1a Math 2 MT Prelim Revised

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ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:
01 September 2021 QMR President
Learning Module 1. Trigonometric Function of an Acute Angle (10 hours)
Lesson 1. 1.1 Nature and Importance of Trigonometry

1.2 Angles and its measurement
1.3 Kinds of Angles in Trigonometry
1.4Trigonometric Function of an Acute Angle
1.5 Finding the other five functions of an acute angle when the value of one of
its function is given.
1.6 Functions of Specials Angles (300, 450, and 600)
1.7 Finding the value of the functions of any acute angle using scientific
calculators.
Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes
Competence: CO1. Trace the history and apply the basic concept of Trigonometry in the maritime
profession.
CO2. Solve problems on plane trigonometry in relation to maritime profession.
Course Outcomes:
CO1. Trace the history and apply the basic concept of Trigonometry in the maritime profession.
CO2. Solve problems on plane trigonometry in relation to maritime profession.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the history of Trigonometry.
2. Define Trigonometry and other basic terms.
3. Cite fields that Trigonometry can be useful.
4. Define an angle in the point of view of Trigonometry.
5. Convert decimal form into degrees, minutes and second and vice-versa.
6. Illustrate the different types of angles in Trigonometry.
7. Define the six trigonometric functions, reciprocal functions and co-functions.
8. Find the other five functions of an acute angle when one of its function is given.
9. Determine the value of special angles (300, 450 and 600) given its reference triangle.
10. Use calculator in finding the values of the six functions of any acute angle.
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Overview
This lesson will introduce the history of trigonometry and its importance to different fields such
as astronomy, engineering, and, most importantly, navigation. It will also deal with the definition
of an angle from Trigonometry's point of view, differentiating it from its geometric definition.
Furthermore, this lesson will also discuss the different units of measuring an angle, and finally, the
definition of the different kinds of angles in trigonometry will also be tackled.
It will also deal with the definition of the six trigonometric functions including terms related to
it such as reciprocal functions and co-functions and eventually demonstrate how the other five
functions of an acute angle can be found when one of its functions is given.
Moreover, it will also show how the six functions of special angles 300, 600 and 450 can be
found from the given reference triangle and finally, it will explain how to find the six functions of
any acute angles can be determined using scientific calculator.
Discussion
1.1 Nature and History of Trigonometry
Do we need to climb Mt. Everest to know its height or cross the river Nile to know how
wide it is, or go up a sailboat mast to know how high it is? No, we do not need to do all that.
For us to know the height of Mt. Everest without climbing it, the width of the river Nile
without crossing and the height of the sailboat mast without going up to its top is simply
basic Trigonometry. As we go along, we will find out. (History of Trigonometry and the
different terminologies will be assigned to the students)
But in this module, only the sexagesimal system and the circular system will be discussed.

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Conversion:
Convert the decimal form into degrees, minutes, and seconds and vice versa.
Illustrative Example 1
1. Express 65.345o in degrees, minute, and seconds.
Solution: First, multiply the decimal part 0.345 by 60 to convert it to minutes.
0.345 x 60 = 20.7 and Multiply 0.7 by 60 to convert it to seconds
0.7 x 60 = 42
Therefore, 65. 345o = 65o 20’ 42”
or use scientific calculators: Press 65.345(degree key) o’’’ = 65o 20’ 42”
2. Express 48o25’56” to decimal form.
Solution: First, divide 25’ by 60 or multiply by

since 1o = 60’ or 1’ =
25’ = 25 x = = 0.417
Divide 56” by 3600 or multiply by

since 1o = 3600 seconds or 1” =
56” = 56 x = = 0.0155
Then add: 48 + 0.417 +0.015 = 48.432o
Or use scientific calculators: Press 48 o’’’(degree key) 25 o’’’56 o’’’= shift o’’’. It will
display 48.432, which is equal to the manual computation above.
Trigonometric Function is a ratio between sides of a right triangle.
The Six Trigonometric Functions of an acute angle
Sine of an acute angle = Cotangent of an acute angle =
Cosine of an acute angle = Secant of an acute angle =
Tangent of an acute angle = Cosecant of an acute angle =

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Reciprocal Functions
Reciprocal functions are two functions whose definitions are the multiplicative inverse of
each other. There are three reciprocal functions: Sine and cosecant, cosine and secant, and
tangent and cotangent. (The lines connecting the functions above shows the reciprocal
functions). Observe that the definitions of the functions are the inverse of each other. For
example, sine is equal to while cosecant is equal to .
 Co-functions
Co-functions are two functions that have the same value when two angles are
complementary. There are also three pairs of co-functions. These are sine and cosine,
.tangent and cotangent, and secant and cosecant. Take note that co-functions share the
same name with just an addition of the prefix co that means sharing something. That is why on
a special condition (that is when the reference angles are complementary), co-functions share
the same value.
 Notice that the definitions of the functions include hypotenuse. And hypotenuse is defined as the
longest side of the right triangle and is opposite its right angle. Therefore, it can be said that the
reference of the definitions of a trigonometric function is a right triangle.
 Remember:
Abbreviation of the six functions:
Sine - Sin cosine - cos tangent - tan

cotangent - cot secant - sec cosecant - csc
 The six functions defined in terms of a, b,
and c. A
Let us consider the right triangle ABC with C

as the right angle and A and B as acute angles.
The sides opposite these angles, A, B, and C, will
be named as a, b, and c, respectively, as seen in
c
Figure 1. b
Since only functions of acute angles are
considered, only A and B will be used as a
reference angle.
If functions of angle A are to be defined in
terms of a, b, and c, let us identify the opposite
side, the adjacent side, and the hypotenuse of C a B
angle A based on figure 1. Let us do the same with Figure 1.1 The Right Triangle
angle B. Do not forget that since A and B are acute
angles of a right triangle; therefore, A and B are Its parts
complementary angles. It means that the sum of
their measures is 900. Why?

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o
The sum of the measure of the three angles of any triangle is 180 ; therefore, if one of the
angle is 90o as in the case of the right triangle, then it means that the sum of the two remaining
angles is surely 90o.
Functions of angle A Functions of angle B

Opposite side: a opposite side: b
Adjacent side: b adjacent side: a
Hypotenuse: c hypotenuse: c
Sin A = = Sin B = =
Cos A = = Cos B = =
Tan A = = Tan B = =
Cot A = = Cot B = =
Sec A = = Sec B = =
Csc A = = Csc B = =
Let us pay attention to the definition of A and B co-functions that are joined by the lines. What can
you say about it? What relationship exists between the co-functions of A and B? You are right!
They have the same definition. Sin A = a/c is the same as cos B = a/c. The same goes with the
rest of the pairs of co-function. Refer to the list below.
Co-functions of complementary angles

Sin A = Cos B = a/c from the given list on the left, we say that:
Cos A = Sin B= b/c
Co-functions of complementary angles are equal.
Tan A = Cot B = a/b
Cot A = Tan B = b/a
Sec A = Csc B = c/b
Csc A = Sec B = c/a

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Let us apply this generalization in the illustrative example below.
Illustrative Example 1.1

1. Sin 50o = cos 400 since 500 +400 = 90o and cosine is the cofunction of
sine.
2. Tan 30o20’ = Cot 59o40’ since 59o40’ is the complement of 30o20’ and
cotangent is the cofunction of tangent.
3. Sec 75o43’50” = Csc 14o16’ 10” since 14o16’ 10” is the complement of
75o43’50” and Cosecant is the complement of secant.
 Finding the values of the other five functions when given one of its function.
The value of the trigonometric function of an angle can be express in decimal or in

fraction form. However, it is easier to find the other five functions if the value of the given
function is express in fraction form since it will be easy to identify the given parts of the right
triangle if it is in fraction form. Therefore, to facilitate computation, if given the value of one
function, the other five can be computed by using their definitions. A right triangle labeled
accordingly will be extremely useful to solve these problems.
Illustrative Example1.2:
B
 Find the values of the other five
functions if given: c = 13
1. Sin A = 5/13 a=5
Solution:
Let us draw the right triangle ACB with C as
the right angle C A
b=?
Since,
sine A = = = Figure 1.2 The Right Triangle
(side b is unknown)

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Then a=5, c=13 and b=?

Let us find b by Pythagorean Theorem,
Pythagorean Theorem: In right triangle ACB with C as the right angle

and a, b, and c as its side, then
c2 = a2 + b2 or c = √𝑎 + 𝑏 b2 = c2 – a2 or b = √𝑐 𝑎
a2 = c2 – b2 or a = √𝑐 𝑏
Solve for b:
c2 = a2 + b2 b=√ b=√ b = 12
b2 = c2 – a2 b=√ b=√
Since all the sides of the right triangle are already known, the other five function of angle A
can be solved by using the definitions of these functions. Sine is already given, so we start with
cosine.
Cos A = = = Sec A = = =
Tan A = = = Csc A = = =
Cot A = = =
2. Tan A =
A
Solution:
c=?
b=9
Let us draw right triangle ACB
with C as the right angle. C
a =40 B
Since Tan A = Figure 1.3. The Right Triangle (side c is

unknown)

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Tan A = =
So, a = 40 and b = 9
And c the hypotenuse can be solved by Pythagorean Theorem.
Solve for c:
c2 = a2 + b2 c=√ +
c=√ + c=√
c=√ + c = 41
Since all the sides of the right triangle had been found, the other five functions of angle A
can be solved by using the definitions of the functions.
Sin A = = = Sec A = =
Cos A = = = Csc A = =
Cot A = = =
3. Sec B = √
A
Solution:
Let us draw right triangle ACB with C as

the right angle. b =?
√
Since sec B = = =
C a=1 B
Then b=? Figure 1.4 The Right Triangle (side b is unknown)
IE 1.4.2.3

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Solve for b:
We still use Pythagorean theorem to solve this problem.
a2 + b2 = c2 -- b2 = c2 – a2 -- b = √ -- b = √ √
-- b=√ -- b = √ -- b = 1
Since the given is Secant, therefore the other five functions are:
√ √
Sin B = = = . = Cot B = = = =1
√ √
√ √
Cos B = = = = Csc B = = = =√
√
Tan B = = = =1
 Functions of special angles 30o, 60o and 45o
1. Functions of 30o and 60o

