Integral Calculus Lecture Notes - Moments, Work, Pressure

Lecture Notes 4 – Further Applications of Integral Calculus 1
Engr. Caesar Pobre Llapitan
TOPICS:
I. Moments and Center of Mass
II. Work
III. Liquid Pressure and Fluid Force
I. MOMENTS AND CENTROIDS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this section, the students should be able to
1. Define the first moment of mass and centroid of gravity.
2. Determine the first moment and centroid of areas and arc length.
3. Determine the first moment and centroid solid of revolution.
4. Determine the first moment and centroid of surface of revolution.
5. Evaluate the volume and surface of solid of revolution using the Pappus theorems.
A. Introduction
Definition of First Moment

Product obtained by multiplying the magnitude of a force by the length of the perpendicular drawn
from the point O to the line of action of the force.
Moment of Mass
If a particle of mass m is located at a distance r from a fixed point, line of plane, the product m  r is
called the moment of mass of m with respect to the point, line or plane.
Center of Mass in a One-Dimensional System

Suppose several point masses are located on the x-axis. The measure of the tendency of this system to
rotate about the origin is the moment about the origin, and it is defined as the sum of the n
products mixi.
M0 = m1 x1 + m2 x2 + ... + mn xn (1)
If M0 = 0, the system is said to be in equilibrium.
For system that is not in equilibrium, the center of mass is defined as the point x at which the fulcrum
could be relocated to attain equilibrium.
x=
 m x = moment of system about origin
i i
(2)
m i
total mass of system
Center of Mass in a Two-Dimensional System

We can extend the concept of moment to two dimensions by considering a system of masses located
in the xy-plane at the points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), …, (xn, yn).
Rather than defining a single moment (with respect to the origin), two moments are defined – one
with respect to the x-axis and one with respect to the y-axis.
The moments about the x- and y-axes are
n n
M x =  mi yi M y =  mi xi (3)
i =1 i =1
The center of mass ( x, y ) or center of gravity is
n n
 mi yi m x i i
x= i =1
y= i =1
(4)
m i m i
Center of Mass in a Three-Dimensional System

If n particles of masses m1, m2, ..., mn are located at the points P1(x1, y1, z1), P2(x2, y2, z2) …, Pn(xn, yn,
zn), respectively, the moments of mass of this system of particles with respect to the three rectangular
coordinate plane are
n n n
M yz =  mi xi M zx =  mi yi M xy =  mi zi (5)
i =1 i =1 i =1
The centroid or center of gravity of this system of particles is defined as the point C ( x, y, z )
whose coordinates are given by
Mx = M yz My = Mzx Mz = M xy (6)
where M denotes the total mass m1 + m2 + … + mn.
Notes on Moment:
1. The moment of a system of masses with respect to any plane is the same as that obtained in
considering the total mass to be concentrated at the centroid.
2. The moment of a mass with respect to any plane passing through the centroid is zero.
Notes on Centroid:
1. The centroid must lie on any line of symmetry of a homogeneous figure.
2. If a homogeneous figure has a geometrical center, that point is the centroid.
3. If a figure A consists of several parts A1, A2, …, and the distances of their centroids from an axis
S are respectively r1, r2, … the centroid of A lies at a distance r from S given by
Ar = A1r1 + A2r2 + …
Examples:
I. Find the centroid of each of the following systems of masses.
1. Equal masses at (3, 0), (2, 2), (2, 4), (-1, 2)
Solution:
M = m + m + m + m = 4m
For x : Mx = M y =  mi xi For y : My = M x =  mi yi
Mx = m1 x 1 + m2 x2 + m3 x 3 + m4 x4 My = m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + m4 y4
4mx = m ( 3 ) + m ( 2 ) + m ( 2 ) + m ( −1 ) 4my = m ( 0 ) + m ( 2 ) + m ( 4 ) + m ( 2 )
6m 3 8m
x= = y= =2
4m 2 4m
3 
Therefore: C ( x , y ) =  ,2 
2 
2. Masses of 1, 2, 3 units at (-1, 3), (2, 1), (3, -1), respectively.
Solution:
M = m1 + m2 + m3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For x : Mx = M y =  mi xi For y : My = M x =  mi yi
Mx = m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x 3 My = m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
6 x = 1 ( −1 ) + 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 3 ) 6 y = 1 ( 3 ) + 2 ( 1 ) + 3 ( −1 )
12 2 1
x= =2 y= =
6 6 3
 1
Therefore: C ( x , y ) =  2, 
 3
3. Masses of 2, 5, 9 units at (3, -2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (3, -2, 3), respectively.
Solution:
M = m1 + m2 + m3 = 2 + 5 + 9 = 16
For x : Mx = M yz =  mi xi For y : My = M xz =  mi yi
Mx = m1 x 1 + m2 x2 + m3 x 3 My = m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
16 x = 2 ( 3 ) + 5 ( 0 ) + 9 ( 3 ) 16 y = 2 ( −2 ) + 5 ( 1 ) + 9 ( 3 )
33 28 7
x= y= =
16 16 4
For z : Mz = M yx =  mi zi
Mz = m1 z1 + m2 z2 + m3 z3
16 z = 2 ( 3 ) + 5 ( 2 ) + 9 ( 3 )
43
z=
16
 33 7 43 
Therefore: C ( x, y, z ) =  , , 
 16 4 16 
Center of Mass of a Planar Lamina

Consider a thin, flat plate of material of constant density called a planar lamina. For planar laminas,
density is considered to be a measure of mass per unit area.
Consider an irregularly shaped planar lamina of uniform density bounded by the graphs of y = f(x), y
= g(x), and a  x  b.
The moments about the x- and y-axes are
b f ( x) + g( x) 
Mx =   
a  2
  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx

(8)
b
My =  a
x  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx (9)
The center of mass ( x, y ) is given by
My Mx
x= y=
m m
b
where m =  
a
 f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx is the mass of the lamina.
B. First Moment and Centroid of Plane Areas and Arcs
1. Plane Areas
Ai
ri

First moment of plane area with respect to a line  in its plane is obtained by dividing the area into n
strips that are parallel to the line
For the ith strip, denote the area by Ai, multiplying this area by its distance ri from , forming the
n
sum  r A of these products, and taking the limit of this sum as the max Ai approaches zero. Thus,
i =1
i i
n
M = lim
 Ai →0 r  A =  r dA
i =1
i i (10)
where the limits are used so as to extent the integration over the entire area under consideration.
In evaluating M, replace dA in terms of x or y and take limits on the one of them whose differential
appears in dA.
Centroid of a plane area is defined as that point ( x, y ) at which the entire area can be imagined as
being concentrated without changing the first moment of the area with respect to either coordinate
axis.
Thus,
My = xA = xc dA  Mx = yA = yc dA  (11)
Solving for ( x, y ) :
x=
x c dA
y=
y c dA
(12)
A A
Limit of integration is that of the area A.
Computation of First Moment by Use of Strips Perpendicular to the Axis

Consider a rectangle of width w and altitude h that abuts on the x-axis:
y
w
h
y
x
Find the first moment about the x-axis in terms of h and w.

h
h wy2 h2
Mx = 0
wy dy =
2
= w
2
0
h
Since A = wh, Mx = A
2
In integral form:
 
y
Mx = 2
dA My = x dA (13)
Examples:
1. Find the centroid of the region bounded by the graphs f ( x ) = 4 - x 2 and g ( x ) = x + 2 .
Solution:
The two graphs intersect at the points (-2, 0) and (1, 3) as shown in the figure.
So, the area of the region is
1 1 9
A =   f ( x ) - g ( x )  dx =  2 - x - x 2  dx =
−2 −2 2
The centroid of (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) of the region has the following coordinates.
1 1 
( )
x 4- x 2 - ( x + 2 )  dx (
2
)
1 1  4 - x + ( x + 2)  
A −2 
x= y=
A −2 

2 
( )
 4 - x 2 + ( x + 2 )  dx

2 1  
(
=  - x 3 - x 2 + 2 x dx ) 2 1  1
9 −2
1
( )(
=    - x 2 + x + 6 - x 2 - x + 2 dx
9  2  −2
)
4 3
2 x x 1
= - - + x2 =- 1 1
9 4 3 −2
2
9 −2
(
=  x 4 - 9 x 2 - 4 x + 12 dx )
1 x5 1 12
= - 3 x 3 - 2 x 2 + 12 x =
9 5 -2 5
 1 12 
So, the centroid of the region is  - ,  .
 2 5 
2. Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r.
Solution:
Using the figure, equation of the semicircle is

f ( x ) = r2 − x2
By the symmetry principle, the center of mass must lie on the y-axis, so
x =0
Solving for y : y=
 y dA
A
A = r2/2
1 1r
  f ( x )  dx
2
y=
A −r 2
r
2  x3 
( )
r 2 r
11  r 2 − x 2  dx = 2
= 2   r − x dx = 2 r 2 x − 
2 2
r / 2 2 −r 
   r2 0  r  3 
0
2 2r 3 4r
= =
 r 2 3 3
Therefore, ( x, y ) = ( 0, 4r/3π )
3. Find the centroid of the figure shown.

