31. An FM broadcast-band receiver tunes from 88 to 108 MHz. The IF is 10.

7 MHz, and the receiver

uses high-side injection. Calculate the range of the local oscillator.

From the question, you need to find out the range of 𝑓𝐿𝑂
The formula for that is 𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹
𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 range is given and so is the value of 𝑓𝐼𝐹 . We just plug in the values and we will have a local oscillator
range.
𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹
= 88 MHz + 10.7 MHz
= 98.7 MHz
𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹
= 108 MHz + 10.7 MHz
= 118.7 MHz
The frequency of local oscillator would be from 98.7 MHz to 118.7 MHz.
40. An FM detector has a sensitivity of 50 mV/kHz. What is its maximum rms output voltage from a
broadcast FM signal with a maximum deviation of 75 kHz
Sensitivity 𝑘𝑑
𝑉𝑜
𝑘𝑑 =
𝛿
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑘𝑑 𝛿
= 50 mV*75
= 3.75 V
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
√2
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ √2
= 3.75 ∗ √2
= 5.30 V
41. A receiver has two uncoupled tuned circuits before the mixer, each with a Q of 75. The signal
frequency is 100.1 MHz, and the IF is 10.7 MHz. The local oscillator uses high-side injection.
(a) Calculate the image rejection ratio in decibels.
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 2𝑓𝐼𝐹
= 100.1 + 2*10.7
= 121.4 MHz
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑥= −
𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒

121.4 100.1
= − 121.4
100.1

= 0.390
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= √(1 + 𝑄2 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= √(1 + 752 0.3902
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= 29.27
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
IR= 20 log 29.27
= 29.33dB
(b) To show the advantage of a high IF, recalculate the image, assuming an IF of 455 kHz.
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 2𝑓𝐼𝐹

= 100.1 + 2*455kHz
= 101 MHz
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑥= −
𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒

101 100.1
= −
100.1 101

= 0.018
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= √(1 + 𝑄2 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= √(1 + 752 0.0182
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑔
= 1.68
𝐴𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
IR= 20 log 1.68
= 4.51dB

6. Why do some superheterodyne receivers use an RF stage while others do not?

Superheterodyne receivers that uses the RF stage have modified circuits and which can trigger
oscillation at high rates if brought close together. It permits the signal to move in and regulate.

15. What is a product detector, what is it used for, and how does it work?

Product detectors are used by getting baseband from an input signal with the help of alteration. It is a
detector whose output is equivalent to the product of beta frequency oscillator and the RF signals.

18. Why should amplitude variations be prevented from reaching an FM detector and how can this
be accomplished?
Fm detectors are sensitive to frequency and amplitude frequency. The detector should be used after the
limiter amplifier stage. The amplitude variation can be eliminated or lessened by overloading the
amplifier at high altitudes causing it to clip the peaks.