Reference triangle of:
 30o and 60o is the 30o-60o-90o triangle.
 The 30o-60o-90o triangle is a right triangle whose acute angles measures 30o and
60o.
 Unit Triangle for 30o-60o-90o triangle is shown below.
 Using the reference triangle in figure 1.5, Functions of 30o and 60o are listed below.
 Since 30o and 60o are complementary angles, therefore we will apply:
Co-functions of complementary are equal.
2. Functions of 30o
60o 2
Opposite side: 1
1
Adjacent side: √
Hypotenuse: 2 30o
√𝟑
Figure 1.5 The Reference Triangle for
30oand 60o special Angles

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o Functions of 60o
Functions of 30
√
Sin 30o = = = 0.5 Sin 600 = Cos 30o = 0.866
o √ Cos 60o = Sin 30o = = 0.5

Cos 30 = = 0.866
√
√ √ Tan 60o = Cot 30o = =√ 1.732
Tan 30o = = . = 0.57735
√ √
√
√ Cot 60o = Tan 30o = =√ 1.732
Cot 30o = = =√ 1.732
√ √ Sec 60o = Csc 30o = =2

Sec 30o = = . = 1.1547
√ √
√ √
Csc 30 = o
= =2 Csc 60o = Sec 30o = . = 1.1547
√ √
3. Functions of 450
 Reference triangle of 45o is the 45o-
45o-90o triangle.
 The 45o-45o-90o triangle is an
isosceles right triangle whose two 45
acute angles measures 45o. o
√
 It is shown below. 1
2
 Unit triangle 45o-45o-90o.
 From the left reference triangle for
45o angle, the functions of 45o are 45
listed below. o
1
Functions of 45o Figure 1.6 The Reference Triangle for 45o-45o-90o
Opposite side = adjacent side = 1 triangle
Hypotenuse = √
√ √
Sin 45o = = . = 0.7071 Cot 45o = = =1
√ √
√ √ √
Cos 45o = = . = 0.7071 Sec 45o = = =√ 1.4142
√ √
√
Tan 45o = = =1 Csc 45o = = =√ 1.4142
Look at the values of the functions of 45o. What do you notice? Yes, you are correct. Since the
reference triangle is a right isosceles triangle, and opposite side is equal to adjacent side as stated
above, co-functions have the same value. Therefore, you will only remember 3 values for the
√
functions of 45o. Those are: 0.7071 for sin and cos 45o, 1 for tan and cot 45o and √ 1.4142
o
for sec and csc 45 .

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o o
On the other hand, you can easily recall the functions of 30 and 60 by just memorizing the
measures of the sides of the reference unit triangle 30o-60o-90o and use the definitions of the six
functions to list down the value of the functions of 30o and 60o.
 Functions of any Acute Angle

In finding the value of the functions of any acute angle, we may use a trigonometric table or
scientific calculator. In this module, we will be using scientific calculator because it is faster and
more efficient.
How do we use the scientific calculator in finding the value of the six trigonometric functions of
an acute angle? Let us divide the problem into two groups. The first group is to find the functions of
the sine, cosine, and tangent of any acute angle and the second group is finding the cotangent,
secant and cosecant of any acute angle.
Take note that sin, cos, and tan are found in the calculator keys. Therefore in finding the value
of these functions, we will just use these keys.
Illustrative examples 1.3:

Find the values of the following using scientific calculator.
1. Sin 57o
In finding the value of sin 57o, we will just key in the following keys in the calculator.
o
Sin 5 7 ’’’ = 0.83867
Therefore, sin 57o = 0.83867 (Note that the symbol o’’’is the degree key in the calculator)
2. Cos 37o25’
The keys to press are:
o o
cos 3 7 ’’’ 2 5 ’’’ = 0.79424
So, cos 37o25’ = 0.79424
3. Tan 86o43’22”

o o o
tan 8 6 ’’’ 4 3 ’’’ 2 2 ’’’ = 17.46396
So,Tan86o43’22” = 17.46396

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0
4. Cos 78 5’12”
o o o
cos 7 8 ’’’ 5 ’’’ 1 2 ’’’ = 0.20643
So, Cos 7805’12” = 0.20643

5. Tan 12o8’6”
o o o
tan 1 2 ’’’ 8 ’’’ 6 ’’’ = 0.21502
So, Tan 12o8’6 = 0.21502

This time let us try to find the value of the functions that belongs to the second group,
which are cotangent, secant, and cosecant. These functions are not found in the calculator
keys, but we already know that these are reciprocal functions of sine cosine and tangent from
our previous lessons. We will use this relationship to find the values of the functions that
belong to the 2nd group.
6. Cot 25o
What are the keys to press? They are the same keys that we press to find the value of tan.
We just add the reciprocal key x-1 so that the value of cotangent will be given.
o =
tan 2 5 ’’’ x-1 = 2.14451
So, cot 25o = 2.14451

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References
Textbook:
T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C &
E Publishing Inc.
T2- Calingasan, R.M. (2013). Trigonometry: a worktext. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. PurelyBooks
Trading and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
References:
R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: worktext. Philippines. Grand books Publishing,
Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach. Philippines. Rex
Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry. Philippines.
Books Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.:
Bencel 2 Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: TheMacmillan
Company (By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines
by Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and spherical.
Q.C., Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book
IV.Philippines: Rex Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A.. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
Try this…
A. What kind of angle is given below? Write your answer in the second column of
the table.
Illustration of an Angle in Trigo Name of the kinds of an angle given.

1. 1.
1.
A’ O A
2. 2.
O
A
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

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B. Tell the trigonometric function given its definition.
Definition Trigonometric Function

Example: Cosecant of an Angle
Example:
1.
2.
3. 2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
C. Fill in the table below with the correct trigonometric function.
Trigonometric Function Reciprocal Function Co-function

1. Sin A
2. 2. Sec A
3. 3. Tan A
D. Give the equivalent functions of the functions below.
Trigonometric Function Equivalent Function

Example: Cos 15o Sin 75o
1. Tan 65o25’4” 1.
2. Sine 75o38’ 2.
3. Cot 45o 3.
4. Sec 10o 4.
5.Tan 56o 5.

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Do This
Activity 2 Follow Up
A. Convert the following measure of an angle to degree, minute, seconds. Write

your answer in the space provided.
Example: 35.27o = 35o16’12”
1. 120.25o = __________
2. 48.75o = __________
3. 88.15o = __________
4. 177.39o = __________
5. 11.5o = __________
B. Convert the following measure of an angle to decimal form.

Example: 42o25’8” = 42.41889o
1. 38o25’40” = ________
2. 100o40’35” = ________
3. 97o2’ = ________
4. 12o55’35” = ________
5. 8o43’17” = ________
C. Complete the table below by applying “Co-functions of complementary angles

are equal.”
Functions of 30o Functions of 60o Functions of 45o

Sin 30o = Sin 60o =
√
Sine 45o =
√
=√
Tan 30o =
√ Tan 60o = √ Tan 45o = 1
Sec 45o = √
Csc 30o = 2 Csc 60o =
√
D. Find the value of the following trigonometric function using scientific calculator.
1. Sin 2504” = __________ 6. Tan 58o= __________

2. Cos 36o8’25” = __________ 7. Sin 66o42’10” = __________
3. Sec 65o = __________ 8. Cot 12o12’5” = __________
4. Cot 85o15’29” = __________ 9. Sec 5o6’10” = __________
5. Csc 42o18’56” = __________ 10. Csc 55o48’7” = __________

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E. Find the measure of the given angle when given the value of one of its function.
1. Sin A = 0.23564 6. Tan X = 7.22345

2. Cos P = 0.012325 7. Sec Y = 1.00023
3. Sec Q = 4.12456 8. Cot Z = 12.77211
4. Cot R = 0.99547 9. Csc B = 8.00329
5. Csc M = 1.00213 10. Cos D = 0.01512
F. Find the value of the other five function of an acute angle, given the value of one
of its function.
Show your complete solution.
1. Cot A = 2. Sin B = 3. Sec Q =

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Assessment
I. Modified True or False: Write T if the statement is true and change the
underlined word/s if it is false.
1. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is between 90o and 180o.

2. One revolution angle can also be called a zero-degree angle.
3. Trigonometry originates from two Greek words trigonon and metron.
4. A right-angle measures 180o.
5. The father of trigonometry is Pythagoras.
6. 75.8o in degree, minute, and seconds is equal to75o 50’32”.
7. A reflex angle tis an angle whose measure is between 180o and 360o.
8. The circular system of measuring angles uses degree as the unit of measure.
9. Engineers and surveyors use protractors in measuring angles when outdoors.
10. Trigonometry is useful in the field of marine engineering and navigation.
II. Multiple Choice.
1. What is the Greek word trigonon means?

a. Triangle c. angle
b. square d. side
2. An angle in trigonometry whose initial side have not done any rotation yet is called.
a. One revolution angle c. reflex angle
b. b. zero-degree angle d. straight angle
3. Which of these is equivalent to 42o25’?

a. 42.24o c. 42.3o
b. 42.45o d. 42.42o
4. Which of these central systems of measurement uses radian as the unit of measure?
a. The grade system c. The sexagesimal system
b. The circular system d. The mil system
5. Which of these is the equivalent of one radian in degrees?

a. 60o c. 57o17’45”
o
b. 67 17’45” d. 90o
6. Aside from marine engineering and navigation, in which another field is trigonometry
useful?
a. Entertainment c. Agriculture
b. Astronomy d. Banking and Finance

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7. An angle whose measure is exactly 180o is called __________________.
a. Right angle c. Acute angle
b. Reflex angle d. Straight angle
8. Which of these is zero-degree angle?

a. c.
b. d.
9. The father of trigonometry is

a. Pythagoras c. Euler
b. Hipparchus d. Einstein
10. An angle whose measure is between 180o and 360o is called___________.

a. Reflex angle c. One revolution angle
b. Right angle d. Straight Angle
11. Which of these are reciprocal functions?

a. Sine and Cosine c. Secant and Sine
b. Tangent and Cosine d. Tangent and Cotangent
12. If A and B are complementary angles, then which of these is NOT true?
a. Sin A = Cos B c. Sec A = Csc B
b. Tan A = Cot B d. Cos A = Sec B
13. Which of the following functions is defined by the ratio, ?

a. Sine c. Cosine
b. Tangent d. Cosecant
14. Which of these is the value of Sin 45o?

a. 1.4142 c. 0.7071
b. 1 d.
15. If Cos M = then which of these is the value of Sec M?

a. c.
b. d.
16. If Tan A = 1, then which of these is the measure of angle A?

a. 30o c. 60o
o
b. 45 d. 90o

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17. Which of these is equivalent to Csc 35o25’?
a. Sec 54o35’ c. Sine 54o35’
o
b. Cos 64 35’ d. Csc 64o35’
18. Given the value of Tan Q = , where Q is one of the acute angles in Right triangleQRS
with R as the right angle, which of these is the value of r?
a. 17 c. 15
b. 13 d. 19
19. Which is the value of q?

a. 5 c. 12
b. 17 d. 13
20. Which is the value of s?

a. 5 c. 12
b. 17 d. 13
21. Which of these is the value of cot 75o?

a. 0.26795 c. 3.73205
b. 0.32795 d. 4.73205
√
22. In each right triangle XYZ with Y as the right angle, Sin X = . Which is the measure
of angle X?
a. 45o c. 30o
b. 90o d. 60o
23. R is one of the acute angles of right triangle RST, where S is 90o. If Cos R = , the
which of these is the value of Tan R?
a. c.
b. d.
24. Which of these is the value of Sin R?

a. c.
b. d.
25. Which is the value of Csc R?

a. c.
b. d.

