Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Coulombs Law
Like charges repel each other and unlike poles attract
each other
The force of attraction or repulsion between charges is
directly proportional to the product of two charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them
F=
Q1 Q 2
4 d
0
where:
Q1 , Q2
F=
k Q 1 Q2
d2
= Force (newton)
free space)
d
= constant in SI Units ( 9 10
Example:
Two point charges of 2.5 x 10-10 coulomb and -3.0 x 10-10 coulomb are
10 cm apart in air. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force
on each charge.
F=( 9 10 )
F=6.75 10 N
PERMANENT MAGNETS
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that
is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An
everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the
ones
that
are
strongly
attracted
to
a
magnet,
are
called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic).
These
include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some
naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic
(and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet
strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other
substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other
types of magnetism.
Example:
A wire 12 cm long and carrying a current of 30 A is placed between the
pole face of a magnet whose magnetic flux density is 0.9 tesla. If the
wire is inclined at an angle 60 degrees from the plane of the magnetic
field, what the force excreted on the wire?
F=IL
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of
the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs
between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force
usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as electric fields, magnetic
Example:
The armature coil of a generator with 50 conductors on it rotates in a
magnetic field with magnetic flux density 1.5 T. The effective area of
the coil is 1000 sq cm. If this coil is move across the pole un 0.5 sec,
determine the average emf induced in the coil.
e=N
( t )= NAt
1m
100 cm
)]
2
0.5
e=15 V
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Electrical current flowing along a wire creates a magnetic field around
the wire, as shown in Fig. That magnetic field can be visualized by
showing lines of magnetic flux, which are represented with the symbol
.
The direction of that field that can be determined using the right hand
rule
d
dt
e
where:
N
d
dt
= number of turns
= rate of change of flux (Weber per Second)
Example:
A magnetic coil produces 100,000 maxwells with 2,000 turns and with
a current of 2A. The cut off and the flux collapses in 0.01 sec. What is
the average voltage that will appear across the coil?
e=N
( t ) 10
e=( 2000 )
10
( 100000
0.01 )
e=200 V
e=L
di
dt
e
where:
L
di
dt
k
= self-inductance (Henry)
= rate of change of current (Ampere per Second)
= constant in SI Units ( 9 10
Example:
How much is the inductance of a coil that induces 500 V when the
current changes at the rate of 5mA in 2s?
e=L
L=
di
dt
e
500
=
di
0.005
dt 2 106
L=0.2 H
M =k L1 L2
M=
k=
M
where:
N 1 N2
R
M=
L1
L2
0 r A N 1 N 2
l
= coefficient of coupling
Henry per
Meter)
N1
N2
Example:
Two coils having 200 and 300 turns respectively are wound side by side
on a common closed core whose section is 100 cm2 and mean length of
200 cm. What will be the voltage induced in the second coil if the
current in the first coil changes from 0 to 5 A in o.05 sec? Assume
relative permittivity of the core to be 1500.
M=
0 r A N 1 N 2
l
M =0.565 H
e 2=M
( dldt )
1
e 2=( 0.565 )
e 2=67.8 V
( 0.056 )
1m
100 cm
) ] ( 200 ) ( 300 )
2