18 J17
2.7 101.48 98.78 J18
2.6 101.48 98.88 J19
2.63 101.48 98.85 J20
2.63 101.48 98.85 K0
2.75 101.48 98.73 K1
2.8 101.48 98.68 K2
2.87 101.48 98.61 K3
2.89 101.48 98.59 K4
2.89 101.48 98.59 K5
2.8 101.48 98.68 K6
2.83 101.48 98.65 K7
2.44 101.48 99.04 K8
2.39 101.48 99.09 K9
2.35 101.48 99.13 K10
2.3 101.48 99.18 K11
2.4 101.48 99.08 K12
2.2 101.48 99.28 K13
2.8 101.48 98.68 K14
2.81 101.48 98.67 K15
2.81 101.48 98.67 K16
2.76 101.48 98.72 K17
2.64 101.48 98.84 K18
2.98 101.48 98.5 K19
2.97 101.48 98.51 K20
2.93 101.48 98.55 L0
2.87 101.48 98.61 L1
2.6 101.48 98.88 L2
2.46 101.48 99.02 L3
2.35 101.48 99.13 L4
2.34 101.48 99.14 L5
2.2 101.48 99.28 L6
2.24 101.48 99.24 L7
2.26 101.48 99.22 L8
2.84 101.48 98.64 L9
2.82 101.48 98.66 L10
2.83 101.48 98.65 L11
2.7 101.48 98.78 L12
3.05 101.48 98.43 L13
3.05 101.48 98.43 L14
3.06 101.48 98.42 L15
2.99 101.48 98.49 L16
3 101.48 98.48 L17
3.05 101.48 98.43 L18
2.94 101.48 98.54 L19
2.9 101.48 98.58 L20
2.92 101.48 98.56 M0
2.89 101.48 98.59 M1
2.91 101.48 98.57 M2
2.9 101.48 98.58 M3
2.88 101.48 98.6 M4
2.9 101.48 98.58 M5
2.9 101.48 98.58 M6
2.86 101.48 98.62 M7
2.98 101.48 98.5 M8
3.04 101.48 98.44 M9
3.06 101.48 98.42 M10
3 101.48 98.48 M11
3.2 101.48 98.28 M12
3.04 101.48 98.44 M13
3 101.48 98.48 M14
2.98 101.48 98.5 M15
2.99 101.48 98.49 M16
2.8 101.48 98.68 M17
2.93 101.48 98.55 M18
2.94 101.48 98.54 M19
2.9 101.48 98.58 M20
2.98 101.48 98.5 N0
3.02 101.48 98.46 N1
3.08 101.48 98.4 N2
3.16 101.48 98.32 N3
3.14 101.48 98.34 N4
3.18 101.48 98.3 N5
3.2 101.48 98.28 N6
3.22 101.48 98.26 N7
3.14 101.48 98.34 N8
3.14 101.48 98.34 N9
3.15 101.48 98.33 N10
3.2 101.48 98.28 N11
2.19 101.48 99.29 N12
2.94 101.48 98.54 N13
 2.95 101.48 98.53 N14
3.1 101.48 98.38 N15
3.22 101.48 98.26 N16
3.22 101.48 98.26 N17
3.28 101.48 98.2 N18
3.3 101.48 98.18 N19
3.32 101.48 98.16 N20
3.34 101.48 98.14 O0
3.4 101.48 98.08 O1
3.46 101.48 98.02 O2
3.44 101.48 98.04 O3
3.42 101.48 98.06 O4

CHECK:

∑B.S.-∑F.S. = Last R.L.-First R.L.

1.48-3.42 = 100-98.06

1.94 = 1.94

S
 H

RESULT:

The reduced levels of ground near the hill are determined and contour lines
are plotted
in graph.
 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION
SURVEY

Day: Thursday
EX.NO:6
Date: 04/07/2019

AIM:

To determine the elevation of points at a regular interval along the center

line and cross sections on either side of center line. From which the volume of
cutting and filling is to be determined for the proposed level.

APPARATUS USED:

1. Levelling instrument with stand

2. Levelling staff

3. Theodolite of accuracy 20”

4. Tape

5. Pegs and arrows.

FORMULA USED:

When the line of

sight is not inclined

Horizontal distance

‘HD’= KS + C When

the line of sight is

inclined
Horizontal distance ‘HD’= KS

cos2ɵ + C cosɵ

Vertical distance ‘VD’ = HD tanɵ

When the vertical angle is positive

R.L of station = R.L of B.M + H.I - V – h

 When the vertical angle is negative

R.L of station = R.L of

B.M + H.I +V + h

Where, K is

additive constant

C is multiplying constant

For the used theodolite the values of K = 100, C = 0.

LOCATION:

The site is located on the foot of the hillock in Manamathi village.The

existing pathway is just a mud road.

SITE CONDITIONS:

The distance covered was 120m starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on
04/07/2019 which was a clear sunny day.

The level of the site is somewhat lower than the adjoining areas. It is
understood from the locals that the selected road stretch is frequently flooded during
heavy rains.

THEORY:

Profile levelling: It is the process of determining the elevation of points

along fixed center line. The fixed line may be a straight line or it may be composed
of a series of straight lines. It is also known as longitudinal section.

Cross Section: Cross section has been taken at right angles to longitudinal
profile and on either side of the road stretch to study the profile of ground surface.
PROCEDURE:

The survey work has been conducted as described below,

1. The levelling instrument is set at an appropriate location at the beginning

of the given road and the instrument is levelled accurately by temporary
adjustment.

2. The width of the road is measured and the centre line of the road is marked with
chain.

3. The levelling staff is held at the temporary bench mark and at every
required point along the longitudinal direction. The level readings must be
noted accurately.