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26. Which is the value of angle R if sin R = 0.95586?
a. 72o54’47” c. 75o54’47”
b. 72o50’47” d. 72o
27. If cot T = 0.00254 then which of these is the measure of angle T?

a. 9o51’17” c. 89o51’16”
b. 69o51’17” d. 49o51’17”
28. Which of these is the value of Csc 65o?

a. 0.82354 c. 1.11624
b. 1.10338 d. 0.55836
29. Which of these is the measure of angle W if sec W = 4?

a. 75o c. 75o1’2”
b. 70o12’25” d. 75o 31’21”
√
30. Which of the is the measure of O if sin O = ?
a. 60o c. 45o
b. 75o d. 30o

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Learning Module 2. Solution of Right Triangle (10 hours)
Lesson 2. 2.1 Review of the Different Kinds of Triangles

2.2 The Right Triangles and its Parts
2.3 Solving for the Missing Side of a Right Triangle when given
the measure of its:
2.3.1 two legs
2.3.2 a leg and a hypotenuse
2.3.3 acute angle and its opposite side
2.3.4 acute angle and the hypotenuse
2.3.5 acute angle and its adjacent side
Competence:
Course Outcomes:
Apply skills in solving (right and oblique) triangle to solve problems in Marine Engineering.
Learning Outcomes: The students are expected to…
1. Recall the definition and the properties of the different kinds of triangle.
2. Identify the different parts of the right triangle by naming the parts using the English
alphabet.
3. Identify the three cases namely: an acute triangle and an opposite side; an acute angle and
the hypotenuse and an acute angle and its adjacent side from the parts of the right triangle
given.
4. Solve for the missing side of the right triangle using Pythagorean theorem when given its a)
two legs of the right triangle and b) a leg and a hypotenuse.
5. Solve for the missing parts of the right triangle using Pythagorean theorem and the six
trigonometric functions.

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Overview
This module will deal with the review of the definition of the triangle and kinds of triangle,
specifically right triangle, and its part in preparation for solving right triangle. Furthermore,
solving right triangle using Pythagorean Theorem which is the main lesson for this module will
be discussed thoroughly to prepare students for the next lesson.
The main lesson that will be discussed is solving for the missing part of the right triangle
using Pythagorean Theorem and the six trigonometric functions. Emphasis will be given to the
strategy and technique on how to identify the correct function and/or correct Pythagorean
Theorem formula.
Discussion
2.1 Review of the Different Kinds of Triangles
Let us recall the definition and some properties of the triangle that you have studied in
high school. Basically, triangles can be classified according to sides and according to angles.
There are three main types of triangle when classified according to angles. These are: acute
triangle where equiangular triangle belongs, obtuse triangle and right triangle, while there are
three kinds of triangle when classified according to sides. These are: scalene triangle, isosceles
triangle, and equilateral triangle.
What is a triangle?
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. Since it is a polygon then a triangle also has three
angles because one of the properties of a polygon is “the number of angles is the same with the
number of its side”.

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What are the parts of a triangle?
Vertex is the point of intersection of two

consecutive sides. A triangle has three vertices, and
the names of the vertices are used to name the
triangle. In the given triangle at the right, the vertices
are X, Y, and Z. Therefore, this can be named as
Triangle XYZ or Figure 2.1.1 The Triangle and its Parts
The interior angles of the , are those angles inside the triangle which are formed by
the union of the two consecutive sides. The points of intersection are vertices of the triangle. In
, the angles are or , or , and or . The sum of the measure of the
three interior angles of any triangle is always equal to 180o. Therefore, the sum of the measures of
angle X, Y and Z is equal to 180o.
The sides of the triangle are line segments whose endpoints are two consecutive vertices
of the triangle. In the given , the sides are ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅ , and ̅̅̅̅ . But the sides can also be names
using small letters of the name of the vertex of the interior angle facing or opposite the side.
Therefore, ̅̅̅̅ is also size z, ̅̅̅̅ is also side y, and ̅̅̅̅ is also side x as shown in the figure. The
sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side. Therefore,
x + y > z; x + z > y and y + z > x.
Kinds of Triangle
A. According to Angles
1. Acute triangle is a triangle whose three angles are acute.

1.1 Equiangular triangle is an acute triangle whose
measure of the interior angles is equal. If all the angles of
an equiangular triangle are equal, it means that each angle
of an equiangular triangle measures 60o because the sum
of the three angles of the triangle is equal to 180o.

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2. Right Triangle is a triangle with one right
angle. So, the other two angles of any right
triangle are acute angles and at the same time
they are complementary angles.
3. Obtuse Triangle is a triangle with one obtuse angle and the remaining two angles are
acute.
B. According to Side
1. Scalene Triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in measure.
The above examples of a scalene triangle show that a right, acute and obtuse triangle can
be scalene at the same time. The different markings on the sides of each triangle tell that the
sides do not have the same measure.

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2. Isosceles Triangle is a triangle with at least two side equal in measure.
3. Equilateral Triangle is a triangle whose three sides are equal in measure.
An equilateral triangle can also be proved to be equiangular by using the property of the
triangle which states that: Angles opposite sides which are congruent are also congruent. It
means that since the three sides of an equilateral triangle are congruent or has equal measure;
therefore, all the angles are also congruent or have equal measure. So, it is correct to say that
equilateral triangles are also equiangular triangles.

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2.2 The Right Triangle and Its Parts
1. Legs of the right triangle are the two sides of the triangle that forms the right angle. Example:
a and b (refer to the figure below)
2. Hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, and it is the longest side of the right triangle
since it is opposite the greatest angle. Example: b (Refer to the figure below)
3. Acute Angles of the triangle are the remaining two angles which are opposite the legs of the
right triangle. These two angles are always complementary.
2.3 Solving for the missing parts of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.1 two legs.
The following illustrative example will show the process of how the missing side of the right
triangle is solved when given the length of its two legs.
Illustrative Example 2.1.1

1. Given: Right .
C = 900
a = 24
b = 10
Find: c =? A = ?, B = ?
Solution:
First draw the right
Solve for c: (Use Pythagorean Theorem)

Since c is a hypotenuse, the Pythagorean
Theorem to be used is:
Figure 2.3.1.1 Right Triangle Illustrative Example 2.1.1

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c=√ + c=√ + c = 26
c=√ + c=√
Therefore, hypotenuse c = 26
Solve for A:
Functions to be used are tangent and cotangent because the given are opposite side a and
adjacent side b.
Tan A = Tan A =
0
A= 24 10 = shift tan = ’” = 67022’48” or A = 670
Solve for B:
B = 90o – 67o B = 23o
We may also use Tangent.
Tan B = Tan B = B = 22o37’11” or 23o
0
B= 10 24 = shift tan = ’” = 22037’11” or A = 230
2. Given: Right
Y = 900
x=8
z = 15
Find: y = ?, Z = ?
Solution:
(i) Draw the right
(ii) Solve for y
y=√ + y=√ +
y=√ + y=√ y =17
Therefore, hypotenuse y = 17
(iii) Solve for Z
Tan Z = Tan Z =
0
Z= 15 8 = shift tan = ’” = 61059’39” or A = 620

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3. Given: Right
Q = 900
p = 5.2
r = 7.5
Find: q = ?
Solution:
(i) Draw the right

(ii) Solve for hypotenuse q
q = √ +
q = √ +
q = √ +
q = √
q = 9.12633
q = 9.1
Therefore, the hypotenuse q = 9.1
2.3 Solving for the missing parts of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.2 leg and a hypotenuse
Illustrative Example 2.2
1. Given: Right
N = 900
m=9
n = 15
Find: o =? O =? M =?
Solution:
Since N = 90o, the given side n is a

hypotenuse and m are one of the
legs. So, the unknown side o is the
other leg. Let us draw the right
triangle given so that the given and
unknown parts of the right triangle
can be clearly understood.

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(i) Solve for side o
Since the given are a leg and a hypotenuse, the Pythagorean Theorem to be used is:
o=√ o=√ o = 12
o=√ o=√ Therefore, side o = 12
Solve for O:
Since the given is a leg adjacent to O and a hypotenuse, therefore function to be used is
either Cosine or secant.
Cos O = Cos O =
0
O= 9 15 = shift cos = ’” = 5307’48” or O = 530
Solve for O:
a. M= 90o – 53o
M = 37o or
b. Sin M =
Sin M =
0
M= 9 15 = shift sin = ’” = 36052’12” or T = 370
2. Given: Right
S = 900
r = 12.5
s = 28.3
Find: t =? T =?
Solution:
(i) Let us draw the triangle like what we have done

earlier. The missing side is still one of the legs
because the hypotenuse s is given.