Solution:
By superimposing a coordinate system on the region, the centroids of the three rectangles can
located at
(1/2, 3/2), (5/2, ½), and (5, 1)
Using these three points, we can find the centroid of the region.
A = area of the region = 3 + 3 + 4 = 10
x=
( 1 / 2 )( 3 ) + ( 5 / 2 )( 3 ) + 5 ( 4 ) y=
( 3 / 2 )( 3 ) + ( 1 / 2 )( 3 ) + 1 ( 4 )
10 10
29 10
= = 2.9 = =1
10 10
So, the centroid of the region is (2.9, 1).
Classroom Activity 1
1. The area enclosed by y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y.
2. The second-quadrant area enclosed by x2 - y2 = 25.
4. The area bounded under y = cos x from x = 0 to x = /2.
Exercises 1
I. Find the centroid of the region bounded by the graphs of the given equations.
1. x = y2 + 1, x= 0, y = 2 and y =-2 3. y = 2x + 4, y = 0, x = 0, x= 2y
2. y =-x2 + 3 and y = x2 – 2x – 1 4. x = y2 – 1, y = -1, y = 2, x = -2
II. introduce an appropriate coordinate system and find the coordinates of the center of mass of the
planar lamina. (The answer depends on the position of the coordinate system.
1. 2.
3. 4.
2. Arc Length
First Moment Formulas:
My = xA = xc ds Mx = yA = yc ds  (14)
Centroid Formulas:
x=
x c ds
y=
y c ds
(15)
A A
C. First Moment and Centroid of Solid of Revolution
1. Centroid of a Volume of Solid of Revolution

Because of symmetry, the centroid of a homogeneous solid of revolution lies on its axis. Hence, only
one coordinate is needed to determine its exact position.
If x-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M y = Vx =  x c dV (16-a)
If y-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M x = Vy =  y c dV (16-b)
where dV is any element of volume, and xc or yc is the coordinate of the centroid for the element
selected.
Exercises 2
Find the centroid of the solid generated by revolving about the indicated axis the area bounded by
the given curves.
1. 2x + y = 2, x = 0, y = 0; about x = 0.
2. y = 4x – x2, y = 0; about x = 0.
3. y = x3, x = 2, y = 0; about x = 2.
4. y = x2, y = x + 2; about y = 4.
5. y = x, y = 2x, x + y = 6; about x = 0
2. Centroid of a Surface of Solid of Revolution
If x-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M y = Sx =  x c dS (17-a)
If y-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M x = Sy =  y c dS (17-b)

Exercises 3
1. Find the centroid of the hemispherical surface generated by revolving the semicircle
y = a 2 − x 2 about the y-axis.
2. Find the centroid of the upper half of the surface of the torus formed by revolving the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 about x = b, b > a.
3. Find the centroid of the surface formed by the cardioid r = a(1 + cos ) about the x-axis.
D. Propositions of Pappus
First Proposition of Pappus

The surface area of a solid of revolution is equal to the length of the generating arc times the
circumference of the circle described by the centroid of the arc, provided the axis of revolution does
not cross the generating arc. (See Illustration A)
Second Proposition of Pappus

The volume of a solid of revolution is equal to the generating area times the circumference of the circle
described by the centroid of the area, provided the axis of revolution does not cross the generating
area. (See Illustration B)
Illustration A: Illustration B:
y y
B
dA
ds
x x
About the x-axis: About the x-axis:
dS = 2 y  ds dV = 2 y  dA
= AB 2y ds (18-a) = A 2y dA (18-b)
S = 2 y  s V = 2 y  A
About the y-axis: About the y-axis:
dS = 2 x  ds dV = 2 x  dA
= AB 2x ds (19-a) = A 2 x dA (19-b)
S = 2 x  s V = 2 x  A
Examples:
1. Find the surface and volume of a right circular cone.
2. Find the volume formed by revolving the triangle where vertices are (1, 1), (2, 4) and (3, 1)
about the line 2x – 5y = 10.
3. Find the surface and volume of the torus generated by revolving a circle of radius a about the
line in its plane which is b units from its center.
4. Find the volume generated by revolving the right-half of the area enclosed by the ellipse x2/a2
+ y2/b2 = 1 about the line x = c, c > a.
1. Use the Theorem of Pappus to find the centroid of the region bounded by the upper semicircle
y = R 2 − x 2 and the x-axis
2. Find the centroid of a semi-circular arc of radius a.
3. Find the centroid of a semi-circular area of radius a.
4. Use the Theorem of Pappus to show that the -coordinate of the centroid of a triangular region
is located at the point that is one third of the distance along the altitude from the base of the
triangle.
Exercises 4
Use the Theorem of Pappus to find the volume of the given solid.
1. The torus formed by revolving the region bounded by the circle (x – 4)2 + y2 = 9 about the -
axis
2. A cone of radius r and height h.
3. The solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of y = 4 – x2, y = 4, and x =
2 about the y-axis
4. The solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of y = x − 2 , y = 0, and x
= 6 about the y-axis.
5. From a parallelogram whose vertices are (8, 0), (-8, 0), (0, 4) and (0, -4), an ellipse of semi-
axes 3 and 1 and center (3, 0) is removed. The remaining area is revolved about the line x + 2y
= 15. Find the volume generated.
Use the Theorem of Pappus to obtain the centroid of the given solid
1. Find the centroid of the upper half of the surface of the torus formed by revolving the circle x2
+ y2 = a2 about x = b, b > a.
2. Find the surface area of a sphere of radius a.
3. Find the lateral area of the frustum of a right circular cone with slant height L and base radii
R1 and R2, respectively.
4. From the known volume of a hemisphere, find the centroid of the first quadrant area of the
circle x2 + y2 = a2.
5. Find the centroid of the right triangle formed by the line x/a + y/b = 1 with the coordinate
axes.
6. Find the centroid of the ring obtained by revolving the ellipse 4(x – 6)2 + 9(y – 5)2 = 36 about
the x-axis.
II. WORK
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the work done by variable forces.
2. Apply Hooke’s law in evaluating the work done on elastic spring.
3. Determine the amount of work in filling and emptying a tank.
A. Force and Work

The concept of work is introduced to measure the cumulative effect of a force in moving a body from
one position to another. That is,
W=Fd
B. Work Done by Variable Force

Here we consider an object moving along a straight line (the x-axis) from the point a to the point b
acted upon by a variable force f(x). We can estimate the amount of work done with a Riemann sum.
Force
Position or Displacement
x0 = a xi – 1 xi xn = b
- Suppose a particle is moved along the x axis from x = a to x = b where the force acting on the
particle at x is given by f(x), a continuous function.
- We partition the interval [a, b] into n equal subintervals [xi – 1, xi] each with length x.
- Since the function f(x) is continuous, the variation in the force f(x) on the subinterval [xi – 1, xi]
should be small if x is small (we are of course free to make the value of x as small as we
want.)
Therefore, on the interval [xi – 1, xi], the work done is approximately
Wi  f ( xi ) xi (a)
by a constant force of f(xi) on the subinterval. The work done over the course of the interval [a, b] is
the sum of the work done on each subinterval. Therefore, our approximation for the work done over
the interval [a, b] is
n
Wi   Wi   f ( xi ) x (Riemann sum) (b)
i=1
Now taking limits as n tends to infinity, we get
n
W = lim  f ( xi ) x =  f ( x ) dx
b
(20)
n→ a
i=1
Examples:
1. Suppose that it took 20 years to construct the great pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh, Egypt. This
pyramid is 500 ft high and has a square base with edge length 750 ft. Suppose also that the
pyramid is made of rock with density  = 120 lb/ft3. Finally, suppose that each laborer did 160 ft-
lb/h of work in lifting rocks from the ground level to their final position in the pyramid and worked
12 h daily for 330 days/year. How many laborers would have been required to construct the
pyramid?
Solution:
y
500 – y
500 ft
x x
y
x
750 ft 750 ft
Area of cross section = Asquare = x2

F = yAsquare
Using similar triangle to express Asquare = f(y):

x 500 − y
=
750 500
3
x = ( 500 − y )
2
9
( 500 − y )
2
Therefore, Asquare =
4
Total work done to finish the pyramid:

9
W =  F ( y ) dy =  120 ( y ) ( 500 − y ) dy
b 500 2
a 0 4
= 1.406  10 12 ft-lb
Work done by each laborer = (160 ft-lb/h)(12 h/day)(330 days/yr)(20 yr) = 1.267  107 ft-lb
Therefore, the number of laborers is
1.406  10 12 ft-lb.
= 111,000 laborers
1.267  10 7 ft-lb/laborer
2. A force of F = (3x2i + 4j) N, with x in meters, acts on a particle, changing only the kinetic energy
of the particle. How much work is done on the particle as it moves from (2, 3) to (3, 0) m? Does
the speed of the particle increase, decrease, or remain the same?
Solution:
( 3 x i + 4 j )  ( idx + jdy ) =  ( 3 x dx + 4dy )
3i 3i
W = 2 2
2i + 3 j 2i + 3 j
3 0
=  3 x 2 dx +  4dy = + 7 J
2 3
The work is positive, thus, the energy of the particle increases. The speed of the particle increases.
3. A small particle of mass m is pulled to the top of a frictionless half-cylinder (radius R) by a cord
that passes over the top of the cylinder. a) If the particle moves at a constant speed, calculate the
tension in the cord. b) Find the work done in moving the particle at constant speed from the
bottom to the top of the half-cylinder.
F m
R

Solution:
a) Tension in the cord
F = T = m cos 
b) Work done in moving the particle at constant speed along the circumference
Fs = force along the arc from  = 0 to  = /2
Fs

Fx = mg cos
mg
Arc length of a circle: s = R  ds = Rd
W =  Fx dx =  Fs ds
 /2
=
0
( mg cos )( Rd )
 /2
= mgR ( sin  ) 0
= mgR
Lifting Objects with Varying weights

1. A bucket, weighing 5 pounds when empty, is loaded with 60 pounds of sand, and then lifted (at
constant speed) 10 feet. Sand leaks out of a hole in the bucket at a uniform rate, and a third of the
sand is lost by the end of the lifting. Find the work done in the lifting process.
Solution:
Let x be the height above the initial position.
- The sand leaks out at the uniform rate of 2 pounds per foot.
- The force being exerted when the bucket is at position x is 65 – 2x, the weight of the load.
Hence, the work

( 65 − 2 x ) dx = ( 65 x − x 2 ) 0
10
W =  F ( x ) dx = 
b 10
= 650 − 100 = 550 ft  lb
a 0
2. A 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into the air by pulling in 20 ft of rope at a constant speed
(see Figure). The rope weighs 0.08 lb ft. How much work was spent lifting the bucket and rope?
Solution:
The bucket has constant weight so the work done lifting it alone is
weight  distance = 5  20 = 100 ft-lb
The weight of the rope varies with the bucket’s elevation, because less of it is freely hanging.
(0.08) (20 – x) lb = weight of the bucket lifted when the bucket is x ft off the ground
So, the work in lifting the rope is

( 0.8 )( 20 − x ) dx
20
Work on rope = 
0
( 1.6 − 0.08 x ) dx
20
=
0
( )
20
= 1.6 x − 0.04 x 2
0
= 32 − 16 = 16 ft  lb
The total work for the bucket and rope combined is

100 + 16 = 116 ft-lb
3. Assume the bucket in Example 2 is leaking. It starts with 2 gal of water (16 lb) and leaks at a
constant rate. It finishes draining just as it reaches the top. How much work was spent lifting the
water alone? (Hint: Do not include the rope and bucket, and find the proportion of water left at
elevation x ft.)
Solution:
Since the bucket is leaking at a constant rate and the bucket is rising at a constant rate, the amount
of water in the bucket is proportional to (20 – x), the distance the bucket is being raised.
The leakage rate of the water is 0.8 lb/ft raised, the weight of the water in the bucket is
F = 0.8(20 – x)
So,
20
 x2 
W =  F ( x ) dx =  0.8 ( 20 − x ) dx = 0.8  20 x −  = 160 ft  lb
b 20
a 0
 2 0
4. A bag of sand originally weighing 144 lb was lifted at a constant rate. As it rose, sand also leaked
out at a constant rate. The sand was half gone by the time the bag had been lifted to 18 ft. How
much work was done lifting the sand this far? (Neglect the weight of the bag and lifting
equipment.)
Solution:
The weight of sand decreases steadily by 72 lb over the 18 ft, at 4 lb/ft.
F(x) = 144 - 4x  the weight of sand when the bag is x ft off the ground
The work done is:
W =  F ( x ) dx =  ( 144 − 4 x ) dx
b 18
a 0
( )
18
= 144 x − 2 x 2
0
= 1944 ft  lb
5. A bucket is full of water. The water is leaking at a constant rate of 1.2 kg/min. The bucket is raised
vertically from ground level at a constant speed of 10 m/min by a winch. When it starts up it weighs
21 kg. How much work must be done by the winch to raise it to a height of 30 m?
Solution
Let h be an arbitrary height in m in [0, 30]. The time elapsed from when the bucket starts up to
when it reaches the height of h m is (h/10) min. From when the bucket starts up to (h/10) min
afterward it's lost water by (1.2) (h/10) = (0.12) h kg, so its total weight then is (21 – (0.12) h) kg,
thus the force applied on it by the winch then is (21 – (0.12) h) kg.
The work done on it by the winch to raise it by dh m from h m to (h + dh) m is dW = (21 – (0.12)
h) dh kg-m. The work that must be done by the winch to raise it to a height of 30 m is:
30
 0.12 h2 
( 21 − 0.12h ) dh = 21h −
30
W = 
0
 2 0
= 21 ( 30 ) − 0.06 ( 30 )  − 0
2
 
= 576 kg-m
6. A long flexible chain lies coiled on the floor. It weighs 3 kg/m. Find the work done in lifting one
end of the chain vertically 1.5 m off the floor.
Solution 1 – Force Changing Continuously with Position

When that end of the chain is at a height of h m above the floor, the lifted part of the chain has a
mass of 3h kg. So, the force needed to lift that end to that height is F(h) = 3h kg. The work done in
lifting it dh m from h to h + dh is dW = F(h) dh = 3h dh kg-m. Thus, the work done in lifting that
end of the chain vertically 1.5 m off the floor is:
1.5  h2 
1.5
 ( 1.5 )2 
W = 3hdh = 3   = 3  − 0  = 3.375 kg-m
0
 2 0  2 
Note
As F(h) = 3h, the force F applied to the lifted end of the chain to lift it changes continuously with
the height or position h
of that end.
Solution 2 – Slicing
Consider the situation where the lifted end of the chain is at the height of 1.5 m. For any height h
where h is in [0, 1.5] consider a slice of the lifted part of the chain at height h with thickness dh.
The mass of this slice is 3 dh kg. So, the force needed to lift the slice to the height of h m is 3 dh kg.
The work done by this force on the slice is dW = (3 dh) h = 3h dh kg. m. Adding up the works done
on all of the slices we get the required work:
1.5
1.5  h2 
W = 3hdh = 3  
0
 2 0
 ( 1.5 )2 
= 3 − 0  = 3.375 kg-m
 2 
Exercises 3
1. A spring has natural length 30 cm, and a force of 50 Newtons (N) is required to extend it to 35
cm. what is the spring constant? How much work is required to extend it from 32 to 36 cm?
2. A bucket weighing 3 lbs. has a capacity of 2 ft3. The bucket is lowered into a well 100 ft deep,
filled with water and then lifted to the top at a constant rate of 5 ft/sec. Water leaks from a hole
in the bottom of the bucket at the rate of 0.01 ft3/sec, find the work done in lifting the bucket to
the top of the well. Assume the weight density of water equal to 62.4 lb/ft3 and the weight of the
rope is negligible.
3. A bucket weighing 20 lb. containing 60 lb of sand is attached to the lower end of a chain 100 ft
long and weighing 10 lb that is hanging in a deep well. Find the work done in raising the bucket
to the top of the well.
4. If the sand in #2 is leaking out of the bucket at a constant rate and has all leaked out just as soon
as the bucket is at the top of the well. Find the work done in raising the bucket to the top of the
well.
5. A cable 200 ft long and weighing 4 lb/ft is hanging vertically down a well. If a weight of 100 lb is
suspended from the lower end of the cable, find the work done in pulling the cable and weight
C. Hooke’s Law for Elastic Spring
Hooke’s Law says that the force it takes to stretch or compress a spring x length unit from its natural
(unstressed) length is proportional to x. In symbols,
F(x) = kx (21)
where k > 0 is called the spring constant and x is the displacement from the natural length.
Hooke’s Law, Equation (13), gives good results as long as the force doesn’t distort the metal in the
spring.
x=0
x
Natural
Length L
x=0 x
External
x
Force F(x)
Stretch x
Examples:
1. A spring has a natural length of 1 m, and a force of 10 N is required to hold it stretched to a total
length of 2 m. How much work is done in compressing this spring from its natural length to a
length of 60 cm?
Solution:
Natural length = 1 m
Determine the value of k at F = 10 N when x = 2 – 1 = 1 m:

F = kx  10 N = k (1 m), k = 10 N/m
Hence, F = 10x
Therefore, the work done in compressing is
−0.6
W = 10 x dx
0
−0.6
= 5x2
0
= 18.0 N-m
2. A spring has a natural length of 1m. A force of 24 N holds the spring stretched to a total length of
1.8m.
a. Find the constant k.
b. How much work would it take to stretch the spring 2m beyond its natural length?
c. How far will a 45 N force stretch the spring?
Solution:
a) The force constant
A force of 24 N stretches the spring 0.8 m, so
24 = k(0.8)  k = 30 N/m
b) The work to stretch the spring 2 m

x = 0:
- The unstressed spring hanging along the x-axis with its free end
F(x) = 30x
- The force required to stretch the spring x m beyond its natural
length is the force required to pull the free end of the spring x
units from the origin.
The work done by F on the spring from x = 0 m to x = 2 m is
2
W =  30 x dx
0
2
= 15 x 2
0
= 60 J
c) How far will a 45-N force stretch the spring?