4. The levels of cross section is taken along the width of the road,
perpendicular to longitudinal profile ay an interval of 20m and the readings
are recorded.

5. From the readings, reduced level of all points is determined and the cross
section is plotted on the graph.

6. From the graph, the quantity of earth work involved in filling and cutting
can be calculated.

7. Simultaneous work of measuring the angles with the theodolite is

done and it is plotted in the form of a graph showing the proposed road width which
includes carriageway and earthen shoulders on either side.
TABULATION:

REMARK
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
L C R
1.150 101.150 100
1.570 99.58 2.5
1.560 99.59 1.5
1.555 99.595 0
1.550 99.6
1.560 99.59
1.685 99.465 2.5
1.665 99.485 1.5
1.645 99.505 5
1.630 99.52
1.610 99.54
1.765 99.385 2.5
1.770 99.38 1.5
1.745 99.41 10
1.730 99.42
1.730 99.32
1.830 99.3 2.5
1.850 99.325 1.5
1.825 99.33 15
1.795 99.355 1.5
1.800 99.35 2.5
1.995 101.150 99.15 2.5
1.880 99.27 1.5
1.870 99.28 20
1.865 99.285
 1.880 99.27
1.840 99.31 2.5
1.835 99.315 1.5
1.830 99.32 25
1.815 99.335 1.5
1.825 99.325 2.5

CHECK:
∑B.S. - ∑F.S. = Last R.L. – First R.L.

1.150-1.825 = 99.325-100

0.675 = 0.675

n
 c

RESULT:
The required longitudinal and cross section profile of the existing
pathway has been drawn and the proposed pathway is also been identified.
 RECIPROCAL LEVELLING

EX.NO:7 Day: Thursday

Date: 04/07/2019

AIM:

To determine the difference in elevation between two points when there

is obstacles between the instrument station and the elevation of the point which is
to be determined by using reciprocal levelling.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Dumpy level

2. Levelling staff

3. Plumb bob

FORMULA:

True difference in elevation = ½ ((y1 – y2) +

(y4 – y3)) Collimation correction = 0.0673 ×

D2

Where ‘D’ is distance between points in km.

LOCATION:

The site is located Manamathi village in the abandoned quarry located near the
Madurandagam lake.

SITE CONDITION:

The survey was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M to 2.00 P.M on 04/07/2019
which was a clear sunny day.
PROCEDURE:

1. The instrument is set at near A and staff readings are taken on A and B
with the bubble at the centre of its run.

2. As B.M., A is very near to instrument, no error due to curvature, refraction

and collimation will be introduced in the staff readings at A, but there will
be an error in the staff reading at B.

3. Then the instrument is then shifted to the other bank, on a point very
near to B.M. B, and the readings are taken on staff held at B and A.

4. As B is very near, there will be no error due to the three factors in

reading the staff, but the staff reading on A will have an error.

5. The staff readings taken near A and at B from the instrument station A
are noted as ha and hb and the staff readings taken near B and at A from
the instrument station B are noted as ha' and hb' The difference in R.L.
between the stations A and B are found using the formula
1
given below: H = [ (ha – hb) + (ha` - hb`) ]

2
OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:
R.L of the Instrument Station (E) with respect to B.M. @ 100.000 m:

INSTRUMENT SIGHT TO
STAFF READING
AT
TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM

A 3.25 3.10 2.95

O
B 1.15 0.65 0.2
AI 2.30 2.15 2.00
OI
BI 4.90 4.50 4.15

CALCULATION:
H=1/2[(A-B) +

(Al-Bl)]

H=1/2[(3.10-

0.65) + (4.50-

2.15)] H=4.8/2

H=2.4m

R.L.at Station B = R.L.at station A-H

= 100.000-2.4

= 97.6m.

RESULT:
 The difference in level between two points are found by reciprocal
levelling .The point A is at the height of 2.4m above point B. The R.L of B is
found to be 98.825m.
 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

EX.NO:8 Day: Friday

Date: 05/07/2019

AIM:

To conduct Reconnaissance survey in Jeppiaar engineering college and to

prepare a layout of the college

APPARATUS USED:

1. Total station with tripod stand

2. Prism with prism rod

3. Offset rod

4. Cross staff

5. Arrow

6. Prismatic Compass

7. Tape

LOCATION:

The site is situated in Jeppiaar engineering college in Chennai.

SITE CONDITIONS:

The surveyed was carried out starting from 8.00 A.M

to 2.00 P.M on 05/07/2019 which as a hot sunny day. That was a working day in the
locality but too we received a good amount of support from the locals.
PROCEDURE:

1. The process includes covering the whole area by walk.

2. Total station was used to find the length of breakwaters and the water spread
area.

3. Chain surveying was used to measure the land area.

4. Total station was switched on and the temporary adjustments are done.

5. The parameters of the instrument are set using the function keys.

6. The bubble in the spirit level is used for levelling the instrument.

7. Before measuring, the horizontal and vertical angles are set to zero
using function keys F1 and F4.

8. The prism mode is selected before the measurements are done.

9. Total station was placed at a point in such a way that maximum area is
covered.

10. The prism in prism rod is placed at various points and horizontal
distance and respective angles are noted.

11. In similar manner the whole water area is covered.

12. Using the angles and distances the water spread area was calculated.

13. To measure the land area, chain surveying was done.

14. A base line was selected so that the whole area is covered.

15. At regular known intervals offsets are taken and the offset distances are noted.

16. In similar manner the whole area is covered and the land area is calculated.

RESULT:

The complete area of the Jeppiaar engineering college has been surveyed
and the layout of the college has been drawn.