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(ii) Solve for side t
By Pythagorean Theorem
t=√ t =√ t = 25.3779
t =√ t =√ t = 25.4
So, the length of side t = 25.4
(iii) Solve for T
T can be solved by cosine or secant because the given side are r which is adjacent to T
and s which is the hypotenuse.
Cos T = Cos T =
0
T= 12.5 28.3 = shift cos = ’” = 63047’16” or T = 63047’
T = 63047’16” or T = 63047’
3. Given: Right
E = 900
f = 12.5
e = 28.3
Find: d =?
Solution: Let us draw the triangle
d =√
d =√
d =√
d =√
d = 340.030881
d = 340
So, the length of sided = 340

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2.3 Solving for the missing part of the right Triangle when given the measure of
its:
2.3.3 acute angle and its opposite side
The previous lesson tackles solving right triangle when given two of its side and the
missing parts that needs to be solved is the third side. The problem is divided into two
groups which are: given two legs of the right triangle and the hypotenuse should be found
and the other group is given a leg and a hypotenuse, and the other leg is to be found. Recall
that the Pythagorean Theorem is the only strategy used to solve both cases. This time, the
remaining three cases of solving right triangle will not only use the Pythagorean Theorem
but will also include the six trigonometric functions as another strategy to solve the problem.
Study the given illustrative examples below.
Solve for the missing parts of the given right triangle.
Illustrative Example 2.3.3:

1. Given: Right
C = 900
A = 360
a=4
Find: B =?; b =?; c =?
Solution:
(i) Let us draw the triangle.
Let us analyze the given parts. Since angle A and
side a is given, the angle and the side bear the
same name, so it means that the given side is
opposite the given angle.
If this is the case, what missing parts should be solved first?
It is the other acute angle. Recall that acute angles of the right triangle are complementary
angles therefore since one of the acute angle A is given, the other acute angle B can easily be
found by using the definition of complementary angles: The sum of two angles which are
complementary is 90o.

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Solve for B:
B = 90o – A B = 90o - 36o B = 54o
Next step is to solve for the missing side. We may choose between b or c. Let us bear in mind to
use the given parts to solve for either b or c to minimize the risk of committing mistakes in our
computation.
Solve for b:
The given parts are angle A and side, and we are solving for side b. Let us think of a trigonometric
function that involves the opposite side of angle A and side b is the adjacent side of A since it is the
side of the right triangle which is near angle A and it is not the hypotenuse. Recall from our
definition of the six trigonometric functions that the two functions with opposite side and adjacent
side in their definitions are tangent and cotangent. We may choose between these two options to
solve for b. The solution for each option is given below.
Tan A = and Cot A =
Substitute in the given equation above the values of the given.
a) Tan 36o = (b Tan 36o = 4)

Solve for b by cross multiplication. is the reciprocal of Tan 36o so
b Tan 36o = 4 if they are multiplied the result is 1.
Isolate b on the left side by using After applying MPE, the equation becomes.
Multiplication property of b=
equality (MPE)
Use scientific calculator to get the value of b. The following keys should be pressed.
0
b= 4 tan 3 6 ’” = b = 5.50553 or b = 5.5
o
b. Cot 36 =
We will do the same as we have done with tangent. We cross multiply. The equation will
become:
b = 4 Cot 36o
Since b is already isolated at the left side, we don’t need to apply MPE. We proceed to solving
for b using the scientific calculator. Cotangent is not found in the calculator keys, so we will use the
reciprocal function tangent. Recall in the previous lesson how cotangent is found using calculator
because those are the same keys that we are going to use.
0
b= 4 (1 tan 3 6 ’”) = b = 5.50553 or b = 5.5

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Notice that whether we use tangent or cotangent to solve for b we still get the same result. We just
choose the function which is more convenient for us.
Next is we solve for c:
Although the Pythagorean Theorem can already be used because we already have the measure of
the two sides of the right triangle, we should still opt for the option of using the given only.
This time angle A and its opposite side are given and we will solve for c which is the hypotenuse,
then the function of angle A which involve the opposite side and the hypotenuse are Sine and its
reciprocal cosecant. These are our two options.
a) Sin A = Then cross multiply or we may

Substitute the known values go directly to this equation.
to the above equation.
Sin 36o =
In solving for b, observe that if the unknown is in the denominator, we divide the given
numerator by the function and if the unknown is in the denominator, we multiply the denominator
by the function.
0
c= 4 sin 3 6 ’” = b = 6.80521 or b = 6.8
b. Csc A =
Csc 36o =
c = 4 Csc 36o
0
c= 4 x ( 1 sin 3 6 ’” ) = c = 6.80521 or c = 6.8
Answer: B = 54o
Given: Right
C = 900
Q = 50.50
q = 35
Find: E=?; e=?; c=?
Solution:
Draw the right triangle.
Let us analyze the given parts. Since angle A and side a is given, the angle and the side
bear the same name so it means that the given side is opposite the given angle. If this is
the case, what missing parts should be solved first?

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It is the other acute angle. Recall that acute angles of the right triangle are complementary angles
therefore since one of the acute angle A is given, the other acute angle B can easily be found by
using the definition of complementary angles: The sum of two angles which are complementary is
90o.
Solve for E: (The other acute angle of a triangle)
E = 90o – Q E = 90o – 50.5o E = 39.5oE = 39o30’
Solve for e:
Identify the functions to be used based on the given parts of the right triangle:
a) Tan Q = or b) Cot Q =
Substitute the given values in equation a.
Tan 50.5o =
Since unknown is in the denominator, we divide numerator by the function.
e=
Use calculator in finding the value of e.

0
e= 35 tan 5 0 . 5 ’” = e = 28.85177 or e = 28.9
b) Cot Q =
Cot 50.5o =
The unknown is in the numerator, so we multiply the denominator by the function.
e = 35 Cot 50.5o
0
e= 35 (1 tan 5 0 . 5 ’” ) =
e = 28.85177 e = 28.9 which is the same with solution a.
Solve for c:
Identify the function to be used:
a) Sin Q = or b) Csc Q =

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o
Sin 50.5 =
c=
0
c= 35 sin 5 0 . 5 ’” =
C = 45.35885 or c = 45.4
b) Csc Q =
Csc 50.5o =
c = 35 Csc 50.5o
1. Given: Right
U = 900
T = 25030’
t = 108.25
Find: u=?
Solution:
Draw the triangle.
The problem only asks for the value of u, so other parts of the triangle is not labelled because it is
not needed in the problem.
Solve for u:
Since the given is angle T and the opposite side t and the unknown is the hypotenuse, the function
that will solve the problem are:
a) Sin T = or its reciprocal b) Csc T =
Sin 25o30’ =
u=
0 0
u= 108.25 sin 2 5 ’” 3 0 ’” =
u = 251.44532 or u = 251.45

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 Solving for the missing side of a right triangle when given the measure of its
acute angle and the hypotenuse
Let us try another case. This time let us solve right triangle when the given parts are its
acute angle and its hypotenuse.
1. Given: Right
H = 900
P = 69015’45”
h = 5.56
Find: Y=?; p=? y=?
Solution:
Draw the right triangle.
The problem only asks for the value of u, so other parts of the triangle is not labelled
because it is not needed in the problem.
Solve for Y: (The other acute angle of a triangle)
Y = 90o – P Y = 90o – 69o15’45” Y = 20o44’15”
Solve for p:
Identify the functions to be used based on the given parts of the right triangle.
The given are acute angle and hypotenuse and the unknown part to be solved is p which is the
opposite side of the given angle. The functions that involved opposite side and hypotenuse are:
a) Sin P = or b) Csc P =
Sin 69o15’45” =
Since unknown is in the numerator, we multiply denominator by the function.
p = 5.56 Sin 69o15’45”
Use calculator in finding the value of p.

0 0 0
p= 5.56 sin 6 9 ’” 1 5 ’” 4 5 ’” =
p = 5.19978 or p = 5.20
p = 5.19978 or p = 5.20
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Let us try Cosecant to check our answer.
b) Csc P =
Csc 69o15’45” =
We divide the numerator by the function because the unknown p is in the denominator.
p=
0 0 0
p= 5.56 ( 1 sin 6 9 ’” 1 5 ’” 4 5 ’” =
p = 5.19978 or p = 5.20
Solve for y:
Y is and adjacent side of angle P, so the functions to be used are those that involved adjacent and
hypotenuse. These are:
a) Cos P = and its reciprocal Sec P =
Cos 69o15’45” =
The unknown is in the numerator, so we multiply the denominator by the function.
y = 5.56 Cos 69o15’45”

0 0 0
y= 5.56 cos 6 9 ’” 1 5 ’” 4 5 ’” =
y = 1.966872 or y = 1.97
b) sec P =
sec 69o15’45” =
The unknown is in the denominator, so we divide the numerator by the function.

y=
0 0 0
y= 5.56 ( 1 cos 6 9 ’” 1 5 ’” 4 5 ’” =
y = 1.966872 or y = 1.97

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2. Given: Right
A = 900
R = 24032’
a = 42
Find: Y=? p=? y=?
Solution:
Draw the triangle.
Solve for b:
Identify the functions to be used. Unknown is an adjacent

side, so the functions to be used to solve for b are:
a) Cos R = or b) Sec R =
cos 24o32’ =
Since unknown is in the numerator, we multiply denominator by the function.
b = 42 cos 24o32’
Use calculator in finding the value of b.

0 0
b= 42 cos 2 4 ’” 3 2 ’” =
b = 38.20823 or b = 38.2
Let us try Secant to check our answer.
b) Sec R =
Sec 24o32’=
We divide the numerator by the function because the unknown p is in the denominator.
b=

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2.3 Solving for the missing side of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.5 acute angle and its adjacent side.
Let us try another case. This time instead of the hypotenuse, we are given the adjacent side
with the acute angle. Let us study the illustrative example given below.
1. Given: Right
U = 900
F = 420
n = 15
Find: N=? f=? u=?
Solution:
Draw the triangle.
Solve for N: (N is the other acute angle)
N = 90o – F N = 90o – 42o

N = 48o
Solve for f:
Side f is an opposite side, therefore since the given is an adjacent side the functions to be used
are:
Tan F = or its reciprocal Cot F =
Tan 42o =
0
f= 15 Tan 4 2 ’” =
f = 15 Tan 420
f = 13.50606 or f = 13.5
Let us try the second option.

a) Cot F =
Cot 42o =
f=
0
f= 15 ( 1 Tan 4 2 ’” =
f = 13.50606 or f = 13.5Results are the same with our option a.