Substitute F = 45 in the equation F = 30x to find
45 = 30x  x = 1.5 m.
A 45-N force will stretch the spring 1.5 m. No calculus is required to find this.
3. A spring with k = 53 N/m hangs vertically next to a ruler. The end of the spring is next to the 15-
cm mark on the ruler. If a 2.5-kg mass is now attached to the end of the spring, where will the end
of the spring line up with the ruler marks?
Solution:
The spring will stretch enough to hold up the mass. The force exerted by the spring will be equal
to the weight of the mass.
mg = k ( x )
x =
mg ( 2.5 kg ) 9.8 m/s
=
2
(
= 0.46 m
)
k 53 N/m
Thus, the ruler reading will be 46 cm + 15 cm = 61 cm
4. Hooke's law states that the force required to stretch or compress a spring to x units longer or
shorter than its natural length is, for sufficiently small values of x, proportional to x. That is, F(x)
= kx for some constant k, called the spring constant. Suppose that a force of 10 kg is required to
stretch a spring by 5 cm. Find the work done in stretching the spring that far.
Solution
By Hooke's law, F(x) = kx. Now 10 = F(5) = 5k, so k = 2. Thus F(x) = 2x. The work element done
to stretch the spring by dx is dW = F(x) dx = 2x dx. As a consequence, the work done in stretching
the spring by 5 cm is:
5 5
W =  2 x dx =  x 2  = 25 kg-cm
0 0
▪ Since work = force x distance for a constant force or work = sum of products forces 
differential distance for general force, if force is in kg and distance in cm then work is in kg
cm.
5. Two electrons a distance s apart repels each other with a force inversely proportional to the square
of the distance, ie, F(s) = k/s2 for some constant k. Suppose one electron remains fixed at the origin
of the x-axis. Find the work done by the force of repulsion in moving the other electron from the
point 1 to the point 3 on the x-axis.
Solution:
The work done in moving the other electron a distance dx from x to x + dx is dW = F(x) dx = (k/x2)
dx. So, the work done in moving it from the point 1 to the point 3 is:
3
3 k  1  1  1   2k
W = 2
dx = k  −  = k  − −  −   =
1 x  x 1  3  1  3
6. Let R be the radius of the Earth in km. The force of gravity F that attracts an object of mass m kg
located at a height of h km above the surface of the Earth is given by:
Km
F (h) =
( R + h)
2
where K is a constant and F is in kg. Determine the work that must be done against gravity to
raise the object from the surface of the Earth to:
a. A height of H km.
b. An infinite height.
Solution
a. Let h be an arbitrary height in km in [0, H] above the surface of the Earth. The work done to
raise the object by dh km from h km to (h + dh) km is:
Km
dW = F ( h ) dh = dh
( R + h)
2
The work done against gravity to raise the object from the surface of the Earth to a height of
H km is:
H Km H 1
W = dh = Km  dh
( R + h) ( R + h)
0 2 0 2
H
 1   1 1 
= − Km   = − Km  − 
 R + h 0  R+H R+0
KmH
= kg-km
R(R + H )
b. The work done against gravity to raise the object from the surface of the Earth to an infinite
height is:
 Km H Km
W = dh = lim  dh
( R + h) ( R + h)
0 2 H → 0 2
KmH Km Km
= lim = lim =
H → R(R + H ) H → R  R (0 + 1 )
R + 1 
 H 
Km
= kg-km
R
Notes
▪ Since work = force x distance for a constant force or work = sum of products forces 
differential distance for general force, if force is in kg and distance in km then work is in kg-
km.
▪ The work done for an infinite height can be finite because force is
Km
F (h) =
( R + h)
2
where K, m, and R are all constants, so that if height h → , then force F(h) → 0. It turns out
that work is finite.
Exercises 4
7. Suppose that a spring has a natural length of 1 ft and that a force of 10 lb is required to hold it
compressed to a length of 6 in. How much work is done in stretching the spring from its natural
length to a total length of 2 ft?
8. A spring has a natural length of 1 m, and a force of 10 N is required to hold it stretched to a
total length of 2 m. How much work is done in compressing this spring from its natural length
to a length of 60 cm?
9. A bucket weighing 3 lbs has a capacity of 2 ft3. The bucket is lowered into a well 100 ft deep,
filled with water and then lifted to the top at a constant rate of 5 ft/sec. Water leaks from a
hole in the bottom of the bucket at the rate of 0.01 ft 3/sec, find the work done in lifting the
bucket to the top of the well. Assume the weight density of water equal to 62.4 lb/ft3 and the
weight of the rope is negligible.
10. A mine cable weighing 4 lb/ft is unwound from a cylindrical drum. If the lower end of the cable
is initially 50 ft below the drum, how much work is done by gravity as an additional 350 ft is
unwound?
11. A cable 200 ft long and weighing 4 lb/ft is hanging vertically down a well. If a weight of 100 lb
is suspended from the lower end of the cable, find the work done in pulling the cable and
weight to the top of the well.
12. A bucket weighing 20 lb containing 60 lb of sand is attached to the lower end of a chain 100 ft
long and weighing 10 lb that is hanging in a deep well. Find the work done in raising the bucket
13. If the sand in Example 6 is leaking out of the bucket at a constant rate and has all leaked out
just as soon as the bucket is at the top of the well. Find the work done in raising the bucket to
the top of the well.
14. As a flour sack is being raised a distance of 9 ft, flour leaks out at such a rate that the number
of pounds lost is directly proportional to the square root of the distance traveled. If the sack
originally contained 60 lb of flour and it loses a total of 12 lb while being raised 9 ft, find the
work done in raising the sack.
D. Work Done in Filling a Tank

The work done in pumping fluid of density  from the ground into a tank that has horizontal cross-
sectional area A(y) and is located between heights y = a and y = b above the ground is
b
W= a  y A( y) dy (22)
From W = F  d
F = V (lb/ft3 or N/m3)
V = Across-sectiondy = (dA) dy (23)

y
dA
dy
a y
Ground
x
Examples:
1. A tank is in the shape of a right circular cone with height 5 m and top radius 2 m. It contains water
up to the height of 4 m. The density of water is 1,000 kg/m 3. How much work must be done to
pump all of the water out of the tank over the top edge of the tank?
Solution
Take the axis of the cone as the h-axis with origin at the vertex of the cone and directed upward.
A slice of water at a height h, where h is in [0, 4], has thickness dh.
Let r be its radius. By similar triangles we have
r h
=  r = 2/5 h
2 5
So, the slice’s volume is dV = r2 dh = (4/25) h2 dh m3.
Thus, its mass is dM = 1 000 dV = 1 000 (4/25) h2 dh = 160  h2 dh kg. This means that the force
required to raise it is 160  h2 dh kg.
The work done to raise it to the top of the tank is dW = 160  h2 dh (5 – h) = 160  (5h2 – h3) dh
kg-m. Consequently, the work that must be done to pump all of the water out of the tank over the
top edge of the tanks is:
( )
4
W = 0
160  5h2 − h3 dh
4
 5h3 h4 
= 160   − 
 3 4 0
 5 ( 4 ) 3 ( 4 ) 4  
= 160   −  − 0
 3 4  
 