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Solve for u: (hypotenuse)
The functions to be used are:
a) Cos F = or its reciprocal b) Sec F =
Cos 42o =
u=
o’’’
u = 1 5 cos 4 2 =
u = 20.18449 or u = 20
Let us try option b.
b) Sec F =
Sec 42o =
u = 15 Sec 42o
o’’’
u = 1 5 ( 1 cos 4 2 ) =
u = 20.18449 or u = 20
F
2. Given: Right
L = 90o
Y = 18o25’35”
f = 65.25
Find: l =?
l=?
Solution:
Let us draw the right triangle.
Solve for side l:

18o
Side l is a hypotenuse so the L Y
f =65.25
functions to be used are:
Figure 2.3.5 Right Triangle for
Illustrative example (IE) 2.3.5.2

a) Cos Y = or its reciprocal b) Sec Y =
Cos 18o25’35” =
l=
o’’’ o’’’ o’’’

i = 6 5 . 2 5 cos 1 8 2 5 3 5 =
l = 68.77611 or l = 68.78

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If we used option b:
a) Sec Y =
Sec 18o25’35” =
i = 65.25 Sec18o25’35”
o’’’ o’’’ o’’’
i = 6 5 . 2 5 ( 1 cos 1 8 2 5 3 5 ) =
l = l = 68.77611 or l = 68.78

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References
Textbook:
E Publishing Inc.
References:
R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: worktext. Philippines. Grand books

Publishing, Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach.
Philippines. Rex Book Store, Inc.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
Try this…
A. Identify the given triangle.
Name the type of triangle given. Write your answer on the space provided.
Triangle Name
1
_____________________
_____________________
105o
_____________________
4
_____________________

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5
_________________________
B. Identify the parts of the right triangle by naming it.
Legs: _________
_________
Hypotenuse:
____________
Acute angles:
_______ _______
Right Angle: _____
C. Identify what case is the given. Write A if the given is an acute angle and its
opposite side, B if it is an acute angle and its adjacent side and C if it is an acute
angle and the hypotenuse.
1. Given: Right
Y = 90o; X = 25o; x = 35
Find: Z=? z=? y=? _______
2. Given: Right
C = 90o; A = 56o45’; c = 67
Find: B=?; a=?; b=? _______
3. Given: Right
S = 90o; R = 75o15’45”; t = 8.9
Find: s = ? _______

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Do This
A. Complete the solution of the following problems.
1. Given: Right
A = 900
t=6
p=8
Find: a=? P=? T=?
Solution:
Solve for a:
a=√ + a = __________
a = ______
a=√ + a = __________
Solve for P:
____P = ____P =
0
P= 8 6 = shift = ’”
P = 53o7’48” P = 53o
Solve for T:
____T = ____T =
0
T= 6 8 = shift = ’”

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2. Given: Right
E = 900
r = 5.5
e = 8.6
Find: d=? D=?
Solution:
Solve for d:
d=√ d=√
d = ________ d = ___________
d = 6.6
Solve for D:
______D = ____D =
0
D= 5.5 = shift = ’”
D = ____________ D = _____________
4. Given: Right
I = 900
m = 20
i = 15
Find: i=? M=?
Solve for i:
i=√ + i = ________
i =________
i = _______ i = ________
Solve for M:
______M = ______M =
0
M= = shift = ’”
M = ____________ M = __________________

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5. Given: Right
Y = 900
x = 20
y = 15
Find: z=?
Solve for z:
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
6. Given: Right
Y = 90o
X = 25o
x = 35
Find: Z=? z=? y=?
Solution:
Solved for Z:
Z = 90o – X Z = 90o – 9. ______ Z = 10. _____
Solve for z:
a) 11..____ X = or b) Cot X =
12.____ 25o= Cot 25o =
z= z = 14.________
z = 75.05774 z = 75.05774
z = 75 z = 75
Solve for y:
a) Sin X = or b) 15_______ X =
b) Sin 25o = or 16.________ 25o =

y = 18.__________ y = 21.__________
y = 19.__________ y = 22.__________
y = 20.__________ y = 23.__________

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7. Given: Right
S = 90o
R = 75o15’45”
t = 8.9
Find: s = ?
Draw the required right triangle. Label properly. (8 points)
Solve for s:
a) 22._____ R = or b) Sec R =
23._____ = Sec =
s = 24. _________ s = 27. _________
s = 25._________ s = 28._________
s = 26._________ s = 29._________

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Assessment
I. Modified TRUE or FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and change the underlined
word/s to make the statement true if it is false.
_______1. Right triangle is a triangle with one angle that measures 90o.
_______2. Five (5) is the measure of the hypotenuse in aPythagorean triple 3, 4 and 5.
_______3. An obtuse triangle is a triangle whose three anglesare all acute.
_______4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle whose three sides have the same measure.
_______5. If A and B are acute angles of a right triangle and measure of angle A is 25 o, then
measure of B is equal to75o.
_______6. Hypotenuse is opposite one of the acute angles of a right triangle.
_______7. An acute triangle is a triangle with no pair of opposite sides having the same measure.
_______8. The hypotenuse measures fifteen (15)units, if the legs of the right triangle measures
five (5) and twelve (12) units.
_______ 9. If the two angles of a triangle measures 35o and 100o, then the third angle measures
35o.
_______10. The measure of each angle of an equiangulartriangle is 50o.
II. Find the missing side of a given right triangle.
1. Given: Right Find: g = ?

d = 13
o = 17
2. Given: Right Find e=?

p = 120
n = 60
3. Given: Right Find r=?

t = 20.7
a = 32.7
4. Given: Right Find i=?

b = 10.25
z = 12.35

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5. Given: Right 1.___
Y = 90o
_
X = 25o
x = 35
3.___ 4.______
Find: Z=? z=?; y=?
_ __
Solution: 2.______
__
5.___
_ 6.___
7.___ _
_ 8.______
Solved for Z: _
Z = 90o – X Z = 90o – 9. ______ Z = 10. _____
Solve for z:
b) 11. ____ X = or b) Cot X =
12.____ 25o= Cot 25o =
z= z = 14.________
z = 75.05774 z = 75.05774
z = 75 z = 75
Solve for y:
c) Sin X = or b) 15_______ X =
d) Sin 25o = or 16.________ 25o =

y = 18.__________ y = 21.__________
y = 19.__________ y = 22.__________
y = 20.__________ y = 23.__________

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6. Given: Right
S = 90o
R = 75o15’45”
t = 8.9
Find: s = ?
Draw the required right triangle. Label properly. (8 points)
Solve for s:
b) 22._____ R = or b) Sec R =
23._____ = Sec =
s = 24. _________ s = 27. _________
s = 25._________ s = 28._________
s = 26._________ s = 29._________

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Learning Module 2. Application of the Solution of Right Triangles (10 hours)
Lesson 2. 2.4Application of Solving Right Triangle in Word Problem:

2.4.1Angle of Elevation
2.4.2Angle of Depression
2.4.3Angle of Inclination
2.4.4 Subtended Angle
Competence: Solve the different problems on plane trigonometry in relation to the maritime field.
Course Outcomes:Apply skills in solving (right and oblique) triangle to solve problems in Marine
Engineering.
Learning Outcomes:The students are expected to…

1. Differentiate between angle of elevation and angle of depression, and angle of inclination
and subtended angle.
2. Define bearing.
3. Illustrate the bearing of an object.
2. State bearing in terms of the North or South and the East or West direction or as an angle
measured clockwise from the north-south line.
3. Apply solving right triangle in word problems related to navigation and/or marine
engineering.
Overview
This lesson will discuss the application of right triangle in word problems with emphasis to
problems involving angle of elevation, angle of depression, angle of inclination, and subtended
angle. It will also tackle problems on bearing which is related to navigation and problem about
the sine bar which is also related to machine shop of marine engineering.

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Discussion
 DEFINITION OF ANGLE OF ELEVATION, DEPRESSION, INCLINATION AND

SUBTENDED ANGLE.
 The understanding of the following key terms is vital in solving word problems involving
right triangle.
 Angles of Elevation and Depression
- Angle of Elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal line when
the object is above the observer.
The observer is looking up to the object. See illustration below.
- Angle of depression is the angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal line when the
object observe is below the observer.
The observer is looking down to the object observe. See illustration below.
Figure 2.4.1 Angle of Elevation and Depression
The angle of elevation (angle BAO in the figure) and the angle of depression (angle AOD in the
figure) of the same situation is equal because the line of sight is a transversal cutting the parallel
lines which are the horizontal lines. The two angles elevation and depression are alternate interior
angles. Based on Geometry, alternate interior angles of parallel lines cut by a transversal have
equal measure. (See the figure above)

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 Angle of Inclination
Angle of inclination is the angle formed by a line or plane (usually representing

the hypotenuse) with the horizontal line.
It is like the angle of elevation in the sense that

it is always opposite the vertical side of a right
triangle.
In the figure, the line or plane is represented by
side AB which is the hypotenuse and the angle of
inclination of this line or plane is the angle α or
 Subtended Angle
Subtended angle is an angle formed by the rays from the point of observation
to the ends of the object.
It means that it is the angle which is

always opposite the height of the object.
In the figure it is angle θ (theta) or angle

ABC. (See figure 2.4.3)
Before we solve problems involving right triangles, let us first try to illustrate common
situations that form a right triangle.
Let us draw or sketch the following.
1. A tree top elevated 29ofrom a point fifty

(50) ft from its base.
In the figure at the right, the angle of

elevation is at angle T which is 29o and
side p is 50 ft from the point of
observation T to the base of the tree.

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2. 15-m flagpole with shadow of 30
m.
In the figure, side f is the height of

the pole and side p is the shadow of
the flagpole. Shadow is always
represented by the horizontal side of
the right triangle.
3. Angle of depression from lighthouse top to a boat 2 km from its base is 31o.
The figure below shows the angle of

depression (31o) of an object Q, which
is observed from the lighthouse. The
distance of Q from the base of the
lighthouse is 2 km represented by small
letter l in right triangle LDQ or small
letter q in right triangle LTQ. (l q)
4. 13.5 m ladder, 8 m from the base of the building on which it leans.

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5. Airplane taking off at 11o reaching height of 100 meters.
H is the angle of inclination and side h is the height that the plane had reach. Always
remember that angle of inclination is always opposite the vertical side or the height.
6. A 3-m tree subtends an angle of 52o
Angle M is the subtended angle with point

M as the point of observation, and I and R
are the two ends of the tree. These end
points of the tree are on the rays that
forms angle M. See figure at the right.
 Solving Problems Involving Right Triangles
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tree 75 ft from its base is 40o45’. Find the height of a
tree.
Step 1: Write the given.
In writing the given, identify the parts of the right triangle which are given in the problem.
Name these parts. In the case of the above example, angle of elevation is given and 75 ft. from
the base of the tree is a horizontal side of a right triangle therefore small letter is to be used.
Given: Y = 90o
X = 40o45’ Angle of elevation of the top of a tree
z = 75 ft Distance from the point of observation to the base of a tree

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Step 2: Identify the unknown or the part of the triangle that is to be found.
Find: h= x =? Height of the tree
Solution:
Step 3: Draw the required triangle and label

accordingly. (See figure at the right)
Step 4: Solve for what is asked in the

problem.
Since the given is an acute angle and the

adjacent side, and height is another leg
opposite the given angle X therefore the functions to be used are tangent and cotangent. You may
choose any of these two.
Tan X= or b) Cot X =
Tan 40o45’ = Cot 40o45’ =
x = 75 ft Tan 40o45’ x=
x = 64.62413 ft x = 64.62413 ft
Step 5: Write the answer and label.
x = 64.6 ft. height of the tree x = 64.6 ft. height of the tree
2. A plank is inclined at an angle of 20o4’ on a platform 2.5 m high. Find the length of the plank.
The given are angle of inclination and height of the platform. Notice that the height which
is the vertical side of the right triangle is always opposite the angle of inclination. Therefore, the
given is an acute angle and the opposite side.
Let us name the right angle first so that we will know what small letter we should name the
hypotenuse. Since it is the opposite side of the angle inclination is given, so the name we
choose for the angle of inclination should also be the small letter of what we named the angle
of inclination. Length of the plank
represents the hypotenuse because it is
the plank which is inclined.
Given: C = 90o
B = 20o4’ angle of inclination of the
plank
h = b = 2.5 m the height
of the platform
Find: c=? the length of the plank
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Solution:
An acute angle and opposite side are given and unknown side to be solved is a hypotenuse
therefore the functions to uses are sine and cosecant.
a) Sin B = or b) Csc B =
Sin 20o4’ = Csc 20o4’ =
c= c = 2.5 m Csc 20o4’
c = 7 28622 m c = 7 28622 m
c = 7.3 m length of the plank c = 7.3 m length of the plank
3. An island subtends an angle of 40o from a point 3.8 km directly across one end of the island.
Find the length of the island.
How do we know that the required triangle is a right triangle? It is the phrase “directly
across”. It means that one end of the island and the points of observation are in the same
line. It is implied that the side determined by the end of the island and the point of
observation and the length of the island is perpendicular to each other.
The length of the island should be shorter than the other leg because the angle opposite it
which is the subtended angle is less than 45o. It means that the other acute angle is greater
because acute angles of right triangles are complementary angles.
Refer to the given figure below.
Given: C = 90o
B = 40o subtended angle of the island
a = 3.8 km distance from the point of
observation to one end of the island
Find: b=? the length of the island
Solution:
Solve for b:
b is opposite the subtended angle B and a
which is 3.8 km is adjacent B, the functions to
be used are tangent and cotangent.
a) Tan B = or b) Cot b =
Tan 40o = Cot 40o =

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b = 3.8 km Tan 40o b=

b = 3.18858 km b = 3.18858 km
b = 3.2 km length of the island b = 3.2 km length of the island
4. The angle of depression of the other side of the base of the mountain, from a Helicopter 1000
meters directly above one base is 58o25’32”. Find the length of the tunnel needed to go
through the base of the mountain.
Given: E = 90o
F = 58o25’32”
h = f = 1000 m height of the helicopter
Find: d =? the length of the tunnel
There are two right triangles that can

be solution to the problem. In the figure
these are right triangle DEF the depression
triangle or you may use its counterpart
right triangle DCF, the elevation triangle.
But since it is angle elevation, which is
given, we will use right triangle DEF. You
may check the answers later by using right
triangle DCF. Since opposite side of the
depression angle is given that is side f and
we are looking for d length of the tunnel,
which is the other leg, the correct functions
to be used are Tangent and Cotangent.
a) Tan F = b) Cot F =
Tan 58o25’32” = Cot 58o25’32” =

d= d = 1000 m Cot 58o25’32”
d = 614. 58943 m d = 614. 58943 m
d = 614.6 m length of the tunnel d = 614. 58943 m length of the tunnel
5. A slanting coconut tree casts a shadow of 9.8 m. Find the length of the coconut tree if it is
inclined at an angle of 66o25’50”.
Shadow of the coconut is given. We know that shadow always represented by horizontal
side of the right triangle and the horizontal side is always adjacent to the angle of inclination.
The coconut tree is described as slanting, so it could not be represented by the vertical side.
Therefore, the length of the coconut which is unknown is surely the hypotenuse which is
side q.

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o
Given: Q = 90
R = 35o25’50”
P = 9.8 m
Find: q =? length of the coconut tree
Solve for q:
The given side is adjacent to the given

angle and the unknown part is the
hypotenuse. The functions to be used to
solve the problem are cosine and secant.
a) Cos R = b) Sec R =
Cos 35o25’50” = Sec 35o25’50” =

q= q = 9.8 m Sec 35o25’50”
q = 12.02721 m q = 12.02721 m
q = 12.03 m length of the coconut tree q = 12.03 m length of the coconut
tree
 Bearings
Bearingis an acute angle which is measured from the north-south line to the line of
direction. In simple words 0o is on positive y-axis or the north line and the direction of
rotation is clockwise for positive angle.
For example:
Bearing of OK, OM, OP and OL are given below.
1. OK is N 15o W is read as “north 15degrees west”.
2. OM is S 65o E is read as “south 65 degrees east”.

3. OP is N 80o E is read as “north 80 degrees east”.
4. OL is S 45o W is read as “south 45degrees west”.
But bearing can also be expressed as the angle measured clockwise from the north-south line.
This time the direction is not mentioned anymore. Let us convert the above example into this
form.

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1. OK -- N 15o W =360o -15o = 345o 2. OP -- N 80o E = 80o
3. OM -- S 65o E = 180o - 65o =115o 4. OL -- S 45o W = 180o + 45o = 225o
Let us try to illustrate the following situation that involves bearing.
1. A lighthouse N 35o 15’ W of a ship.
The first thing that we need to identify when illustrating bearing is the point observation. It is
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important to know where bearing being
observed.
In the example at the right, we are given
the bearing of the lighthouse being observed
from the ship. So, point of observation is the
ship which we can represent with the point of
origin in our coordinate plane.
2. Ship 2 km from a port on a course N 75o E.
Point of observation is the pier. P in the

figure represents the pier.
We need to remember that the point of origin
is always the point of observation.
The word “from” is a word signal that what
follows is the place where the observation is done.
3. East-bound ship bearing S 62o38’ W from a

lighthouse.
The phrase “from a lighthouse” tells us that the

point of obse rvation is on the lighthouse.
Point of origin is the representation of the
lighthouse.
4. Two ships sailing S and S 32o E

respectively; first ship 4.5 km west of
second ship
Point P is the point of origin where the

two ships came from. S1 represent the first ship and S2 is the second ship.
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b) Cot P =
Cot P =
Cot P = 1
P = 45o
P = S 45o W bearing of theship from the port
2. The bearing of an island from a vessel sailing directly north at 12 knots is 40o25’30”. The island
is found directly east of the ship after 45 minutes. How far is the island from the first point of
observation? From the second point?
Step 1: Write the given and what is asked in the problem
Given: S = 40o25’30” bearing of the island from the ship at first point of observation
i = 9 n.m.
Find: s1 =? distance of the island from the first point of observation
s =? distance of the island from the 2nd point of observation
Solution:
Step 2: Draw the required figure
In the figure it can be seen that the

points of observations are done in the ship
and the points S and S1 are the observation
points. S is the initial position of the ship
where the first observation is done and
found that the island is 40o25’30” from the
ship and S1 is the second position of the
ship after sailing for 45 minutes duenorth
and athe same time the 2nd observation
point where it is found that the island is
already directly east of the ship. The
magnitude of I in the figure is solved by
using the formula for speed which is
v = dt d=
d=i =
d=i =
d=i = 9 n.m.
Step 3: Solve for what is asked in the problem.

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Solve for s1:
The given parts are an acute angle and the side adjacent to it, therefore the functions to be
used arecosine and its reciprocal secant because the missing side s1 is a hypotenuse. See
figure above.
a) Cos S = or b) Sec S =
Cos 40o25’30” = Sec 40o25’30” =
s1 = s1 = 9 n.m. Sec 40o25’30”
s1 = 11.82258 n.m. s1 = 11.82258 n.m.

s1 = 11.8 n.m. distance of the island from thes1 = 11.8 n.m distance of the island
first point of observation from the first point of observation
Solve for s:
a) Tan S = or b) Cot S =
o o
Tan 40 25’30” = Cot 40 25’30” =
s = 9 n.m. Tan 40o25’30” s=
s = 7.66637 n.m s = 7.66637 n.m.
s = 7.7 n.m. distance of the island froms = 7.7 n.m. distance of the island
the 2nd observation point from the 2nd observation point
Step 4: Write the answers and label accordingly.