20 480 
= kg-m
3
Note
We integrate from 0 to the initial height of the water, which is 4, not from 0 to the height of the
tank, which is 5, unless they’re the same. If we integrate from 0 to 5, then for any initial height of
the water, 4 m or 1 m or 3 m or any value in [0, 5], the outcome of integration would be the same,
which can’t be correct. So, integration from 0 to 5 can’t be correct. The reason for integration from
0 to the initial height of the water say hw, 4 in this case, is that [0, hw] is the domain of the variable
h (thus the slice is obtained only on [0, hw], and we add up the work elements on the slices that
are obtained there). Now does the height of the tank say ht, 5 in this case, have a role to play? Yeah
it does, as seen in the solution.
2. The conical tank in the Figure is filled to within 2 ft of the top with olive oil weighing How much
work does it take to pump the oil to the rim of the tank?
Solution:
We imagine the oil divided into thin slabs by planes perpendicular to the y-axis at the points of a
partition of the interval [0, 8].
The typical slab between the planes at y and y + y has a volume of about

2
1 
V =  ( radius ) ( thickness ) =   y  y = y 2 y ft 3
2
2  4
The force F(y) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight
57 2
F ( y ) = 57 V = y y lb.
4
The distance through which F(y) must act to lift this slab to the level of the rim of the cone is about
(10 – y) ft
So, the work done lifting the slab is about
57
W = ( 10 − y ) y2 y ft-lb
4
Approximate work done in lifting all of the slabs is the Riemann sum
n
57
W  ( 10 − yk ) yk2 yk ft-lb
k =1 4
where: y = yk denotes the plane associated with the kth slab

yk is thickness of the slab
The work of pumping the oil to the rim is the limit of these sums as the norm of the partition goes
to zero. Thus,
57
W =  F ( y ) dy =  ( 10 − y ) y 2 dy
b 8
a 0 4
57
 ( 10 y )
8
= 2
− y 3 dy
4 0
8
57  10 y 3 y 4 
=  −   30,561 ft-lb
4  3 4 0
Exercises 5
1. Suppose that it took 20 years to construct the great pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh, Egypt. This
pyramid is 500 ft high and has a square base with edge length 750 ft. Suppose also that the
pyramid is made of rock with density  = 120 lb/ft3. Finally, suppose that each laborer did 160 ft-
lb/h of work in lifting rocks from the ground level to their final position in the pyramid and worked
12 h daily for 330 days/year. How many laborers would have been required to construct the
pyramid?
2. A cylindrical tank of radius 5 ft and height 10 ft is resting on the ground with its axis vertical.
Compute the amount of work done in filling these tanks with water pumped in from ground level.
Use  = 62.4 lb/ft3 for weight density of water.
3. A conical tank is resting on its base, which is at ground level, and its axis is vertical. The tank has
radius 5 ft and height 10 ft. compute the work done in filling this tank with water ( = 62.4 lb/ft3)
pumped from the ground level.
4. A tank whose lowest point is 10 ft above the ground has the shape of a cup obtained by rotating
the parabola x2 = 5y, -5  x  5, around the y-axis. The units on the coordinate axes are in feet.
How much work is done in filling this tank with oil of density 50 lb/ft 3 if the oil is pumped from
the ground?
5. A cylindrical water tank of radius 5 ft and height 10 ft is standing on a platform 50 ft high. Find
the depth of the water in the tank when one-half of the work required to fill the tank from the
ground level through a pipe in the bottom has been done.
E. Work Done in Emptying a Tank
h Emptying point
d=h-y
dA
dy
a y
Ground
x
In the figure:
dV = A(y) dy
dV = A(y) dy = weight of liquid
d=h–y
= height through which the element must be lifted
Therefore,
dW = dV (h – y) = (h – y) A(y) dy
b
W= 
a
 ( h − y ) A( y) dy (24)
Examples:
1. A tank is in the shape of a right circular cone with height 5 m and top radius 2 m. It contains water
up to the height of 4 m. The density of water is 1,000 kg/m 3. How much work must be done to
pump all of the water out of the tank over the top edge of the tank?
Solution
Take the axis of the cone as the h-axis with origin at the vertex of the cone and directed upward.
A slice of water at a height h, where h is in [0, 4], has thickness dh.
Let r be its radius. By similar triangles we have

r h
=  r = 2/5 h
2 5
So, the slice’s volume is dV = r2 dh = (4/25) h2 dh m3.
Thus, its mass is dM = 1 000 dV = 1 000 (4/25) h2 dh = 160  h2 dh kg. This means that the force
required to raise it is 160  h2 dh kg.
The work done to raise it to the top of the tank is dW = 160  h2 dh (5 – h) = 160  (5h2 – h3) dh
kg-m. Consequently, the work that must be done to pump all of the water out of the tank over the
top edge of the tanks is:
( )
4
W = 0
160  5h2 − h3 dh
4
 5h3 h4 
= 160   − 
 3 4 0
 5 ( 4 ) 3 ( 4 ) 4  
= 160   −  − 0
 3 4  
 
20 480 
= kg-m
3
Note
We integrate from 0 to the initial height of the water, which is 4, not from 0 to the height of the
tank, which is 5, unless they’re the same. If we integrate from 0 to 5, then for any initial height of
the water, 4 m or 1 m or 3 m or any value in [0, 5], the outcome of integration would be the same,
which can’t be correct. So, integration from 0 to 5 can’t be correct. The reason for integration from
0 to the initial height of the water say hw, 4 in this case, is that [0, hw] is the domain of the variable
h (thus the slice is obtained only on [0, hw], and we add up the work elements on the slices that
are obtained there). Now does the height of the tank say ht, 5 in this case, have a role to play? Yeah
it does, as seen in the solution.
2. Water fills a cylindrical tank of radius 2 m and height 6 m. All of the water is pumped out of the
tank over the top edge of the tank. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3. How much work is done in
emptying the tank?
Solution:
Let’s take the y-axis upward from the bottom of the tank, as shown.
Let y be an arbitrary point in [0, 6]. A circular slice of water at height y has thickness dy and thus
a volume of dV = (2)2 dy = 4 dy m3.
Hence its mass is dM = 1 000 dV = 1 000 (4) dy = 4 000  dy kg. This means that a force of 4
000  dy kg is required to raise it.
The work done to raise it to the top of the tank is dW = (4 000  dy) (6 – y) = (4 000 ) (6 – y) dy
kg-m. Adding the work done to raise these slices we obtain the total work done to empty the tank:
W =  4000 ( 6 − y ) dy
6
0
6
 y2 
= 4000 6 y − 
 2 0
 62  
= 4000  6 ( 6 ) −  − 0 
 2 
= 72000 kg-m
3. A cylindrical tank of radius 3 ft and length 10 ft is lying on its side on horizontal ground. If this
tank initially is full of gasoline weighing 10 lb/ft3, how much work is done in pumping all this
gasoline to a point 5 ft above the top of the tank?
Solution:
Refer to figure below:
Area of the cross-section: A(y) = 10w
Using Pythagorean theorem to express w in terms of y:

32 = y2 + ( 1 / 2 w )
2
w = 2 9 − y2
Therefore: A ( y ) = 10  2 9 − y 2 = 20 9 − y 2
Distance d = 8 – y
y=8
5 ft
8–y
y=3
10 ft
y
3
y=0 Horizontal cross-section w
w
½w
Therefore, the work done to pump the gasoline to the top is
3
(
W =  40 20 9 − y 2
−3
) ( 8 − y ) dy
−3 −3
= 6400  9 − y 2 dy − 800  y 9 − y 2 dy
−3 −3
= 28,800  ft-lb
1. A tank in the form of an inverted right-circular cone is 8 m across the top and 10 m deep. If
the tank is filled to a height of 9 m with water, find the work done in pumping the water to the
top of the tank.
2. If, in Example 2, only half of the water is to be pumped to the top of the tank, find the work
done.
Exercises 6
1. A force of 20 N is required to stretch a spring 3 cm beyond its natural length of 24 cm. Find
the work required to stretch the spring from 30 to 35 cm.
2. Suppose that it takes 3 J of work to stretch a spring 5 cm beyond its natural length. How much
work is required to stretch the spring from 2 cm beyond its natural length to 4 cm beyond its
natural length?
3. A chain weighing 5 lb/ft hangs vertically from a winch located 12 ft above the ground, and the
free end of the chain is just touching the ground. Find the work done by the winch in pulling
in the whole chain.
4. A steel girder weighing 200 lb is hoisted from ground level to the roof of a 60-ft building using
a chain that weighs 2 lb/running foot. Find the work done.
5. A bucket weighing 4 lb when empty and attached to a rope of negligible weight is used to draw
water from a well that is 30 ft deep. Initially, the bucket contains 40 lb of water, but as it is
pulled up at a constant rate of 2 ft/sec, the water leaks out of the bucket at the rate of 0.2
lb/sec. Find the work done in pulling the bucket to the top of the well.
6. A bag of sand originally weighing 144 lb was lifted at a constant rate. As it rose, sand also
leaked out at a constant rate. The sand was half gone by the time the bag had been lifted to 18
ft. How much work was done lifting the sand this far? (Neglect the weight of the bag and lifting
equipment.)
7. An electric elevator with a motor at the top has a multi-strand cable weighing 4.5 lb ft. When
the car is at the first floor, 180 ft of cable are paid out, and effectively 0 ft are out when the car
is at the top floor. How much work does the motor do just lifting the cable when it takes the
car from the first floor to the top?
8. A bucket weighing 4 lb when empty and attached to a rope of negligible weight is used to draw
water from a well that is 40 ft deep. Initially, the bucket contains 40 lb of water and is pulled
up at a constant rate of 2 ft/sec. Halfway up, the bucket springs a leak and begins to lose water
at the rate of 0.2 lb/sec. Find the work done in pulling the bucket to the top of the well.
9. An 8-ft-long trough has ends that are semicircles of radius 2 ft. If the trough is full of water
weighing 62.4 lb/ft3, find the work required to empty it by pumping the water through a pipe
that extends 1 ft above the top of the trough.
10. A boiler has the shape of a (lower) hemisphere of radius 5 ft. If it is filled with water weighing
62.4 lb/ft3, find the work required to empty the boiler by pumping the water over the top of
the boiler.
11. A tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with a base radius of 2 m and a height
of 5 m. If the tank is filled with water to a height of 3 m, find the work required to empty the
tank by pumping the water over the top of the tank. (The mass of water is 1000 kg/m 3.)
12. A gasoline storage tank in the shape of a right cylinder of radius 3 ft and length 12 ft is buried
in the ground in a horizontal position. If the top of the tank is 4 ft below the surface, find the
work required to empty a full tank of gasoline weighing 42 lb/ft3 by pumping it through a pipe
that extends to a height of 2 ft above the ground.
13. Your town has decided to drill a well to increase its water supply. As the town engineer, you
have determined that a water tower will be necessary to provide the pressure needed for
distribution, and you have designed the system shown here. The water is to be pumped from
a 300 ft well through a vertical 4 in. pipe into the base of a cylindrical tank 20 ft in diameter
and 25 ft high. The base of the tank will be 60 ft aboveground. The pump is a 3 hp pump, rated
at to the nearest hour, how long will it take to fill the tank the first time? (Include the time it
takes to fill the pipe). Assume that water weights 62.4 lb/ft3.
14. You are in charge of the evacuation and repair of the storage tank shown here. The tank is a
hemisphere of radius 10 ft and is full of benzene weighing 56 lb/ft3. A firm you contacted says
it can empty the tank for ½ ¢ per foot-pound of work. Find the work required to empty the
tank by pumping the benzene to an outlet 2 ft above the top of the tank. If you have $5000
budgeted for the job, can you afford to hire the firm?
15. The rectangular cistern (storage tank for rainwater) shown below has its top 10 ft below ground
level. The cistern, currently full, is to be emptied for inspection by pumping its contents to
ground level.
a. How much work will it take to empty the cistern?
b. How long will it take a ½ hp pump, rated at 275 ft-lb/sec, to pump the tank dry?
c. How long will it take the pump in part (b) to empty the tank halfway? (It will be less
than half the time required to empty the tank completely.)
III. FORCE DUE TO FLUID PRESSURE
Learning Objectives
1. Define fluid force.
2. Determine the fluid force exerted of a horizontal plate.
3. Determine the fluid force exerted of a vertical plate.
We make dams thicker at bottom than at the top because the pressure against them increases with
depth. The deeper the water, the thicker the dam has to be.
PRESSURE
WATER p = wh
It is remarkable fact that the pressure at any point on the dam depends only on how far below the
surface the point is and not on how much the surface happens to be fitted at that point.
Fluid Force on Horizontal Plate

If a surface of area A square units is submerged horizontally at a depth h unit in a fluid with weight
density , Newton per cubic meter, then the total force due to fluid on one side of the surface is F, and
F = ghA (weight density  volume) (25)
The pressure exerted by the liquid on the horizontal plate is
P = gh (force divided by area)
Note that F varies with depth h.
Fluid Force on Vertical Plate

As the depth of the water increases, the water pressure on the wall increases as well. Thus, unlike the
case of a thin horizontal plate, in which the pressure is constant at every point on the plate, we have
here a situation in which the pressure varies as we proceed down the vertical wall. How do we find the
force exerted by the water against the wall?
O y
y = g(x) y = f(x)
a
xk
y
xk
x
F =  gxk  A =  gxk  f ( x x ) − g ( xk ) xk
n
F = lim   gxk  f ( xk ) − g ( x k ) x k
x →0
i =1
Using the definition of definite integral
b b
F = ρg a xy dx = ρg a x dA (26)
where:
x = vertical height of the plate that is submerged in the fluid
A = area of the submerged plate
Examples:
1. Water is filled to a height H behind a dam of width w. Determine the resultant force exerted by
the water on the dam.
Solution:
Calculate the pressure due to the water at the depth h: P = gh = g(H - y)
Find the force exerted on the shaded strip of area dA = w dy: dF = P dA = g (H – y) w dy
1
F =  P dA =   g ( H − y ) w dy =
H
Integrate to find the total force on the dam:  gwH 2
0 2
2. Find the force on one side of a plane parabolic segment of base 8 ft and altitude 4 ft when the
segment is submerged vertically in water with its base horizontal, and the base and vertex are
respectively 8 ft and 4 ft under the surface.
Solution:
O Surface of water
Equation of parabola: (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k) x
V = (0, 4)
P1 = (4, 8)
h=y
4
Solving for 4a: (x – 0)2 = 4a(y – 4)
x
dy
Substitute P1 = (4, 8) (4 – 0)2
= 4a(8 – 4)
4a = 4 8 (4, 8)
Therefore, the equation of parabola: x2 = 4(y – 4) y
Force due to fluid pressure is given by

8 8
F = h dA dA = 2  x dy = 2  2 y − 4 dy
4 4
h=y
Integrate to find the total force on the plane parabolic segment:
F =  y 2 2 y − 4 dy  = 4   y y − 4 dy
8 8
(a)
 4  4
Using integration by substitution:
Let z = y−4
z2 = y − 4
y = z2 + 4
dy = 2z dz
Change of limit: at y = 4, z = 0
at y = 8, z = 2
Therefore, transforming Eq. (a) with the new variable and limits of integration:
( ) (
F = 4   z 2 + 4 z ( 2 z dz ) = 8   z 4 + 4 z 2 dz )
2 2
0 0
2
 z5 4  2816
F = 8   + z3  = 
 5 3 0 15
3. Suppose a rectangular tank is filed with a fluid of density  kg/m3. One side of the tank has length
L m and height H m. Find the force F exerted by the fluid on that side.
Solution
Let the h-axis be along one edge of the region with origin at the top of the region and directed
downward. Refer to the Figure.
Figure 1 Total force is integral of differential force
Let h be any point in [0, H]. The pressure at depth h is p = gh. A thin horizontal strip at h with
width dh has area dA = L dh. The force dF exerted on it is dF = p dA = ghL dh.
So, the total force F is:
h= H H H
F = dF = 0  ghL dh =  gL  hdh
h =0 0
2 H
h H 
2
=  gL = L −0
2 0  2 
1
=  gLH 2 N
2
Caution:
Note that the differential rectangle is horizontal. For a vertical differential rectangle, the pressure
isn't the same from 1 point on it to another at a different depth, so we can't use the formula (force
on rectangle) = (pressure)  (area of rectangle), thus the vertical rectangle can't be used. Remark
that for it, the variable would be L and its width would be dL.
4. As shown in Fig. 2, a section of a dike has length of 100 m, vertical height of 20 m, and slanted
surface inclining at an angle of 30o from the vertical and holding back the water. The water comes
up to the top of the dike. Find the total force exerted by the water on the slanted surface.
Figure.2 A Section of The Dike
Solution:
Refer to Fig. 3.
Let the vertical h-axis be directed downward and have origin at the top of the dike.
Let h be an arbitrary point in [0, 20]. A horizontal strip at h has width dh.
The corresponding rectangle on the slanted surface has length 100 and width say dw equal to the
hypotenuse of the little solid black right triangle T, whose vertical side equals dh and, by similar
triangles, top angle equals 30o. In T, as cos 30o = dh/dw we have dw = dh/cos 30o.
The area dA of the rectangle is:
dh 100 dh
dA = 100 dw = 100 0
=
cos 30 cos 30 0
Figure 3 A Section of The Dike
As the density of water is 1 ton/m3, the pressure of water on the rectangle, which is at depth h, is
(1)h = h, and the force dF exerted by the water on the rectangle is:
100 dh 100 h 200 h

dF = hdA = h 0
= dh = dh
cos 30 3 /2 3
The total force F exerted by the water on the slanted surface is:
h=H 20 200 h 200 20

F= 
h=0
dF = 0
3
dh =
3

0
hdh
20
200  h2  200  20 2 
=   =  − 0
3  2 0 3  2 
40000
=  23 094 tons
3
Alternate solution
Let’s see what happens if we instead use the left-hand side of the slanted surface, which is the
hypotenuse of the largest triangle with top angle of 300, for integration. See Figure 4.
Figure 4 A Section of The Dike
The hypotenuse measures 20/cos 300 = 20/(3/2) = 40/3. The point h is now called the point s
(it’s no longer depth or height), which is on the hypotenuse and is in [0, 40/3].
The rectangular strip at s on the slanted surface has length 100 and width ds, and so it has an area
of 100 ds.
The depth of the water at s is s cos 300 = (3/2) s. The force on the strip is (1) (3/2) s (100 ds) =
503 s ds.
The total force F on the slanted surface is:
40/ 3
40/ 3  s2 
F=  0
50 3 s ds = 50 3  
 2 0
40000
=  23 094 tons
3
This approach yields the same answer. Remark that the depth of the water isn't measured along
the slanted side. Of course, it's as always measured along a vertical axis.
5. A rectangular tank has a height of 2 m and a bottom measuring 4 m long by 3 m wide and is filled
with water. Find the force exerted by the water on the bottom of the tank.
Solution
The pressure of the water on the bottom of the tank is (1 ton/m3) (2 m) = 2 ton/m2.
The force exerted by the water on the bottom of the tank is F = (pressure)  (area of bottom) = (2
ton/m2) (4 m) (3 m) = 24 tons.
Note
Since the bottom of the tank is horizontal, the pressure is the same everywhere on it, so there's no
need to do integration. Let's do integration here to see if it yields the same answer.
The above figure represents the bottom of the tank.
Let the horizontal l-axis be along a side of length 4, directed rightward, and with origin at the left
corner.
Let l be any point in [0, 4]. A strip at l is a rectangle with length 3 and width dl.
The water pressure on it is the same everywhere on it and is (1 ton/m3) (2 m) = 2 ton/m2, and the
water force on it is dF = (2 ton/m2) (3 m) (dl m) = 6 dl tons.
The force exerted by the water on the bottom of the tank is:
F =  6 dl = 6l 0 = 6 ( 4 ) − 6 ( 0 ) = 24 tons
4 4
0
Indeed, integration yields the same answer. Don't use it if you're not asked to do so; you'll waste
your time if you do.
6. A sheet of metal has the shape of a semi-disk of radius 3 m. It's immersed in water with its curved
edge down so that its straight edge is level with the surface of the water. The density of water is
1000 kg/m3. Find the force exerted by the water on one side of the sheet. (As a matter of fact, the
force on the other side is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. That's why the sheet doesn't
move.)
Solution
A horizontal strip at depth h and with width dh has length 2 3 2 − h2 = 2 9 − h2 , by Pythagorean

theorem, and so it has area dA = 2 9 − h2 dh .
The pressure at depth h is p = 1000 h.
( )
The force exerted on the strip is dF = p dA = 1 000 h 2 9 − h2 dh = 2000 h 9 − h2 dh .
Thus, the force exerted by water on one side of the sheet is:
h=3 3
F= 
h=0
dF = 
0
2000 h 9 − h2 dh
2000 3
( ) ( −2hdh ) = − 1 000  ( 9 − h ) ( )
1/2 3
2 1/2
−2 0
= 9 − h2 d 9 − h2
0
( )
3
 9 − h2 3/2 
= − 1 000   = − 2000  9 − 3 2 ( ) ( ) 
3/2 3/2
− 9 − 02
 3/2  3  
 0
= 18000 kg
7. A circular plate of radius 2 dm is suspended vertically in water such that its highest point is at a
depth of 4 dm. The density of water is 1 kg/dm 3. Find the force of the water on one side of the
plate.
Solution
Let h-axis be vertical, go thru the center of the plate, have origin at the surface of the water, and
be directed downward. Let h be an arbitrary point in [4, 8].
The thin horizontal strip at h with width dh has length 2 22 − ( 6 − h ) = 2 4 − ( 6 − h ) , by the

2 2
Pythagorean theorem. So, its area is dA = 2 4 − ( 6 − h ) dh .

2
The pressure of water at depth h is p = (1)h = h. Thus, the force on the strip is:
h 4 − ( 6 − h ) dh
8

2
F=
4
Let u = 6 – h. Then
h = 6 – u, dh = - du
h=4  u=2
h=8  u=-2
Hence,
−2 −2 −2
F = 2  − ( 6 − u) 4 − u2 du = 2  u 4 − u2 du − 12  4 − u2 du
2 2 2
−2
As 4 − u2 is an odd function, we have 2 4 − u2 du = 0 . Also noting that 4 − u2 is an even
function, we have
F = − ( 12 ) 2 
0 2
4 − u2 du = 24  4 − u2 du
2 0
Let u = 2 sin , where - /2    /2, so that  = arcsin (u/2), du = 2 cos  d, and 0  cos   1.
It follows that:
 4 − u2 du =  4 − 4 sin 2  ( 2cos  d )
(
= 2  4 1 − sin 2  ) ( cos d )
= 4  cos 2 d
1 1 
= 4   + sin 2  + C
2 4 
= 2 + 2sin  cos  + C
= 2 + 2sin  1 − sin 2  + C
u 1
= 2arcsin + u 1 − u2 + C
2 2
Therefore:
2
 u 1 
F = 24 2arcsin + u 1 − u2 
 2 2 0
 2 1   0 
= 24  2arcsin + ( 2 ) 1 − 22  −  2arcsin + 0  
 2 2   2 
 
= 48   = 24 kg
2
8. A dam is 25 m high and is in the shape of a region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = 25. The
density of water is 1 ton/m3. Find the total force exerted by the water on the dam when the water
comes up to the top of the dam.
Solution
Let y be an arbitrary point in [0, 25] and x  0 be such that the point (x, y) is on the curve y = x2.
The thin horizontal strip at y with width dy has an area dA = 2x dy = 2 y dy .
This strip is at depth 25 – y. The pressure at this depth is p = 1(25 – y) = 25 – y.
(
The force on the strip is dF = pdA = ( 25 − y ) 2 y dy = 2 25 y − y y dy .) ( )
So, the total force exerted by the water on the dam when the water comes up to the top of the
dam is:
( ) ( 25 y )
25 25 25
F =  dF =  2 25 y − y y dy = 2  1/2
− y 3/2 dy
0 0 0
25
 50 2 
= 2  y 3/2 − y 5/2 
3 5 0
 50 2 5/2  
= 2  ( 25 ) − ( 25 )  − 0 
3/2
 3 5  
5000
=  1 666.67 tons
3
9. A swimming pool 30 m long and 10 m wide has a sloping plane bottom so that the depth of the
pool at 1 end is 1 m and at the other end is 3 m. Find the total force exerted on the bottom of the
pool if the pool is full of water.
Solution
Refer to the above figure.
Let the vertical h-axis be directed downward and have origin at a shallow corner of the bottom of
the pool.
Let h be na arbitrary point in [0, 2]. A horizontal strip at h has width dh.
The corresponding rectangle on the bottom has length 10 and width say dw equal to the
hypotenuse of the little solid black right triangle T, whose vertical side equals dh and, by similar
triangle, top angle equals the shown angle .
In T, as cos  = dh/dw, we have dw = dh/cos . In the largest right triangle with top angle :
2 2 2 1
cos = = = =
2 + 30
2 2
904 4 ( 226 ) 226
The area dA of the rectangle is:
dh 10 dh
dA = 10 dw = 10 = = 10 226 dh
cos  1
226
As the density of water is 1 ton/m3, the pressure of water on the rectangle, which is at depth h – (-
1) = h + 1, is (1) (h + 1) = h + 1, and the force dF exerted by the water on the rectangle is:
( )
dF = ( h + 1 ) dA = ( h + 1 ) 10 226 dh = 10 226 ( h + 1 ) dh
The total force F exerted by the water on the bottom is:
F =  10 226 ( h + 1 ) dh
2
0
2
 h2 
= 10 226  + h 
2 0
 22  
= 10 226  + 2  − 0 
 2  
= 40 226  601.33 tons
1. The cubicle metal tank in the figure is used to store liquids. It has a parabolic gate, held in
place by bolts and designed to withstand a fluid force of 160 lb without rupturing. The liquid
you plan to store has a weight-density of 50 lb/ft3.
a. What is the fluid force on the gate when the liquid is 2 ft deep?
b. What is the maximum height to which the container can be filled without exceeding its
design limitations?
4 ft y
4 ft (-1, 1) (1, 1)
4 ft x
2. The end plates in the trough in the figure were designed to withstand a fluid force of 6667 lb.
How many cubic feet of water can the tank hold without exceeding the design limitation?
y
8 ft
(-4, 10) (4, 10)
10 ft
h
30 ft x
3. A swimming pool 30 m long and 10 m wide has a sloping plane bottom so that the depth of the
pool at 1 end is 1 m and at the other end is 3 m. Find the total force exerted on the bottom of
the pool if the pool is full of water.
Exercises 7
1. A trough has vertical ends that are equilateral triangles with sides of length 2 ft. If the trough
is filled with water to a depth of 1 ft, find the force exerted by the water on one end of the
trough.
2. A trough has vertical ends that are trapezoids with parallel sides of length 4 ft (top) and 2 ft
(bottom) and a height of 3 ft. If the trough is filled with water to a depth of 2 ft, find the force
exerted by the water on one end of the trough.
3. A cylindrical oil storage tank of diameter 4 ft and length 8 ft is lying on its side. If the tank is
half full of oil that weighs 50 lb/ft3, find the force exerted by the oil on one end of the tank.
4. A rectangular tank has width 2 ft, height 3 ft, and length 6 ft. It is filled with equal volumes of
water and oil. The oil has a weight density of 50 lb/ft3 and floats on the water. Find the force
exerted by the mixture on one end of the tank.
5. A rectangular swimming pool is 40 ft long, 15 ft wide, and 9 ft deep. If the pool is filled with
water to a depth of 8 ft, find the force exerted by the water (a) on the bottom of the pool and
(b) on one end of the pool.
6. A rectangular swimming pool is 25 ft wide, 60 ft long, and 4 ft deep at the shallow end and 9
ft deep at the deep end. Its bottom is an inclined plane. If the pool is completely filled with
water, find the force exerted by the water on each side of the pool.
60 ft
25 ft
4 ft
9 ft
7. The vertical ends of a watering trough are isosceles triangles like the one shown here
dimensions in feet).
a. Find the fluid force against the ends when the trough is full.
b. How many inches do you have to lower the water level in the trough to cut the fluid force
on the ends in half? (Answer to the nearest half-inch.)
c. Does it matter how long the trough is? Give reasons for your answer.
8. Water is running into the rectangular swimming pool shown here at the rate of 1000 ft3/h
a. Find the fluid force against the triangular drain plate after 9 h of filling.
b. The drain plate is designed to withstand a fluid force of 520 lb. How high can you fill the
pool without exceeding this limitation?
9. The face of a dam is a rectangle, ABCD, of dimensions AB = CD = 100 ft, AD = BC = 26 ft.