Answers: s1 = 11.8 n.m. distance of the island from thefirst point of observation
s = 7.7 n.m. distance of the island from the 2nd observation point
2. Two cargo vessels leave a port. One vessel is sailing at a speed of 12 knots at a course of S
56o E while the other is sailing directly north. After 1.5 hours, the 2nd vessel is directly east of
the other vessel. After 1.5 hours, what is the distance traveled by the first cargo vessel? By
the second cargo vessel? What is the distance between the two cargo vessels? What is the
speed of the second cargo vessel?
Step 1: Write the given and what is asked in the problem.
Let us assign P as the course of the first cargo vessel. Since it is speed which is given for
the first cargo we need to compute the distance traveled using the formula d = vt.
Given: P = S 56oE course of the first cargo vessel
v = 12 knots speed of the first cargo vessel
t = 1.5 hours’ time traveled by the two cargo vessel
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Find: c1= ? distance traveled by the first cargo vessel
c2 = ? distance traveled by the second ship
p = ? distance between the two cargo vessel after 1.5 hours
Solution:
Step 2:Let us draw the required figure.
Step 3: Solve for what is asked in the

problem.
This time the unknowns are:c1 which
is the distance from the port to the final
position of the first cargo vesselafter 1.5
hours of sailingc2 which is the distance of
the second cargo vessel from the port
after 1.5 hours of sailingp is the distance
between the two cargo vessel after 1.5
hours.
The solution is shown below.
Solve for c1:
d = vt d =c1= 12 n.m. /h (1.5h ) d =c1= 18 n. m.
Solve for c2:

c2 is the adjacent side to the given angle P and the other side known side is c1 which is the
hypotenuse therefore the functions to be used are:
a) Cos P = or b) Sec P =
Cos 56o = Sec 56o =

c2 = 18 n.m. Cos 56oc2 =
c2 = 10.065547 n.m. c2 = 10.065547 n.m.
c2 = 10 n.m. distance of the secondc2 = 10 n.m. distance of the second

cargo vessel from the portcargo vessel from the port
after 1.5 hours after 1.5 hours
Solve for p:
Side p is the opposite side of the given angle P and the known side is c1 the hypotenuse. The
functions to be used are:
a) Sin P = or b) Csc P =
Sin 56o = Csc 56o=

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o
p = 18 n.m. Sin 56 p=
p= 14.92268 n.m. p = 14.92268 n.m
p = 14.9 n.m. distance betweenp = 14.9 n.m. distance between
the two cargo vessel after the two cargo vessel after
1.5 hours 1.5 hours
Step 4: Write the answers and label accordingly.

d =c1= 18 n. m. distance of the first cargo vessel from the port after 1.5 hours
c2 = 10 n.m. distance of the second cargo vessel from the port after 1.5 hours
p = 14.9 n.m. distance between the two cargo vessel after 1.5 hours
 Solution of Oblique Triangle Using Right Triangles

There are problems that involves angle of elevation and depression that needs oblique
triangles most especially if the unknowns are heights and distances between given observation
points. For these kinds of cases we may develop or derived a new formula to make our work
easier. Let us take a look at some of the examples below.

1. The angles of elevations of the top of a tree
measured from two observation points 120 ft.
apart in a straight line are 32o and 47o
respectively. Find the height of a tree.
Let us derive a new formula from our given

figure that we have drawn based on the
problem above.
From right triangle BDA we can form the

equation:
(1) Cot A =
From right triangle BDC we can form the equation:

(2) Cot C =
Let us subtract equation 2 from equation 1.

Cot A – Cot C = - eq. (1) – eq. (2)
Cot A – Cot C = Performing the subtraction operation
Cot A – Cot C = Result of subtraction eq. (1) by eq. (2)

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Solve for h:
h (Cot A – Cot C) = b Multiplication property of equality (MPE)
𝑏
This is the new formula. h=
–
Now let us solve the problem above. We need to identify first, what are given. Always remember
that A is always the farther or smaller angle. As the observer go nearer the object observed the
angle becomes larger which is represented by angle C. So the given are:
Given: A = 32o angle of elevation from the first observation point
C = 47o angle of elevation from the second observation point
b = 120 m the distance between the two observationpoints A and C
Find: h =? height of the tree

Solution:
Solving for h using the derived formula
h= –
Substitute the given values in the formula.

h=
(The following are calculator keys to press to solve for h based on the above equation)
o o
h = 120 ( ( 1 tan 32 ” ) - ( 1 tan 47 ” ) ) =
h = 179.68929 ft.
Answer:
h = 180 ft height of the tree
2. The angle of elevation of the top of a sailboats

mast is 45o. 10 ft. nearer, the elevation of the
same mast is 60o. How high is the mast?
Let us write the given.
Given: A = 45o angle of elevation at the first
point of observation
C = 60o angle of elevation at the 2nd point of
observation which is 10 feet nearer
b = 10 ft. distance between the two points of
observation
Find: h=? height of the sailboat mast

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Solution:
Let us draw the required triangle.
Solve for h:
Using the formula:
h= –
Substitute the given values
in the formula.
h= –
Let us recall the functions of special angles because 45o and 60o are special angles.
h= √
=
–
h = 23.66025 ft.
h = 24 ft. height of the mast
3. Find the length of the tunnel that will go through the base of the mountain if the angle of
depression from the peak of the mountains 485 m high to the bases on opposite sideis 38o and
63o respectively.
The problem above shows that the angles are not at the same side of the height like our
two previous examples. So our formula failed us this time. So, let us derived another formula
for these cases.
From the given triangle in figure, thefollowing equation can be formed.
Cot A = (1)
Cot C = (2)
Then we add equation 1 and equation 2.

Cot A + Cot C = + Addition
Cot A + Cot C = + Subtraction
Cot A + Cot C = Substitution (replace x + y by b)
h (Cot A + Cot C) = b MPE

h= MPE
𝒃
h=
𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝐀 𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝐂

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Now, let us use this formula to solve
illustrative example # 3. Although we can
assign any of the two angles by A or C
because our operation is addition, let us use A
for smaller angles and C for greater angles to
be consistent with the previous formula.
Given: A = 38o angles of depression from the
mountain peak to
C = 63othe bases of the mountain Figure 2.4.26 Angles of Depression of the
h = 485 m height of the mountain bases A and C from the Mt. peak (IE 2.4.6.3)
peak
Find: b =? length of the tunnel that will go through the mountain
Solution:
h=
Since it is b which is unknown, there is a need to transform theformula to solve for b.
o o
b = 485 X ( ( 1 Tan 38 ” ) + ( 1 Tan 63 ” ) ) =
b = h (Cot A + Cot Q)
b = 485 m (Cot 38o + Cot 63o)
(Calculator keys to press to arrive to the answer)
b = 867.89153 m
b = 868 m length of the tunnel
3. Find the height of the mountain peak if the angle of elevation of its top is sighted from the two
ends of a 10 km tunnel that go through its base are 29055’ and 42o25’.
The two angles of elevation are sighted at the different side of the height therefore the formula
to be used to find h is:h =
The given are:

Given: A = 29o55’
Angles of elevation
C = 42o25’ of the peak
b = 10 km length of the tunnel
Find: h =? height of the mountain peak
Solution:
h=

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h=
h = 3.53060 km
h = 3.5 km height of the mountain
 The Sine Bar

The sine bar is a steel bar with a matching cylinder at the end just like in figure 1. It is a
precision tool used for setting up work at various angles for machining and inspection of parts
purposes. It maybe 5 inches or 10 in in length and is always set up with a gauge block.
Figure 2.4.33Gauge block ofdifferent length
Figure 2.4.32 The Sine Bar
gauge blocks are metal blocks in different lengths as seen in figure 2.4.33. The height of a gauge
block determines the size of the anglethat the sine bar make with the surface.
 Machining Purposes of a Sine Bar
 Machining an angle on a part
 Solving for height of the gauge block
1. A machining job required to machine a 15o angle on

a part, with a 5 inches sine bar. Find the height of
the gauge block to be set up with the sine bar.
Figure2.4.34 at the left will help us visualize

how a 5 inches Sine bar with an unknown height of
Figure 2.4.34 Sine Bar set up where the height
the gauge block is set up. Since the angle is given of the gauge is unknown
and the length of the sine bar is 5inches, the gauge
block’s height can be solved using sine function.

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The solution is shown below.
Given: θ = 15o the required angle to be machined on a part
l = 5 in. the length of the sine bar
Find: h=? the height of the gauge block
Sin θ =
h = l Sin θ
h = 5 Sin 15o
h = 1.29410 in.
h = 1.2941 in. the length of the gauge
block Figure 2.4.35 The part is set up in the
sinebar
Since the height of the gauge block is already
known, set up the sine bar on the gauge block and place the part on the Sine bar. The part will be
tilted exactly 15o if the upper edge is parallel to the surface just likeFigure 2.4.35 on the previous
page.
 Solving for the angle of the Sine bar.

There are some machining projects were the length of the sine bar and the height of the
gauge block is given but the angle is unknown. The problem can still be solved by the strategy
using the sign function like what is done in the previous problem. For example:
The length of the sine bar is 5 inches and the height of the gauge block is 2.75 inches. What is the
angle of inclination of the sine bar?
Given: h= 2.75 in. the height of the gauge block

l = 5 in. the length of the sine bar
Find: θ =? the required angle to be
machined on a part
Solution:
Sin θ =
Sin θ =
Sin θ = 0.54464
θ = 33o
Then set up the part in the Sine bar like

in figure2. 4.35 to ensurethat the part is Figure 2.4.36 Sine bar set up for unknown
tilted or inclinedthe same as the Sine bar. angle of inclination
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References
Textbook:
E Publishing Inc.
References:
R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: worktext. Philippines. Grand books

Publishing, Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach.
Philippines. Rex Book Store, Inc.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
A. Illustrate the following.
1. Angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse from a ship 200 m from its base is 35o25’.
2. A 15 ft. ladder leaning on the wall at an inclination of 48o40’20”.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a cliff from a boat is 20o10’. 20 nautical miles nearer, the
angle of elevation is 40o.
4. From a helicopter hovering above an island at a height of 3,205 ft., the angle of depression of
both ends are 50o20’ and 36o35’.
5. An airplane taking off at an angle of 15o25’ and reach a height of 525 m.
6. A vessel 115o from a port.
7. Two cargo vessels leave a port, one sailing directly south and the other 150o.
8. A mooring buoy N35o W of a container vessel.
9. A lighthouse 195o from a boat.
10. A container vessel N 58o W from a yacht.