Instead of being vertical, the plane ABCD is inclined as indicated in the accompanying figure,
so that the top of the dam is 24 ft higher than the bottom. Find the force due to water pressure
on the dam when the surface of the water is level with the top of the dam.
10. The rectangular tank shown here has a 1 ft  1 ft square window 1 ft above the base. The window
is designed to withstand a fluid force of 312 lb without cracking. a. What fluid force will the
window have to withstand if the tank is filled with water to a depth of 3 ft? b. To what level
can the tank be filled with water without exceeding the window’s design limitation?
References
[1] Buchanan, J. R. (2018). Arc Length and Surface Area in Parametric Equations. Retrieved from
Millersville: http://banach.millersville.edu/~bob/math211/ArcPara/main.pdf
[2] Dawkins, P. (2003). Arc Length. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/ArcLength.aspx
[3] Dawkins, P. (2003). Arc Length with Parametric Equations. Retrieved from Paul's Online
Math Notes: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/ParaArcLength.aspx
[4] Dawkins, P. (2003). Arc Length with Polar Coordinates. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math
Notes: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PolarArcLength.aspx
[5] Dawkins, P. (2003). Area with Polar Coordinates. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PolarArea.aspx
[6] Dawkins, P. (2003). Area Between Curves. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/AreaBetweenCurves.aspx
[7] Dawkins, P. (2003). Area with Parametric Equations. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math
Notes: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/ParaArea.aspx
[8] Dawkins, P. (2003). Surface Area. Retrieved from Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/SurfaceArea.aspx
[9] Dawkins, P. (2003). Volumes of Solids of Revolution / Method of Cylinders. Retrieved from
Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcI/volumewithcylinder.aspx
[10] Dawkins, P. (2003). Volumes of Solids of Revolution/Method of Rings. Retrieved from

Paul's Online Math Notes:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/VolumeWithRings.aspx
[11]Dennis G. Zill, W. S. (2011). Calculus Early Transcendentals (Fourth Edition). USA: Jones
and Barlette Publishers.
[12] George B. Thomas, M. D. (2005). Thomas' Calculus (11th Edition). USA: Pearson
Education, Inc.
[13] Ron Larson, B. H. (2010). Calculus (Ninth Edition). USA: Brookes/Cole.
[14] Series Math Study. (2005). Surface Area of Solid of Revolution. Retrieved from Series
Math Study: http://seriesmathstudy.com/surfacearea1.htm
[15] Tan, S. T. (2011). Calculus Early Transcendentals. Canada: Brookes/Cole.
[16] Ving, P. K. (2015). Finding Volumes By Slicing. Retrieved from Pheng Kim Ving:
http://www.phengkimving.com/calc_of_one_real_var/12_app_of_the_intgrl/12_03_findi
ng_vol_by_slicing.htm
[17] Rogawski, Rogawski, Jon (2012). Calculus (2nd Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company
[18] Stewart, James (2002). Calculus – Concepts and Contexts, (2nd Edition). USA, Pearson,
Inc.
[19] Bittinger, Marvin L., David J. Ellenbogen and Scott A. Surgent (2012). Calculus and Its
Applications (10th Edition). USA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Integral Calculus Lecture Notes - Moments, Work, Pressure

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Integral Calculus Lecture Notes - Moments, Work, Pressure

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Lecture Notes 4 – Further Applications of Integral Calculus 1

Engr. Caesar Pobre Llapitan

I. MOMENTS AND CENTROIDS

Definition of First Moment

Center of Mass in a One-Dimensional System

If M0 = 0, the system is said to be in equilibrium.

Center of Mass in a Two-Dimensional System

The moments about the x- and y-axes are

The center of mass ( x, y ) or center of gravity is

Center of Mass in a Three-Dimensional System

where M denotes the total mass m1 + m2 + … + mn.

2. Masses of 1, 2, 3 units at (-1, 3), (2, 1), (3, -1), respectively.

Center of Mass of a Planar Lamina

The moments about the x- and y-axes are

The center of mass ( x, y ) is given by

B. First Moment and Centroid of Plane Areas and Arcs

Limit of integration is that of the area A.

Computation of First Moment by Use of Strips Perpendicular to the Axis

Find the first moment about the x-axis in terms of h and w.

So, the area of the region is

2. Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r.

Using the figure, equation of the semicircle is

3. Find the centroid of the figure shown.

(1/2, 3/2), (5/2, ½), and (5, 1)

A = area of the region = 3 + 3 + 4 = 10

So, the centroid of the region is (2.9, 1).

C. First Moment and Centroid of Solid of Revolution

1. Centroid of a Volume of Solid of Revolution

If x-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M y = Vx =  x c dV (16-a)

If y-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M x = Vy =  y c dV (16-b)

2. Centroid of a Surface of Solid of Revolution

If x-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M y = Sx =  x c dS (17-a)

If y-axis is taken as the axis of revolution: M x = Sy =  y c dS (17-b)

First Proposition of Pappus

Second Proposition of Pappus

About the x-axis: About the x-axis:

About the y-axis: About the y-axis:

A. Force and Work

B. Work Done by Variable Force

Therefore, on the interval [xi – 1, xi], the work done is approximately

Now taking limits as n tends to infinity, we get

Area of cross section = Asquare = x2

Using similar triangle to express Asquare = f(y):

Total work done to finish the pyramid:

Therefore, the number of laborers is

Arc length of a circle: s = R  ds = Rd

Lifting Objects with Varying weights

Hence, the work

So, the work in lifting the rope is

The total work for the bucket and rope combined is

The work done is:

Solution 1 – Force Changing Continuously with Position

C. Hooke’s Law for Elastic Spring

Determine the value of k at F = 10 N when x = 2 – 1 = 1 m:

b) The work to stretch the spring 2 m

The work done by F on the spring from x = 0 m to x = 2 m is

c) How far will a 45-N force stretch the spring?

Thus, the ruler reading will be 46 cm + 15 cm = 61 cm

D. Work Done in Filling a Tank

V = Across-sectiondy = (dA) dy (23)

A slice of water at a height h, where h is in [0, 4], has thickness dh.

Let r be its radius. By similar triangles we have

So, the slice’s volume is dV = r2 dh = (4/25) h2 dh m3.