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Do This
A. Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.
1. Find the length of a wooden plank which is inclined at an angle of 18o that can reach a
platform 210 cm.
2. From a ship at sea the angles of elevation of the base and top of a lighthouse 100 ft high at
the cliff’s edge are 17o24’ and 21o6’. How far is the ship from the base of the cliff?
3. A ship sails 50 nautical miles due south from a port and turned Eastward with a speed of
12.5 knots. Find the bearing of the ship and itsdistance from the port after 3 hours of
turning east.
4. A BSMarE students on the third floor of the Administration Building of St. Therese-MTC
College-Tigbauan found that the angle of depression of a car 10 m from the base of the
building is 20o45’. Find the height of thebuilding.
5. Find the angle to which a 10 inches Sine bar is to be tilted on a 5.25inches height of the
gauge block.

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Assessment
I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and change the
underlined word/s to make the statement true if it is false.
1. Angle of elevation is an angle made by the horizontal line and the line of sight when the
observer is below the object being observed.
2. Subtended angle is formed by the line or a plane usually representing the hypotenuse of the
right triangle with the horizontal line.
3. A gauge block is a precision tool made of metal use for setting up work for machining and
inspection of parts.
4. The problem “The 10 ft. flagpole casts a shadow 8 ft. long. What is the angle of elevation of
the sun?”, can be solved using tangent and cosecantfunctions.
5. Bearing of an object is an acute angle made with the line of direction fromthe north-south
line.
6. The angle of elevation farther from the object observed is the greater angle.
7. The height of an object is usually represented by the horizontal leg of a right triangle.
8. If A is the angle of elevation of the top of the tree and A > 45o, then the leg representing the
height of the tree is longer than the leg opposite the other acute angle of the right triangle.
9. In the problem “The bearing of a ship from a port is 45o. What is the distance from the port
after 1 hour if its speed is 12√ knots?” The distance of the ship from the port is 12 nautical
mile.
10. The bearing of the boat which is S 25o W can also be express as 125o.

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II. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and write the letter that corresponds to
your answer in the choices.
1. Which is the bearing of OQ in figure 1 at the right?
a. 165o c. 15o
b. 195o d. 75o
2. In the problem, “ Find the height of the kite if

120 m of string is out at an angle 25o10’.”
Which is the possible representation of
the given if C is 90o?
a. A = 25o10’ angle of the string with the horizontal

a = 120 m length of the string out Figure 1
b. A = 25o10’ angle of the string with the horizontal

C =120 m length of the string out
c. B = 25o10’ angle of the string with the horizontal

b = 120 m length of the string out
d. A = 25o10’ angle of the string with the horizontal

c =120 m length of the string out
(Refer to the problem in #2 for 3-5)

3. Which part of the right triangle is representing the height of the kite?
a. vertical leg c. hypotenuse
b. horizontal leg d. cannot be determined.
4. Which function should be used to find the height of the kite?

a. Sine c. Tangent
b. Cosine d. Cotangent
5. Which is the correct equation to solve height of the kite?

a. Sin 25o10’ = c. Tan 25o10’ =
b. Cos 25o10’ = d. Cot 25o10’ =
6. Which is the height of the kite?

a. 51 m c. 56.4 m
b. 109 m d. 255.4 m
7. In the problem “From a tanker vessel the angle of elevation of the top of the cliff is
34o20’. 65 nautical miles nearer it became 38o25’. Find the height of the cliff.”, which
formula should be used to find the height?
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a. h = c. h =
b. h = d. h =
(Refer to the problem in #7 for item #8-9)

8. Which is the correct representation for A and C?
a. A = 38o25’ and C = 34o20’ c. A = 65 n.m. and C = 34o20’
o o
b. A=34 20’ and C = 38 25’ d. A = 34o20’ and C = 65 n.m.
9. Which of these is the height of the cliff?

a. 592,473 m c. 81,554 m
b. 44,175 m d. 441,750
10. The bearing of a lighthouse from a ship traversing directly south at a speed of 10 knots
is 100o. After 3 hours the ship is directly west of the lighthouse. Which of these is
equivalent to the 100o bearing of the lighthouse?
a. N 10o W c. N 80o W
o
b. S 10 E d. S 80o E
(Refer to the problem in #10 for item # 11-13)

11. What is the distance traversed by the ship after 3hours?
a. 30 n.m. c. 300 n.m.
b. 30 km d. 300 km
12. Which function should be used to find the distance of the lighthouse from the ship after
3 hours?
a. Cotangent c. Cosine
b. Sine d. Secant
13. What is the distance between the ship and the lighthouse after 3 hours?
a. 170 n.m. c. 295 km
b. 29.5 n.m. d. 1701 mi.
14. A machining job required 20o angle to be machined from a part. If a 5 inches sine bar is
to be used, which of these equations is to be used to find the height of the gauge block
to be used in the set up?
a. Sin 20o = c. Tan 20o =
b. Cos 20o = d. Sin 20 =
15. Which of these is the height of the gauge block (refer to the problem in #14).
a. 1.7101 in. c. 1.8198 in.
b. 4.6985 in. d. 14.619 in.

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Oral Assessment (Prelim)
GROUP VIDEO PRESENTATION ON SOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLES
DIRECTIONS: (This is an online oral video presentation)
A. Guidelines in making the group video presentation.
1. In this activity, you will work with a group of five (5) members.
2. Construct problems on application of right triangles as much as possible using

maritime situations. If you can create a problem on navigation situations with solving
oblique triangle then you will be given a higher rating/score.
3. Each group will construct five (5) problems. The description of the problems shall
cover the following topics/problems:
a. 1 angle of elevation
b. 1 angle of depression
c. 1 angle of inclination
d. 1 subtended angle
e. 1 bearing
4. When done, make a video presentation (using PowerPoint as your visual/digital tool)
of the following worded problems and their solutions.
5. Submit the video presentation through email or Microsoft teams assigned class
submission.
6. Each group will be given 10 minutes to present their outputs.
7. During the presentation, present and discuss the solution for each problem. Present
this video via Google meet or Zoom with your instructor as the audience or with the
class if the internet connection is good.
B. Criteria for grading oral video presentation
Content ------------------------------------- 40%

Oral Presentation ------------------------------------- 45%
Organization ------------------------------------- 15%
100%

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Scoring Rubric for Oral Video Presentation
CRITERIA Criteria Description Weight Score

Introduction is attention getting, lays out the problem well
5
and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation.
The problems are constructed correctly and uses maritime
10
situation.
CONTENT (40%) The solutions of the five problems are correct and accurate.
10
The five problems included are as described in the
10
instruction.
There is no error in spelling and grammar. 5
Speakers use a clear, audible voice. 5
Delivery is poised controlled and smooth. 5
Good language skills and pronunciation are used. 5
PowerPoint is used as visual aid is well prepared,
ORAL 10
informative, effective and not distracting.
PRESENTATION
Information was well communicated. 10
(40%)
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits. 5
Each member of the group participated well in the
5
presentation.
Speakers use a clear, audible voice. 5
Explanation of the problems’ solution is presented in a
10
ORGANIZATION logical sequence.
(15%) The type of presentation is appropriate for the topic and
5
audience.
TOTAL 100%

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REQUIRED OUTPUT (Prelim)
Video Presentation
Make a 10-minute video presentation on Solving Right Triangles.
1. The format of the presentation must be in PowerPoint converted into an mp4 format.
2. The video presentation content must be based on the guidelines in the oral
examination.
3. Provide enrichment/remedial activities if there is any.
4. The video will be graded using the rubric based on the criteria given below:
Criteria
Content -------------------- 45%
Technical Aspects -------------------- 40%
Creativity and elements of design ------- 15%
100%
Rubric for Grading Video Presentationon Solving Right Triangles
CRITERIA Criteria Description Weight Score

Introduction is attention getting, lays out the problem well
5
and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation.
The content of the presentation is as described in the given
CONTENT (45%) guidelines. 15
Images and/or graphics relate well to content. 10
Language is used properly and effectively 15
Camera is stable, smooth movements and pans. 5
Subject is framed well; images are well composed and
7.5
clearly visible.
TECHNICAL Sound is clear and understandable. 7.5
ASPECTS (40%)
Video is edited effectively and flows well. 10
Titles and transitions are used effectively. 5
Project was submitted on time. 5
CREATIVITY & The design used is effective. 5
ELEMENTS OF The camera techniques used for the video and pictures
10
DESIGN (15%) enhance the effectiveness of the presentation.
TOTAL 100%

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RESEARCH WORK (Prelim)
Answer the following questions.
1. Cite important facts in the history of trigonometry. (10 points)

2. Enumerate and define in your own words the different
principal system in measuring angles. (5 points)
3. What is the definition of an angle in the point of view of trigonometry? (5 points)
4. What are the different types of angles in trigonometry? (10 points)
Write your answer in a short bond paper. Be sure that you write your references following
the APA format at the last page of your work. You may submit your research work via
messenger as private message, or you may bring it to school to be submitted to your
instructor or whatever is convenient for you.

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Issue No.

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Learning Module 1. Trigonometric Function of an Acute Angle (10 hours)

Lesson 1. 1.1 Nature and Importance of Trigonometry

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes

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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

1.1 Nature and History of Trigonometry

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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

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Solution: First, multiply the decimal part 0.345 by 60 to convert it to minutes.

0.345 x 60 = 20.7 and Multiply 0.7 by 60 to convert it to seconds

Therefore, 65. 345o = 65o 20’ 42”

2. Express 48o25’56” to decimal form.

Solution: First, divide 25’ by 60 or multiply by

Divide 56” by 3600 or multiply by

Then add: 48 + 0.417 +0.015 = 48.432o

Trigonometric Function is a ratio between sides of a right triangle.

The Six Trigonometric Functions of an acute angle

Sine of an acute angle = Cotangent of an acute angle =

Cosine of an acute angle = Secant of an acute angle =

Tangent of an acute angle = Cosecant of an acute angle =

©All Rights Reserved

(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Abbreviation of the six functions:

Sine - Sin cosine - cos tangent - tan

Let us consider the right triangle ABC with C

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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Functions of angle A Functions of angle B

Co-functions of complementary angles

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(Plane and Spherical Trigonometry)

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

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Illustrative Example 1.1

The value of the trigonometric function of an angle can be express in decimal or in

1. Sin A = 5/13 a=5

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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Then a=5, c=13 and b=?

Pythagorean Theorem: In right triangle ACB with C as the right angle

Since Tan A = Figure 1.3. The Right Triangle (side c is

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Let us draw right triangle ACB with C as

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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

1. Sin 2504” = 6. Tan 58o=